Q1.
Read the information about the trialling of the first contraceptive pill.
The Pill was developed by a team of scientists led by Gregory Pincus. The
team needed to carry out large scale trials on humans.
In the summer of 1955, Pincus visited the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is
one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Officials supported birth
control as a form of population control. The women in Puerto Rico were mainly
poor and uneducated.
The scientists selected a pill with a high dose of hormones. The Pill was found
to be 100 % effective when taken properly. But 17 % of the women in the
study complained of side effects.
The women in the trial had been told only that they were taking a drug that
prevented pregnancy. They had not been told that the Pill was experimental or
that there was a chance of dangerous side effects.
Evaluate the issues involved with methods used by Pincus in trialling the
contraceptive pill.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
The theory of evolution via natural selection was proposed by
Darwin.
(a)
Explain how evolution occurs via natural selection.
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(4)
(b)
Darwin’s theory was only gradually accepted.
Give two reasons why.
1
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2
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
The diagram shows one method of cloning sheep.
(a)
The fusion of the body cell from the male sheep and the egg from
the female sheep is an example of asexual reproduction.
Explain why.
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(2)
(b)
(i)
Give the gender and face colour of the cloned lamb.
Gender ..........................................................
Face colour ...................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the reasons for your choice.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
A person accidentally touches a hot pan.
Her hand automatically moves away from the pan.
The diagram shows the structures involved in this action.
(a)
Describe fully how the structures shown in the diagram bring about
this reflex action.
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(6)
(b)
(i)
The nerve pathway in this reflex action is about 1.5 metres in
length. A nerve impulse travels at 75 m s–1.
Use this information to calculate the time taken for this reflex
action to occur.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Time intervals ....................................... s
(2)
(ii)
The actual time interval is longer than the interval you have
calculated in part (i).
Suggest an explanation for the difference.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q5.
Read the passage about the use of antibiotics in food production.
People do not always agree about the use of antibiotics in food production.
Some farmers put low doses of antibiotics in feed for animals such as cattle
and sheep. Antibiotics help to keep animals disease-free. Antibiotics also help
animals to grow.
The use of antibiotics in livestock feed means that there is a higher risk of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria developing. These could be dangerous to human
health.
(a)
Explain how a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria might
develop from non-resistant bacteria.
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(3)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why it is an advantage to keep farm animals
disease free.
1
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2
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6.
Many diseases are caused by viruses. Children are given vaccines to
protect them against viral disease.
(a)
Complete the following sentences.
It is difficult to kill viruses inside the body because
viruses
..................................................................................................
....... .
The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce
............................. .
(3)
(b)
In the 1990s many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused
autism in some children. This is why the Japanese government
stopped using the MMR vaccine.
The graph gives information about the percentage of Japanese
children who developed autism during the 1990s.
The data in the graph support the view that there is no link between
MMR vaccination and autism.
Explain why.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q7.
The drawings show a dandelion plant and goosegrass plant.
The drawings are not drawn to the same scale.
Use the information in the drawings to answer the questions.
(a)
Explain one way in which dandelions are adapted to live in lawns
and in fields where animals feed.
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(2)
(b)
Explain one way in which goosegrass is adapted to live alongside
hedges.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q8.
Hormones regulate the functions of many organs.
Complete the following sentences.
(a)
Hormones control the monthly release of an egg from the
woman’s ................................... .
(1)
(b)
Hormones also control the thickness of the lining of her
.................................. .
(1)
(c)
Hormones given to women to stimulate the release of eggs
are called ..................................... drugs.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q9.
In this question you will be assessed on using good English,
organising information clearly and using specialist terms where
appropriate.
The diagram below shows a food web for some of the organisms that live
on moorland.
Only a small percentage of the Sun’s energy captured by the heather is
eventually incorporated into the body tissues of the fox.
Explain, as fully as you can, what happens to the rest of the energy
captured by the heather.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
Some athletes use drugs containing the steroid testosterone to
improve their performance.
In an investigation:
•
scientists monitored the performance of 18 male athletes over a 6
week training programme
•
9 athletes were given weekly injections of testosterone with the
dose of 3.5 milligrams per kilogram of body mass, for 6 weeks
•
the other 9 athletes were given a placebo
•
the athletes’ performance on a bench press exercise was measured
at 3 weeks and 6 weeks.
The graph shows the results of the investigation.
David Cohen, Steroids boost performance in just weeks,
© New Scientist Magazine 12 August 2004
(a)
The data would have been better presented as a bar chart.
Give a reason why.
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(1)
(b)
Suggest what was given as a placebo in this investigation.
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(1)
(c)
Describe the results of the investigation.
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(2)
(d)
Most internet advertisements for testosterone state that athletes
need to use testosterone for at least 10 weeks to significantly
improve performance.
Do the results of this investigation support the statement in the
advertisements?
Give one reason for your answer.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q11.
Many diseases are caused by viruses. Children are given vaccines
to protect them against viral disease.
(a)
Complete the following sentences.
It is difficult to kill viruses inside the body because
viruses
..................................................................................................
....... .
A vaccine contains an ............................................... form of the
virus.
The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce
............................. .
(3)
(b)
In the 1990s many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused
autism in some children. This is why the Japanese government
stopped using the MMR vaccine.
The graph gives information about the percentage of Japanese
children who developed autism during the 1990s.
The data in the graph support the view that there is no link between
MMR vaccination and autism.
Explain why.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12.
A student grew a plant in an upright pot.
She then put the pot in a horizontal position and left the plant in the dark
for two days.
Diagram 3 shows the potted plant after two days in the dark.
Plant growing
upright
Plant put horizontal
in the dark
Plant after 2 days
in the dark
Explain fully why the plant responded in this way.
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(Total 4 marks)
Q13.
Dr Semmelweiss collected data about the number of deaths in the
two maternity wards in the hospital where he worked.
•
From 1833 to 1838 there were the same number of doctors and
midwives delivering babies in both Ward 1 and Ward 2.
•
From 1839 to 1847 medical students and doctors delivered babies
in Ward 1; midwives delivered babies in Ward 2.
Dr Semmelweiss also noticed that doctors often came straight from
examining dead bodies to the delivery ward.
The table shows the number of patients and the number of deaths in the
two wards.
Years
Ward
Number of
patients
Number of
deaths
Death rate as
deaths per
1000 patients
Ward 1
23 509
1505
64.0
Ward 2
13 097
731
55.8
Ward 1
20 204
1989
98.4
Ward 2
17 791
691
1833–1838
1839–1847
(a)
(i)
Use the formula
death rate =
to calculate the death rate for Ward 2 in the years 1839 1847.
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Death rate = .............................. deaths per thousand
(2)
(ii)
Suggest a hypothesis for the difference in the death rates on
Ward 1 and
Ward 2 in the years 1839 - 1847.
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(2)
(b)
Antibiotics are now used in hospitals.
What is an antibiotic, and what does it do?
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(c)
MRSA is causing problems in hospitals.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(d)
How can the work of Semmelweiss help to reduce the problems
caused by MRSA?
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(Total 8 marks)
Q14.
Water is lost from the body in several ways.
The pie chart shows the volume of water lost, in cm3, by a man on a cold
day.
(a)
(i)
The total volume of water lost by the man was 3000 cm3.
How much water was lost through the skin?
Volume of water lost through skin ............................................ cm3
(1)
(ii) The same man lost 1200 cm3 of water through the skin on a
warm day.
Give one reason for the different volumes of water lost on the
two days.
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(1)
(b)
To maintain water balance in the body, the total volume of water
taken in must equal the total volume of water lost.
Give two ways this is achieved on a hot day, when compared to a
cold day.
Tick ( ) two boxes.
The volume of water in the urine decreases.
The volume of water in the faeces increases.
The volume of water taken as food or drink increases.
The volume of water breathed out decreases.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q15.
Emperor penguins have adaptations that help them to survive in
very cold antarctic conditions.
Emperor penguins catch fish in the sea.
Use this information and information from the drawing to explain how the
Emperor penguin is adapted to survive in the antarctic.
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(Total 3 marks)
Q16.
Lichens are pollution indicators.
(a)
Complete the following sentence.
Lichens are indicators of the gas
..................................................................
(1)
The chart shows how much pollution different lichens can tolerate.
(b)
The diagram shows the areas, J, K, L and M, in which different
lichen species grew around a factory. The factory burns coal.
(i)
In which direction does the wind blow the pollution from the
factory?
Tick ( ) one box.
Wind direction
From the factory towards the north
From the factory towards the east
From the factory towards the south
From the factory towards the west
Tick
( )
(1)
(ii)
Which row in the table shows a correct distribution of lichens?
Tick ( ) one row.
Lichen in area
J
Lichen in area
K
Lichen in area
L
Lichen in area
M
Xanthoria
Diploicia
Parmelia
Ramalina
Degelia
Bryoria
Lecanora
Xanthoria
Xanthoria
Lecanora
Bryoria
Parmelia
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q17.
Students investigated how well antibacterial mouthwashes worked.
They tested four different mouthwashes, P, Q, R and S.
•
They spread bacteria on nutrient jelly in a Petri dish.
•
They soaked identical discs of filter paper in mouthwashes P, Q, R
or S.
•
They placed the discs on the growing bacteria as shown in
Diagram 1.
•
They covered the Petri dish.
•
They incubated the Petri dish for two days.
Tick
( )
(a)
The nutrient jelly was heated to 120 °C before being poured into the
Petri dish.
Why is this necessary?
Tick ( ) one box.
Tick
( )
Statement
To make bacteria grow more quickly.
To kill microorganisms.
To make the nutrients dissolve.
(1)
(b)
What is the maximum temperature at which bacteria should be
incubated in a school laboratory?
Tick ( ) one box.
Temperature
Tick
( )
15 °C
25 °C
37 °C
(1)
(c)
Diagram 2 shows the appearance of the Petri dish after two days.
Which mouthwash, P, Q, R or S kills most bacteria?
Give one reason for your answer.
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(Total 4 marks)
Q18.
The photograph shows a bird called the korhaan. Korhaans live in
South Africa.
Thinkstock.com
•
Scientists have studied changes in the numbers of korhaans since
1997.
•
The scientists asked volunteer drivers to record the number of
korhaans they see for every 100 km they drive on particular roads.
•
The bar chart shows changes in the numbers of korhaans seen by
the volunteers between the start of 1997 and the end of 2008.
Data from Birds and Environmental Change: building an early warning
system in South Africa © South African National Biodiversity Institute
(a)
This method of counting korhaans could have led to an inaccurate
estimate of the number of korhaans.
Explain how.
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(2)
(b)
Which statement best describes the change in the number of
korhaans between 1997 and 2008?
Tick ( ) one box.
Statement
Tick
( )
There was a steady fall in the number of korhaans.
The number of korhaans went up and down, but
there was an overall fall in numbers.
The number of korhaans went up and down, and
there was no overall trend.
(1)
(c)
Korhaans live only amongst tall vegetation in areas of the country
where there are few people.
Which is the most likely explanation for the change in the numbers
of korhaans between 1997 and 2008?
Tick ( ) one box.
Statement
Tick
( )
Many korhaans have been killed by cars.
Many korhaans have been killed by people for
food.
The habitat of the korhaans is disappearing.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q19.
Gardeners often collect fallen leaves in autumn and place them on
compost heaps.
(a)
Over the next year the leaves decay.
Which living things cause leaves to decay?
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(1)
(b)
The leaves decay more quickly in summer than in winter.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(c)
The compost heap has holes in its sides to allow gases to enter.
Which gas is needed for decay?
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(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q20.
The diagram shows how the number of species in different
vertebrate groups changed between 400 million years ago and 5 million
years ago.
The wider a block is, the more species there are.
(a)
Which group had most species 200 million years ago?
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(1)
(b)
To which group are birds most closely related?
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(1)
(c)
Complete the following sentence.
A study of fossils gives evidence for the theory of
.........................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q21.
(a)
The diagram shows how pigs can be cloned.
For each question write the correct letter in the box.
Which structure, A, B, C or D is:
(i)
an egg cell
(1)
(ii)
a nucleus
(1)
(iii)
an embryo?
(1)
(b)
Walking onion plants grow a bunch of bulblets (tiny bulbs).
The bulblets start to grow and the stalks bend over with the weight
of the new growth.
This makes the onion plant seem to walk across the garden.
Producing plants in this way is called asexual reproduction.
Use words from the box to complete the following sentences.
chromosome
clone
gamete
gene
parent
Asexual reproduction needs only one ..............................................
.
Asexual reproduction does not involve production of a
......................................... .
The daughter plant is called a ................................................ .
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q22.
The photograph shows a girl waiting to cross a road.
© Lionel Lassman
(a)
Name two different sense organs she would use to detect when it
is safe to cross the road.
1
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2
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(2)
(b)
Which sense organ contains receptors that help the girl to keep her
balance?
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(1)
(c)
(i)
Complete the sentence.
A car driver automatically brakes if a child dashes out into the
road.
This is called a
...................................................................................... action.
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the
sentence.
effectors
In the nervous system, information passes along
neurones
.
cells called
synapses
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q23.
Animals have adaptations that enable them to survive.
(a)
The photograph shows an echidna.
The echidna has pointed spines on its back.
Explain how these spines might help the echidna to survive.
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(b)
The photograph shows a caterpillar.
© S.J. Krasemann / Peter Arnold / Still Pictures
Explain how the caterpillar’s appearance might help it to survive.
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(2)
(c)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
(i) Evolution can be explained by a theory
called
genetic
engineering
.
mutation
natural selection
(1)
Darwin
(ii) This theory was suggested by a scientist called Charles
Lamarck
.
Semmelweiss
(1)
monkeys
(iii) This scientist said that all living things have evolved from
dinosaurs
simple life forms
(1)
(d)
Many religious people oppose the theory of evolution.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q24.
The photographs show a zorse and its parents, a zebra and a
horse.
Horse
Zebra
.
Zorse
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
cloning
The zorse was produced
by
asexual reproduction
.
sexual reproduction
(1)
(b)
Explain the appearance of the zorse.
Use both words from the box in your explanation.
gametes
genes
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(Total 4 marks)
Q25.
In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is used to help infertile women to have
babies.
The table gives statistics from one clinic that gives IVF treatment.
Age of women given IVF treatment
Number of women
Under 35
years
35 – 37
years
38 – 39
years
40 – 42
years
425
208
106
53
treated
Number of single
births
90
44
17
1
Number of sets of
twins
24
8
4
1
Number of sets of
triplets
1
0
0
0
Use data from the table to help you to answer these questions.
(a)
How many of the women aged 38 – 39 had babies?
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(1)
(b)
What proportion of the treated women aged 35 – 37 had twins?
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(1)
(c)
For which age group was IVF treatment most successful?
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(1)
(d)
Give two disadvantages of IVF treatment.
1
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2
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(Total 5 marks)
Q26.
The MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles,
mumps and rubella.
(a)
Complete the sentences about vaccination.
Vaccines stimulate white blood cells to produce
............................................................. .
This makes children
.................................................................................. to the
pathogen.
(2)
(b)
In the 1990s, many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused
autism in some children. As a result, the Japanese government
stopped using the MMR vaccine.
The graph gives information about the percentage of children in
Japan vaccinated with the MMR vaccine and the number of children
who developed autism during the 1990s.
(i)
Describe how the percentage of children vaccinated with the
MMR vaccine changed between 1990 and 1995.
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(2)
(ii)
Does the data in the graph support a link between MMR
vaccination and autism?
Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No
Explain the reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q27.
Reflex actions are rapid and automatic.
(a)
Name the following structures in a reflex action.
(i)
The structure that detects the stimulus.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
The neurone that carries impulses to the central nervous
system.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
The neurone that carries impulses away from the central
nervous system.
..................................................................................................
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(1)
(iv)
The structure that brings about the response.
..................................................................................................
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(1)
(b)
Describe what happens at a synapse when an impulse arrives.
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(2)
(c)
Some people have a condition in which information from the skin
does not reach the brain.
Explain why this is dangerous for the person.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q28.
(a) Explain, as fully as you can, how natural selection leads to
evolution.
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(3)
(b)
Most penguins live in cold climates. The modern penguin best
adapted for cold conditions is the emperor penguin.
Scientists have found fossils of a ‘giant’ penguin which they have
called Icadyptes.
The diagram shows how the size of modern penguins compares
with Icadyptes.
The scientists were surprised to discover that Icadyptes lived in
warm seas at a time when the Earth’s climate was much warmer
than it is now.
Explain why the scientists were surprised that Icadyptes lived in
warm seas.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q29.
The use of cloned animals in food production is controversial.
It is now possible to clone ‘champion’ cows.
Champion cows produce large quantities of milk.
(a)
Describe how adult cell cloning could be used to produce a clone of
a ‘champion’ cow.
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(4)
(b)
Read the passage about cloning cattle.
The Government has been accused of ‘inexcusable behaviour’ because a calf of
a cloned American ‘champion’ cow has been born on a British farm.
Campaigners say it will undermine trust in British food because the cloned cow’s
milk could enter the human food chain.
But supporters of cloning say that milk from clones and their offspring is as safe
as the milk we drink every day.
Those in favour of cloning say that an animal clone is a genetic copy. It is not the
same as a genetically engineered animal. Opponents of cloning say that
consumers will be uneasy about drinking milk from cloned animals.
Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge and
understanding to evaluate whether the government should allow the
production of milk from cloned ‘champion’ cows.
Remember to give a conclusion to your evaluation.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)
Q30.
The diagram shows a pyramid of biomass drawn to scale.
(a)
What is the source of energy for the water plants?
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
The ratio of the biomass of water plants to the biomass of insects is
5 : 1.
Calculate the ratio of the biomass of insects to the biomass of
frogs.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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ratio = .................... : 1
(2)
(c)
Give two reasons why the biomass of the frog population is smaller
than the biomass of the insect population.
1
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2
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(2)
(d)
Some insects die.
Describe how the carbon in the dead insect bodies may be
recycled.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q31.
Some students investigated the effect of pH on the growth of one
species of bacterium.
They transferred samples of bacteria from a culture of this species to each of
eight flasks. Each flask contained a solution of nutrients but at a different pH.
After 24 hours, the students measured the amount of bacterial growth.
(a)
It was important that the flasks in which the bacteria grew were not
contaminated with other microorganisms.
Describe two precautions the students should have taken to
prevent this contamination.
1
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2
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(2)
(b)
To see the effect of pH on the growth of the bacteria, other
conditions should be kept constant.
Suggest two conditions which should have been kept constant for
all eight flasks.
1
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................................
2
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................................
(2)
(c)
The graph shows the results of the investigation.
The students wanted to find the best pH for the growth of this
species of bacterium.
(i)
Use the graph to estimate the pH at which the bacteria would
grow best.
pH ..............................
(1)
(ii)
What could the students do to find a more accurate value for
the best pH for growth of the bacteria?
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q32.
A student accidentally touches a sharp object.
Her hand is immediately pulled away from the object.
The diagram shows the structures involved in this response.
(a)
Use the correct word or phrase from the diagram to complete
each sentence.
(i)
The stimulus is detected by the
.........................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Impulses travel to the central nervous system along a
cell called a
.........................................................................................
..............
(1)
(iii)
Impulses travel from the central nervous system to the
effector
along a cell called a
.........................................................................................
..
(1)
(iv)
The hand is pulled away from the sharp object by the
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
Where in the body are there cells sensitive to:
(i)
light ..............................
(1)
(ii)
sound ..............................
(1)
(iii)
changes in position?..............................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q33.
Some organisms are in danger of extinction.
The photograph shows an African elephant feeding on tree leaves.
(a)
Read the information about elephants and humans in Africa.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The African elephant is the largest land animal.
The African elephant feeds on lots of leaves.
Adult African elephants have no natural predators.
Elephants are killed by poachers for their ivory tusks.
African elephants live for about 70 years.
Most African elephants live in large herds.
Land available to elephants is disappearing rapidly.
The African elephant is now extinct in many parts of Africa.
Use information from the list to give three reasons why.
1
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2
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3
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(3)
(b)
Organisms that are in danger of extinction can be cloned.
List A gives the names of three different cloning techniques.
List B gives information about these techniques.
Draw a line from each technique in List A to the correct information
about it in List B.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q34.
In the 19th century, Dr Semmelweiss investigated infection in a
hospital.
He compared the number of deaths of mothers on two maternity wards.
•
On Ward 1, babies were delivered mainly by doctors. These
doctors worked on many different wards in the hospital.
•
On Ward 2, babies were delivered by midwives. The
midwives did not work on other wards.
The bar chart shows the results of his investigations.
(a)
(i)
600 mothers gave birth on Ward 2 in 1845.
How many mothers died from infections on Ward 2 in 1845?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Number of mothers who died ..............................
(2)
(ii)
Which was the safer ward on which to have a baby?
Draw a ring around your answer. Ward 1 / Ward 2.
Using data from the bar chart, give a reason for your answer.
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(1)
(b)
In January 1848, Dr Semmelweiss asked all doctors to wash their
hands before delivering babies.
The table shows the number of deaths on the two wards in 1848.
(i)
Ward
Number of deaths from
infections per 100 births
Ward 1
3
Ward 2
1
Plot this data on the bar chart above.
(1)
(ii)
What was the effect on the death rate on Ward 1 of doctors
washing their hands before delivering babies?
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(1)
(iii)
Suggest an explanation for this effect.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q35.
Swallows and swifts migrate between Britain and South Africa every
year.
(a)
Photograph 1 shows a swallow.
Photograph 1
Swallows can fly very quickly.
Use information from the photograph to give one way in which the
swallow is adapted for flying very quickly.
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(1)
(b)
Photograph 2 shows swifts.
Photograph 2
Swallows and swifts both feed on flying insects.
They both spend the summer in Britain and then migrate to South
Africa in the autumn.
Suggest one reason why swallows and swifts do not stay in Britain
in the winter.
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(1)
(c)
The table gives data about swallows and swifts.
Swallows
Swifts
Arrival date in Britain
April
Early May
Leaving date from
Britain
October
Early August
Food
Flying insects
Flying insects
Height at which the
birds feed
Near ground level
Up to 350m above
ground level
Times at which birds
feed
Mainly when it is light
Almost 24 hours per
day
(i)
There is very little competition between swallows and swifts
for food.
Use information from the table to suggest two reasons for
this.
1
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2
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(2)
(ii)
Swallows and swifts do compete for some factors.
Suggest one of these factors.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q36.
Many people who are overweight try slimming programmes.
A research study evaluated four different slimming programmes over 6
months.
Scientists selected a group of 40 people for each slimming programme
and a control group.
Each of the five groups was matched for age, gender and mass.
The graph shows the results of the study.
Adapted from British Medical Journal, 2006, volume 332, pages
1309 –1314.
(a)
Give two control variables that were used in this study.
1
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2
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(2)
(b)
Give two conclusions that can be drawn from the results of this
study.
1
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2
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(2)
(c)
The costs of the four programmes were:
•
•
•
•
Atkins book cost £3
Rosemary Conley classes cost £140 for 6 months
Weight Watchers classes cost £170 for 6 months
Twice-daily Slim-Fast meal replacements cost £240 for 6
months.
Use this information and the graph to answer this question.
Which is the most cost effective of the four programmes?
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Explain the reason for your answer.
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(2)
(d)
Some slimming programmes include daily exercise.
Explain how daily exercise helps a person to lose mass.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q37.
Many people use recreational drugs.
(a)
Give one example of:
(i)
a legal recreational drug
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(1)
(ii)
an illegal recreational drug.
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(1)
(b)
Some recreational drugs are addictive.
(i)
Give one example of a recreational drug that is very
addictive.
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(1)
(ii)
Explain how the action of a drug makes a person become
addicted to it.
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(1)
(c)
Some doctors think that smoking cannabis causes depression.
Doctors investigated the cannabis smoking habits of 1500 young
adults.
The table shows the percentage of cannabis smokers in the
investigation who became depressed.
How many times the men
or women had smoked
cannabis in the last 12
months
Less than 5 times
Percentage of men
who became
depressed
Percentage of women
who became
depressed
9
16
More than 5 times, but less
than once per week
10
17
1 – 4 times per week
12
31
Every day
15
68
From the data, give two conclusions that can be drawn about the
relationship between cannabis and depression.
1
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2
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q38.
Influenza is a disease caused by a virus.
(a)
Explain why it is difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses.
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(2)
(b)
In some years there are influenza epidemics.
The graph shows the death rate in Liverpool during three influenza
epidemics.
(i)
The population of Liverpool in 1951 was approximately 700
000.
Calculate the approximate number of deaths from influenza in
week 4 of the 1951 epidemic.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Number of deaths ..............................
(2)
(ii)
In most years, the number of deaths from influenza in
Liverpool is very low.
Explain, in terms of the influenza virus and the body’s immune
system, why there were large numbers of deaths in years
such as 1918 and 1951.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q39.
The photograph shows a snake eating a toad.
Cane toads were first introduced into Australia in 1935. The toads contain
toxins and most species of Australian snake die after eating the toad.
The cane toad toxin does not affect all snakes the same way. Longer snakes
are less affected by toad toxin.
Scientists investigated how red-bellied black snakes had changed in the 70
years since cane toads were introduced into their area. They found that redbellied black snakes had become longer by around 3 – 5 %.
Suggest an explanation for the change in the body length of the red-bellied
black snakes since the introduction of the cane toads.
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(Total 4 marks)
Q40.
Scientists are investigating how to reduce methane emissions from
cattle.
Most of this methane is emitted by the cows belching.
Scientists have found that less methane is belched if the cows eat highsugar rye grass.
This rye grass has been produced by genetic engineering.
(i)
Suggest how the high-sugar rye grass might have been produced
by genetic engineering.
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(3)
(ii)
Some people might object to the growing of geneticallyengineered, high-sugar rye grass for feeding cattle.
Give two reasons why.
1
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2
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q41.
Two types of fertility treatment are in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and invitro maturation (IVM).
(a)
Describe the role of hormones in IVF treatment.
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(3)
(b)
Read the passage about fertility treatment.
During normal IVF, a woman undergoes several weeks of hormone
injections.
The treatment can lead to a condition called ovarian hyperstimulation
syndrome resulting in a build-up of fluid in the lungs. Very rarely, it can
cause death. The syndrome occurs in about 1 % of standard IVF cycles,
but in about 10 % of the IVF cycles of some women. An IVF cycle may
cost up to £4300.
In IVM, hormone treatment lasts for less than 7 days. Eggs are then
collected from the ovaries while they are still immature. Each egg is then
matured in a laboratory for up to 48 hours before being injected with a
single sperm.
A few days after fertilisation, the embryos are implanted into the
mother’s womb. The cost of each IVM cycle is £1700.
An IVM expert says: “In IVM treatment there’s a small risk of
abnormalities in the sex chromosomes and also of birth deformities and
cancer in the babies. These risks are not massive but they are greater
than in IVF.”
Evaluate the use of IVM rather than IVF in treating infertility.
Remember to give a conclusion to your evaluation.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q42.
Gardeners often put waste materials onto compost heaps.
The graph shows how the conditions in a compost heap affect how
quickly waste materials in the heap decay.
(a)
(i)
Describe the effect of increasing the temperature from 15 °C
to 25 °C on the rate of decay at 20 % oxygen concentration.
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(2)
(ii)
Gardeners are advised to put waste materials into special
compost bins.
These bins have holes in their sides.
Holes in the sides of the compost bin help the waste materials
to decay faster.
Explain why.
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(2)
(b)
A gardener noticed that some of his plants were growing poorly.
He put some decayed compost onto the soil, around the plants.
Six months later the plants were growing well.
Explain why.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q43.
(a)
Microorganisms can be grown on agar jelly in a Petri dish.
List A gives three actions used when growing microorganisms.
List B gives four possible effects of these actions.
Draw a straight line from each action in List A to its effect in List
B.
(3)
(b)
UHT milk is milk that has been heated to 135 °C, then cooled.
In an investigation, three sterile Petri dishes containing sterile agar
jelly were set up as follows.
•
UHT milk was added to dish 1.
•
•
•
Untreated milk was added to dish 2.
Dish 3 was left unopened as a control.
The dishes were kept at 25 °C for two days.
The results are shown in the diagram below.
(i)
Describe the difference in appearance between dishes 1 and
2 after two days.
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.........................
(1)
(ii)
Give one reason for this difference.
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(1)
(iii)
There was no change in the appearance of dish 3 after two
days.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q44.
The drawing shows a poison-dart frog.
(a)
The poison-dart frog moves mainly by jumping.
Use information from the drawing to suggest one way in which this
frog is adapted for jumping.
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.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
Use the information below to suggest how the poison-dart frog is
adapted for survival.
•
This poison-dart frog is bright blue in colour.
•
Animals that eat poison-dart frogs become very sick.
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(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q45.
(a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about
controlling conditions in our bodies.
kidneys
(i)
liver
lungs
skin
When we breathe out, water leaves the
...........................................................
(1)
(ii)
When we sweat, water leaves the body through the
.......................................
(1)
(iii)
Excess water leaves the body in a liquid called urine.
Urine is produced by the
.................................................................................
(1)
(b)
We lose a lot of sweat during exercise. When this happens, we
cannot perform as well as we could at the start of the exercise.
The graph shows the effect of losing sweat on the performance of
an athlete.
(i)
Describe the effect of losing sweat on performance.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
How can athletes reduce this effect on performance?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q46.
Scientists have produced many different types of GM (genetically
modified) food crops.
(a)
Use words from the box to complete the sentence about genetic
engineering.
clones
chromosomes
embryos
genes
GM crops are produced by cutting
...................................................................... out of the
........................................... of one plant and inserting them into the
cells of a crop plant.
(2)
(b)
Read the information about GM food crops.
•
Herbicide-resistant GM crops produce higher yields.
•
Scientists are uncertain about how eating GM food affects our
health.
•
Insect-resistant GM crops reduce the total use of pesticides.
•
GM crops might breed naturally with wild plants.
•
Seeds for GM crops can be bought from only one
manufacturer.
•
The numbers of bees will fall in areas where GM crops are
grown.
Use this information to answer these questions.
(i)
Give two reasons why some farmers are in favour of growing
GM crops.
1
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..............................
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........................
2
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..............................
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(2)
(ii)
Give two reasons why many people are against the growing
of GM crops.
1
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2
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q47.
Polio is a disease caused by a virus. In the UK, children are given
polio vaccine to protect them against the disease.
(a)
In the sentences below, draw a ring around the correct words in
each box.
(i)
It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body
is not affected by drugs
because the virus
lives inside cells
produces antitoxins
(1)
active
(ii)
an
The vaccine contains
infective
form of the polio
virus.
inactive
(1)
(iii)
The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to
antibiotics
produce
antibodies
which destroy the
virus.
drugs
(1)
(b)
The graph shows the number of cases of polio in the UK between
1948 and 1968.
(i)
In which year was the number of cases of polio highest?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Polio vaccination was first used in the UK in 1955.
How many years did it take for the number of cases of polio to
fall to zero?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(iii)
There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years.
But children are still vaccinated against the disease.
Suggest one reason for this.
..................................................................................................
........................
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q48.
Many people use drugs recreationally.
(a)
(i)
What is meant by the recreational use of drugs?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why a person might become addicted to a
recreational drug.
..................................................................................................
........................
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........................
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........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Some people move on from using one type of recreational
substance to using another.
Some recreational substances are legal, but some are illegal.
Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are
the most dangerous.
The table below shows government statistics linking the use of
pairs of recreational substances.
A ‘+’ in the table shows that there is a strong statistical link
between the use of two substances.
For example, people who use solvents are very likely to have used
tobacco before using solvents. This is shown by a ‘+,’ in the table.
Home Office statistics (Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller
of HMSO
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.) Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.
(i)
Many people think that using cannabis leads onto using class
A drugs.
Does the data in the table support this view?
Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No
Use data from the table to support your answer.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
What is most likely to lead people to use class A drugs?
Use data from the table to support your answer.
..................................................................................................
.........................
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.........................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q49.
Copper compounds are found in water that has drained through ash
from power stations. Invertebrate animals are used to monitor the
concentration of copper compounds in water. First, scientists must find
out which invertebrate animals can survive in a range of concentrations of
copper compounds.
This is how the procedure is carried out.
•
Solutions of different concentrations of a copper compound are
prepared.
•
Batches of fifty of each of five different invertebrate species, A, B,
C, D and E, are placed in separate containers of each solution.
•
After a while, the number of each type of invertebrate which survive
at each concentration is counted.
(a)
Give two variables that should be controlled in this investigation so
that the results are valid.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
(2)
(b)
The graph below shows the results for species B.
Use the graph to find the concentration of copper compounds in
which 50% of Species B survived. To obtain full marks you must
show clearly on the graph how you obtained your answer.
Concentration ............................. parts per million
(2)
(c)
The graph below shows the results of the tests on the other four
invertebrate species.
(i)
Which species, A, C, D or E, is most sensitive to the
concentration of copper in the water?
..................................................................................................
.........................
Give the reason for your answer.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
It is often more convenient to use invertebrates rather than a
chemical test to monitor water for copper.
Suggest one explanation for this.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q50.
The diagram shows the structures involved in the knee-jerk reflex.
When the tendon is struck with the hammer, the receptor is stimulated
and the lower leg moves forward.
(a)
Name the structures labelled A, B and C.
A
..................................................................................................
...............................
B
..................................................................................................
...............................
C
..................................................................................................
...............................
(3)
(b)
How is information passed from structure A to structure B?
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
What is the effector in this response?
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q51.
The photograph shows a sand gazelle.
The sand gazelle lives in the Arabian Desert where temperatures often
reach 45 °C.
(a)
The sand gazelle feeds only at dawn and at dusk. At other times it
stays in the shade.
Suggest how this helps the animal to conserve water.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
During the dry season, the sand gazelle’s liver and heart shrink in
size. This reduces the amount of oxygen that the body needs.
Suggest how needing less oxygen helps the animal to conserve
water.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q52.
The MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles,
mumps and rubella.
(a)
Explain, as fully as you can, how the MMR vaccine protects
children from these diseases.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(b)
Read the passage.
Autism is a brain disorder that can result in behavioural problems. In 1998,
Dr Andrew Wakefield published a report in a medical journal. Dr Wakefield
and his colleagues had carried out tests on 12 autistic children.
Dr Wakefield and his colleagues claimed to have found a possible link
between the MMR vaccine and autism.
Dr Wakefield wrote that the parents of eight of the twelve children blamed
the MMR vaccine for autism. He said that symptoms of autism had started
within days of vaccination.
Some newspapers used parts of the report in scare stories about the MMR
vaccine. As a result, many parents refused to have their children vaccinated.
Dr Wakefield’s research was being funded through solicitors for the twelve
children. The lawyers wanted evidence to use against vaccine
manufacturers.
Use information from the passage above to answer these
questions.
(i)
Was Dr Wakefield’s report based on reliable scientific
evidence?
Explain the reasons for your answer.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Might Dr Wakefield’s report have been biased?
Give the reason for your answer.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q53.
The diagram shows one method of producing herbicide-resistant
crop plants.
(a)
(i)
The herbicide-resistance gene is obtained from a herbicideresistant plant.
Which structure in a cell carries the genes?
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
How is the herbicide-resistance gene cut out of this structure?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
Apart from having the herbicide-resistance gene, the herbicideresistant plants are identical to the herbicide-susceptible plants.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
Suggest one advantage to a farmer of growing herbicide-resistant
crops.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(d)
Many people are opposed to the growing of herbicide-resistant
crops produced in this way.
Suggest one reason why.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q54.
The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle.
(a)
Which letter, A, B, C or D, represents:
(i)
respiration
.........................................
(1)
(ii)
photosynthesis?
.........................................
(1)
(b)
Local authorities are encouraging people to recycle vegetable
waste by converting it into compost.
Compost is made by mixing the vegetable waste with soil in a large
container.
(i)
Decay occurs more quickly if the container has holes in the
sides.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Spreading compost on the soil between plants leads to better
growth of the plants.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q55.
The diagram shows how a student transferred some sour milk from
a bottle to a Petri dish of nutrient agar.
List A gives four actions carried out by the student.
List B gives five possible effects of these actions.
Draw a straight line from each action in List A to its effect in List B.
Draw only one line from each action.
(Total 4 marks)
Q56.
The drawing shows a group of people in a café.
(a)
Use words from the box to answer the questions.
brain
eye
nose
skin
tongue
Which organ contains receptors that allow a person to:
(i)
read the newspaper ...........................................
(1)
(ii)
smell the coffee ................................................
(1)
(iii)
feel how hot the cup is .....................................
(1)
(iv)
taste the coffee? ................................................
(1)
(c)
A cigarette manufacturer increased the amount of nicotine in
cigarettes by 11%
between 1997 and 2006. The manufacturer did not tell the public
about this change.
(i)
Suggest one reason why the manufacturer increased the
amount of nicotine in the cigarettes.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest one reason why the manufacturer did not tell the
public about the change.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q57.
The drawing shows a kangaroo rat.
This rat lives in hot, dry deserts.
(a)
Explain how each of the following features helps the kangaroo rat
to survive in a hot, dry desert.
(i)
It does not produce urine.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
It lives in a burrow during the day, but comes out at night to
search for food.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(iii)
Its feet and its tail each have a large surface area.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
The kangaroo rat does not sweat.
Explain why not sweating could be dangerous for the animal.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q58.
The diagram shows some of the stages in IVF (in-vitro fertilisation).
(a)
Use words from the box to name structures A, B, C and D.
egg
sperm
embryo
fertilised egg
ovary
Structure A .....................................
Structure B .....................................
Structure C .....................................
Structure D .....................................
(4)
(b)
What do the doctors do next with structure D?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
The table gives statistics for an IVF clinic.
Age of women treated
Below 35
35-37
38-39
40-42
years
years
years
years
414
207
106
53
90
43
17
1
24
8
4
1
1
0
0
0
Number of
women treated
Number of
women who
produced one
baby
Number of
women who
produced twins
Number of
women who
produced triplets
(i)
About what proportion of the treated women aged 35 − 37
produced one or more babies?
Draw a ring around your answer.
one quarter
one third
half
(1)
(ii)
IVF treatment is not given by this clinic to women over 42
years of age.
Use data from the table to explain why.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(iii)
The committee which regulates IVF treatment now advises
that only one embryo is used in each treatment.
Suggest one reason for this.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q59.
The diagram shows an evolutionary tree for a group of animals
called primates.
The names of extinct animals are printed in italics e.g. Nycticeboides.
The drawings show animals that are alive today.
Illustration by Lucrezia Beerli-Bieler
(a)
(i)
How many million years ago did Karanisia first appear?
............................. millions of years ago.
(1)
(ii)
During which geological period did the Apes and Monkeys
begin to evolve?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(iii)
Which group of primates alive today are the closest relatives
of the Lorises?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Darwin was the first scientist to state that humans and other
primates had common ancestors.
Many people were against Darwin’s ideas at that time.
Give two reasons why they were against his ideas.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q60.
Pathogens can enter the body and cause disease.
(a)
(i)
Name one type of medicine which kills bacteria in the body.
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Name one type of medicine which helps to relieve the
symptoms of infectious disease.
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Vaccination protects us from pathogens.
The graph shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood of a
person after two injections of vaccine given four weeks apart.
(i)
How long after the first injection did it take for the
concentration of antibodies to reach the minimum level for
protection against the pathogen?
..................................... weeks
(1)
(ii)
Describe what happened to the concentration of antibodies in
the blood from week 0 to week 7.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(iii)
Would you expect the concentration of antibodies to stay
above the level needed for protection against the pathogen
over the next ten years?
Draw a ring around your answer.
Yes / No
Give a reason for your answer.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q61.
A popular diet book claims that a low-carbohydrate diet results in
quicker weight loss and a more healthy body than a low-fat diet.
Scientists carried out an investigation to see if this claim is true.
•
They used 120 overweight volunteers divided into two equal
groups.
•
Group 1 was given a diet containing less than 20 g of
carbohydrate per day.
•
Group 2 was given a low-fat diet. This contained less than
30% of energy from fat and less than 300 mg of cholesterol
per day.
•
Both groups were given the same exercise programmes and
a weekly information meeting.
•
Both groups were allowed only 2000 kilocalories per day.
The results after 24 weeks are shown in the table.
Group 1
Low-carbohydrate diet
Group 2
Low-fat diet
76%
57%
Mean change in body
mass
−12.9%
−6.7%
Mean change in body fat
mass
−9.4 kg
−4.8 kg
Mean change in blood
HDL concentration
+55 mg per litre
−16 mg per litre
Mean change in blood
LDL concentration
+16 mg per litre
−74 mg per litre
Proportion of volunteers
who completed the trial
(a)
What was the independent variable in this investigation?
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Give one variable that the scientists tried to control in this
investigation.
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(c)
Give two ways in which the method used by the scientists could
have led to unreliable data.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(d)
Does the data support the claim in the book?
Draw a ring around your answer.
Yes / No
Give two reasons for your answer.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q62.
Organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in extreme
conditions.
(a)
The photograph shows an arctic fox.
This fox lives in the arctic, where it is very cold.
Suggest two ways in which the arctic fox is adapted for life in very
cold conditions.
Explain how each adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very
cold conditions.
Adaptation 1
..................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
........................
How this adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very cold
conditions.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
Adaptation 2
..................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
........................
How this adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very cold
conditions.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(b)
The photograph shows an antelope that lives in a sandy desert.
The antelope is prey to large cats such as cheetah.
Suggest two adaptations that help this antelope to avoid being
killed by predators.
Explain how each adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being
killed by predators.
Adaptation 1
..................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
........................
How this adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being killed by
predators.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
Adaptation 2
..................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
........................
How this adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being killed by
predators.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q63.
Pathogenic bacteria and viruses may make us feel ill if they enter
our bodies.
(a)
Why do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill?
Bacteria
..................................................................................................
...................
............................................................................................................
........................
Viruses
..................................................................................................
.....................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Most drugs that kill bacteria cannot be used to treat viral infections.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are causing problems in most
hospitals.
Explain, as fully as you can, why there has been a large increase in
the number of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q64.
The photograph shows a Crossbill.
A Crossbill feeds by using its bill (beak) to force apart the scales on
conifer cones. It then uses its tongue to extract the seeds. If the bill is
clipped it grows back again.
Scientists were interested in the evolution of the bill of the Crossbill.
In an investigation, they clipped the bills of several Crossbills so that their
bills no longer crossed.
They observed that Crossbills with clipped bills took much longer to get
seeds.
Use information from the investigation to suggest an explanation for the
evolution of the bill in the Crossbill.
In your explanation, use the ideas of selection, competition and mutation.
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
(Total 4 marks)
Q65.
The diagram shows how an immature egg could be used either to
produce cells to treat some human diseases or to produce a baby.
Scientists may be allowed to use this technique to produce cells to treat
some human diseases, but not to produce babies.
Using information from the diagram, suggest an explanation for this.
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
(Total 4 marks)
Q66.
Read the description of an investigation into the link between
smoking cannabis and heroin addiction.
Six ‘teenage’ rats were given a small dose of THC – the active chemical in
cannabis – every three days between the ages of 28 and 49 days. This is the
equivalent of human ages 12 to 18.
The amount of THC given was roughly equivalent to a human smoking one
cannabis ‘joint’ every three days.
A control group of six ‘teenage’ rats did not receive THC.
After 56 days catheters (narrow tubes) were inserted in all twelve of the now
adult rats and they were able to self-administer heroin by pushing a lever.
All the rats began to self-administer heroin frequently. After a while, they
stabilised their daily intake at a certain level.
The ones that had been on THC as ‘teenagers’ stabilised their heroin intake at a
much higher level than the others. They appeared to be less sensitive to the
effects of heroin. This pattern continued throughout their lives.
Reduced sensitivity to the heroin means that the rats take larger doses. This has
been shown to increase the risk of addiction.
Evaluate this investigation with respect to establishing a link between
cannabis smoking and heroin addiction in humans.
Remember to include a conclusion to your evaluation.
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................
(Total 5 marks)
Q67.
Gardeners often collect fallen leaves in autumn and place them on
compost heaps.
(a)
Over the next year the leaves decay.
Which living things cause leaves to decay?
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
The leaves decay more quickly in summer than in winter.
Give one reason why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(c)
The compost heap has holes in its sides to allow gases to enter.
Which gas is needed for decay?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q68.
The volume of water that the body loses must balance the volume
of water that it gains.
Tables 1 and 2 show losses and gains of water by the body in one day.
(a)
(i)
Calculate the volume of urine lost by the body.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
Volume of urine lost by the body = ........................ cm3
(2)
(ii)
What proportion of water gained by the body comes from
food?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.
(1)
(b)
One pupil decided to show the figures from Table 2 as a pie chart.
Label sections A, B and C of the pie chart.
(1)
(c)
How does sweating help the body?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(d)
On a hotter day, the volumes of water lost and gained will be
different.
What differences will there be?
Tick ( ) two answers from the list.
More sweat produced
More faeces produced
More food eaten
Less urine produced
Less liquid drunk
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q69.
(a)
Figure 1 shows a minke whale. Whales live in the sea.
Figure 1
Write down two ways in which the body of the whale is adapted for
swimming.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
Figure 2 shows the skeleton of a minke whale.
Figure 2
Figure 3 shows the fossil skeleton of an extinct whale.
Figure 3
Hans G Thewissen/ The Thewissen Lab
(i)
Apart from size, give two differences between the skeleton of
the minke whale
and the fossil skeleton of the extinct whale.
1
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
In each of the sentences below, draw a ring around the
correct answer.
billion
Life on Earth first developed more than three
million
years ago.
thousand
disprove
Fossils
give evidence for
the theory of evolution.
prove
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q70.
A girl picks up a hot plate. A reflex action causes her to drop it.
The diagram shows some of the structures involved in this reflex action.
Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A, B, C and D.
brain
gland
muscle
neurone
receptor
A ............................................................
spinal
cord
B ............................................................
C ............................................................
D ............................................................
(Total 4 marks)
##
(a)
Use words from the box to complete the sentences about curing
disease.
antibiotics
antibodies
antitoxins
painkillers
statins
The substances made by white blood cells to kill pathogens are
called.....................
The substances made by white blood cells to counteract poisons
produced by pathogens
are called
..................................................................................................
...................
Medicines which kill bacteria are called
.....................................................................
(3)
(b)
The MMR vaccine protects people against three diseases.
Write down the names of two of these diseases.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
(2)
(c)
All vaccinations involve some risk.
The table shows the risk of developing harmful effects:
•
from the disease if a child is not given the MMR vaccine;
•
if a child is given the MMR vaccine.
Risk of getting the harmful effect
from the disease (if not
vaccinated)
Risk of getting the
harmful
effect from MMR vaccine
Convulsions
1 in 200
1 in 1000
Meningitis
1 in 3000
Less than 1 in 1 000 000
Brain
damage
1 in 8000
0
Harmful
effect
A mother is considering if she should have her child vaccinated with
the MMR vaccine.
Use information from the table to persuade the mother that she
should have her child vaccinated.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(d)
The vaccine used to protect us from the Hepatitis B virus is
produced by genetic engineering.
Yeast cells are used to produce the vaccine.
Use words from the box to complete the sentence.
chromosomes
drugs
enzymes
genes
hormones
To produce the vaccine ............................... are used to cut out
................................
from the Hepatitis B virus which are then inserted into the yeast
cells.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q72.
Obesity is a factor that affects Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).
(a)
What is meant by obesity?
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
The graph shows how the percentages of obese men and women
in the UK changed between 1994 and 2004.
(i)
Describe how the percentage of obese women changed
between 1994 and 2004.
..................................................................................................
..........................
..................................................................................................
..........................
..................................................................................................
..........................
..................................................................................................
..........................
(2)
(ii)
The percentage of obese men changed between 1994 and
2004.
Suggest two reasons for this change.
1.
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2.
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
The chart below is published by the British Heart Foundation. It
shows how death from CHD is related to a number of different
factors.
copyright National Heart Forum
Each factor is represented by a circle.
The bigger the circle, the more people are affected by the factor.
(i)
What is the main factor causing death from CHD?
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(1)
(ii)
Estimate the percentage of deaths from CHD related to high
blood pressure.
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(1)
(iii)
The data are shown as overlapping circles instead of a bar
chart. The percentages of deaths related to the different
factors add up to more than 100%.
What does this tell you about some of the people who died
from CHD?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q73.
It is legal in the UK to use certain recreational drugs but illegal to
use others.
(a)
Tobacco is a legal drug. Pregnant women are strongly advised not
to smoke.
Explain how a fetus may be affected if the mother smokes tobacco.
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(2)
(b)
Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are
the most dangerous. The use of Class A drugs attracts the most
serious punishments and fines.
•
Cannabis is a Class C drug.
•
These are some facts about cannabis.
•
It is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol.
•
It may cause mental illness.
•
It does not seem to cause major social problems.
•
It may be a ‘gateway’ drug to more harmful substances.
•
It has a higher tar content than tobacco.
•
It has an effect on the heart, similar to the effects of exercise.
•
It can upset the control of blood pressure.
•
Use the above information to answer these questions.
(i)
Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis
should be classified as a Class A or Class B drug.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(ii)
Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis
should not be classified as an illegal drug.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q74.
Controlling infections in hospitals has become much more difficult in
recent years.
(a)
Explain why MRSA is causing problems in many hospitals.
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(2)
(b)
The pioneer in methods of treating infections in hospitals was Ignaz
Semmelweiss. He observed that women whose babies were
delivered by doctors in hospital had a death rate of 18% from
infections caught in the hospital. Women whose babies were
delivered by midwives in the hospital had a death rate of 2%. He
observed that doctors often came straight from examining dead
bodies to the delivery ward.
(i)
In a controlled experiment, Semmelweiss made doctors wash
their hands in chloride of lime solution before delivering the
babies. The death rate fell to about 2% – down to the same
level as the death rate in mothers whose babies were
delivered by midwives.
Explain why the death rate fell.
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(1)
(ii)
Explain how Semmelweiss’s results could be used to reduce
the spread of MRSA in a modern hospital.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q75.
The drawings show two different species of butterfly.
•
Both species can be eaten by most birds.
•
Amauris has a foul taste which birds do not like, so birds have
learned not to prey on it.
•
Hypolimnas does not have a foul taste but most birds do not prey
on it.
(a)
Suggest why most birds do not prey on Hypolimnas.
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(2)
(b)
Suggest an explanation, in terms of natural selection, for the
markings on the wings of Hypolimnas.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q76.
Read the passage about IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) and embryosplitting.
“IVF is not as successful as we would like it,” says scientist Michael Tucker.
“On average, only one in five or one in six of all the embryos that we generate
in the IVF lab will develop as far as full-term delivery as a baby.”
“There is a way to perhaps double those odds. A new, identical embryo is split
off from the original embryo made in the IVF lab.”
“What we are really doing is creating an identical twin,” says scientist Dr Hilton
Kort.
“And that’s what happens in nature every day. Cloning is creating a replica of a
person or an animal.”
(a)
Explain why the two embryos will develop into identical twins.
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(2)
(b)
Explain why the embryos are not clones of their parents.
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(2)
(c)
The scientists want to develop this technique, but are afraid to do
so because public opinion might be against the technique.
Suggest an explanation for this.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q77.
Hormones are used in contraceptive pills.
(a)
Explain how a contraceptive pill works.
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(2)
(b)
Read the information about the trialling of the first contraceptive pill.
The Pill was developed by a team of scientists led by Gregory Pincus.
The team needed to carry out large scale trials on humans.
In the summer of 1955, Pincus visited the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto
Rico is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Officials
supported birth control as a form of population control. Pincus knew that
if he could demonstrate that the poor, uneducated women of Puerto Rico
could use the pill correctly then so could women anywhere in the world.
The scientists selected a pill with a high dose of hormones to ensure that
no pregnancies would occur while test subjects were taking the drug. The
Pill was found to be 100% effective when taken properly. But 17% of the
women in the study complained of side effects. Pincus ignored these side
effects.
The women in the trial had been told only that they were taking a drug
that prevented pregnancy. They had not been told that the Pill was
experimental or that there was a chance of dangerous side effects.
Evaluate the methods used by Pincus in trialling the contraceptive
pill.
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(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Q78.
Animals and plants are adapted in different ways in order to survive.
(a)
Plants may have to compete with other plants.
(i)
Name two things for which plants compete.
1
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2
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(2)
(ii)
The drawing shows a creosote bush.
This bush lives in a desert.
The creosote bush produces a poison that kills the roots of
other plants.
How does this poison help the creosote bush to survive in the
desert?
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(1)
(b)
The photograph shows an insect called a katydid.
The katydid is preyed on by birds.
How does the appearance of the katydid help it to survive?
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q79.
(a)
We control many conditions inside our bodies.
Name three conditions which are controlled inside our bodies.
1.
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2.
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3.
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(3)
(b)
Hormones are used to control fertility in women.
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
antibiotic
contraceptive drug
fertility drug
vaccine
A woman can prevent pregnancy by taking a
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A woman can be helped to become pregnant by taking a
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(2)
(c)
Some drugs are addictive.
(i)
Name one addictive drug.
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(1)
(ii)
Explain why it is very difficult to give up using an addictive
drug.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q80.
The diagram shows one way of cloning sheep.
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
asexual
clones
different
gametes
identical
joining
sexual
splitting
The original embryo in the diagram developed following the
....................................... of an egg
and a sperm. This is called ..................................... reproduction. The
twins in the diagram have
..................................... genetic information. This is because the two
embryos were produced by
..................................... reproduction. Because of this they are known as
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(Total 5 marks)
Q81.
Scientists began to keep records of cases of H5N1 bird flu in
humans in January 2004.
The graph shows the total number of cases of bird flu in humans and the
total number of deaths up to January 2006.
(a)
(i)
How many people had died from bird flu up to 01/07/05?
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(1)
(ii)
Describe, as fully as you can, how the number of cases of bird
flu in humans changed between 01/07/04 and 01/01/06.
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(2)
(b)
At present, humans can only catch bird flu from contact with
infected birds. The bird flu virus may mutate into a form that can be
passed from one human to another.
Explain why millions of people may die if the bird flu virus mutates
in this way.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q82.
Invertebrate animals are used to monitor pollution in streams. The
photograph shows scientists collecting a sample of invertebrates from a
stream.
Reproduced with the permission of John Graham
This is the method that they use.
•
A 1 m2 area of the bed of the stream is marked out.
•
A net 1m wide is held by one person on the downstream side of the
marked-out area.
•
The other person uses their boots to gently move stones in this
area of the stream bed. They do this for three minutes. This
dislodges invertebrates which are then caught in the net.
•
The invertebrates are then identified and counted.
(a)
Name two control variables (variables which must be kept the
same) in this investigation.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why the results from a sample might not be
accurate.
1.
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2.
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(2)
The technique described above was used to investigate the effect of
sewage on stream invertebrates.
•
Sample 1 was taken upstream of the point where the sewage
entered the stream.
•
Samples 2–9 were taken at regular intervals downstream of the
sewage inflow.
The graph shows the results.
(c)
What was the range of the number of blackfly larvae that could be
found in sample 7?
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(1)
(d)
Describe, as fully as you can, how the number of water hoglice
changed downstream from where sewage entered the stream.
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(2)
(e)
Which of the four invertebrates is the best indicator species for
water which is not polluted by sewage?
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Give the reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q83.
The drawing shows a bean caper plant.
The bean caper plant lives in hot desert conditions.
Explain two ways in which the bean caper is adapted for life in a hot
desert.
Adaptation 1
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How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
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Adaptation 2
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How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
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(Total 4 marks)
Q84.
(a)
(i)
Some diseases can be tackled by using antibiotics and
vaccination.
Explain fully why antibiotics cannot be used to cure viral
diseases.
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(2)
(ii)
A recent study found that babies in 90 % of hospitals are
infected with the MRSA bacterium.
Explain how the MRSA bacterium has developed resistance
to antibiotics.
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(2)
(b)
A person can be immunised against a disease by injecting them
with an inactive form of a pathogen.
Explain how this makes the person immune to the disease.
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(Total 7 marks)
A woman’s fertility can be controlled by using hormones.
Q85.
(a)
Some contraceptive pills contain oestrogen.
Name the gland which produces oestrogen.
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(1)
Women are being encouraged to use longer-term methods of
contraception to reduce their chances of having an unwanted
pregnancy.
The table summarises four long-term methods of contraception.
Method
What it is
How it
works
How long
does it last?
Chances
of getting
pregnant
Side
effects
Hormone
implant
Rod containing
slow-release
Stops
ovaries
3 years
Less than 1
in 1000
Acne in
some
(b)
hormone
inserted under
the skin
releasing
eggs
Hormone
injection
Injection that
slowly
releases
hormone
Stops
ovaries
releasing
eggs
IUD
Small plastic
and copper
coil placed in
womb
Stops
fertilized
eggs
developing
in womb
IUS
Plastic device
containing
slow-release
hormone
placed in
womb
Stops
fertilized
eggs
developing
in womb
women
Less than 4
in 1000
Weight
gain in
some
women
5–10 years
Less than
20 in 1000
Heavier or
more
painful
periods in
some
women
5 years
Less than
10 in 1000
Irregular
periods in
some
women
12 weeks
Which of the methods in the table is the most reliable?
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(1)
(c)
What is the advantage of using long-term contraception methods
instead of taking a contraceptive pill every day?
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(1)
(d)
The IUD is the least reliable of the contraceptive methods shown in
the table. Use information from the table to suggest a reason for
this.
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(1)
(e)
Some people have ethical objections to the use of an IUD or an
IUS.
Suggest one reason why people might object to their use.
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(1)
(f)
(i)
Explain how the hormone in the implants prevents the ovary
releasing eggs.
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(ii)
Hormones can also be used as ‘fertility drugs’.
Explain how a fertility drug helps a woman to become
pregnant.
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(Total 9 marks)
Q86.
Tetra is the first monkey to be cloned.
The method is described below.
•
A sperm and an egg were combined and the resulting embryo was
allowed to split into two cells, then four, then eight cells.
•
At the eight-cell stage, the embryo itself was split by scientists to
produce four two-cell embryos.
•
The four embryos were then implanted into surrogate mothers.
Three of the embryos did not survive. The fourth, Tetra, was born
157 days later. Her name means ‘one of four’.
(a)
Explain why this method could produce several identical monkeys.
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(b)
Suggest two reasons why these monkeys would be valuable in
trials of new treatments for human diseases.
1.
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(Total 4 marks)
Q87.
(a)
What does the theory of evolution state?
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(2)
(b)
Daphnia are microscopic water fleas. Midge larvae prey on
Daphnia. The midge larvae release a hormone into the water.
Daphnia respond to these hormones by growing larger protective
‘helmet’-like structures
Scientists were surprised to observe that the offspring of Daphnia
females who had been exposed to these hormones always had
larger helmets than offspring whose mothers had never been
exposed to the hormones. The offspring with the large helmets
went on to produce offspring with large helmets.
Explain why the scientists’ observations seem to contradict the
theory of natural selection.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
##
The lynx is a wild cat which lives in Canada. The table shows the number
of lynx trapped in a part of Canada in certain years.
Year
Number of lynx
in thousands
1918
45
1920
25
1922
10
1924
20
1926
40
1928
50
The snowshoe hare is another wild animal found in Canada. The graph
shows the number of snowshoe hares trapped in the same years. The
lynx eats the snowshoe hare.
(a)
Draw a graph of the data in the table. The first two points have
been plotted for you.
(2)
(b)
From your graph, predict how many lynx were trapped in 1925.
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(1)
(c)
Use the information to answer the following.
(i)
What would you expect to happen to the number of lynx
trapped in 1930? Draw a ring around your answer.
rise
fall
stay the same
(1)
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer to part (c) (i).
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(d)
The lynx is a predator. What is a predator?
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
##
The table compares some features of a polar bear and the Malayan sun
bear. The polar bear lives in the Arctic where the climate is cold. The
Malayan sun bear lives in warm tropical forests.
Polar
bear
Malayan sun
bear
White
Black
Thickness of fur in cm
5
2
Thickness of fat layer under skin in cm
11
1
Low
High
Colour of fur
Surface area compared to body size
Use information from the table to explain how the polar bear is better
adapted than the Malayan sun bear for survival in arctic conditions.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good
English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific
words.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q90.
In the eighteenth century, surgeons did not wear special clothing or
wash their hands before operations. Many of their patients died from
infections.
(a)
Suggest why patients often died from infections after operations.
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(1)
(b)
In the nineteenth century, Joseph Lister told surgeons to use
sprays of carbolic acid in operating theatres and to wash their
hands.
The graph shows the effect that using Lister’s instructions had on
the number of patients who died from infections after surgery.
Describe how Lister’s instructions affected the number of patients
dying from infections after surgery.
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)
##
The table shows changes in resistance to the antibiotic penicillin in one
species of bacterium between 1991 and 1996.
Years
Percentage of cases where
bacteria
were resistant to penicillin
1991 – 92
7
1993 – 94
14
1995 – 96
22
A doctor was asked to treat a patient who had a sore throat.
(i)
How does penicillin help to treat infection?
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(1)
(ii)
Use the data in the table to suggest why the doctor should not
prescribe penicillin.
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q92.
The diagram shows a food chain in a pond. The figures show the
amounts of energy in each type of organism, in kilojoules per m2 of pond
per year.
(a)
Calculate the percentage of the energy in the plants that is passed
to the top carnivores. Show clearly how you work out your final
answer.
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Answer ................................. %
(2)
(b)
In the space below, draw a pyramid of biomass for this food chain.
Label your drawing with the names of the organisms.
(2)
(c)
If humans ate organisms from this food chain, it would be more
efficient to eat plants than to eat herbivores. Why is this?
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(Total 5 marks)
Q93.
Mumps is a disease caused by a virus. Mumps vaccine is usually
given to children as part of the MMR vaccine.
(a)
What diseases, other than mumps, does the MMR vaccine protect
against?
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(2)
(b)
Mumps vaccines contain mumps viruses. Suggest why these
viruses do not cause mumps.
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(1)
(c)
Explain how the vaccine makes someone immune to mumps.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in
good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct
scientific words.
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(5)
(d)
A child who has not been given the mumps vaccine catches
mumps. Suggest why a doctor would not give antibiotics to cure the
child of mumps.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q94.
The diagram shows how three hormones, FSH, LH and oestrogen,
work together in a woman’s body.
(a)
Name the part of the brain labelled X.
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(1)
(b)
Use information from the diagram and your own knowledge to
explain why some oral contraceptive pills contain oestrogen.
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(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Q95.
This is a simple food chain.
Lettuce plant → Slug → Frog → Heron
The diagram shows a pyramid of biomass for this food chain.
(a)
Write the names of the organisms in the food chain on the correct
lines next to the pyramid of biomass.
(1)
(b)
(i)
The slug obtains its energy from the lettuce plant. What is the
source of energy for the lettuce plant?
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(1)
(ii)
What is the function of chlorophyll in a lettuce plant?
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(1)
(iii)
The slugs ate some lettuce plants which contained 1620 kJ of
energy. Only 10 per cent of this energy is used by the slugs
for growth. Use the formula to calculate how much energy
can be used by the slugs for growth. Show clearly how you
work out your final answer.
Amount of energy =
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Amount of energy = ................................................... kJ
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q96.
Each week, an athlete trains on 5 days (training days) but does not
train on the other 2 days (rest days).
The table shows how water losses from the athlete’s body are different
on a rest day from those on a training day.
Volume of water lost in cm3
Method
Rest day
Training day
Urine
1500
900
Sweating
625
2400
Breathing
450
1500
(a)
Faeces
125
Total
2700
120
Complete the table to show the total volume of water lost by the
athlete on a training day.
(1)
(b)
Explain why the athlete sweats more on a training day.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
On a training day, the athlete needs to take in more water.
Explain why the athlete needs to take in more water on a training
day.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q97.
A selective herbicide (a type of pesticide) can be used to kill weeds
growing among crop plants.
The table shows the result of adding different amounts of a selective
herbicide to a rice crop.
Herbicide added in kg
per hectare
Amount of rice
produced
in tonnes per hectare
Percentage cover
of weeds
0.0
50
85
1.7
70
32
3.4
76
24
(a)
As more herbicide is applied, what happens to:
(i)
the amount of rice produced;
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
the percentage cover of weeds?
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why rice does not grow well when there are a
lot of weeds present.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
Suggest one possible danger of spraying crops with pesticides.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q98.
The photographs show two varieties of moths, X and Y. The moths
belong to the same species.
The moths are resting on a tree trunk in open countryside.
Moth X
(a)
Moth Y
Which variety of moth, X or Y, is more likely to be killed by insecteating birds? Give a reason for your answer.
Variety of moth:
..................................................................................................
.......
Reason
..................................................................................................
......................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
In an experiment, large numbers of each variety of moth were
caught in a trap.
•
They were marked with a spot of paint on the underside of
one wing and then released.
•
A few days later, moths were again trapped and the number
of marked moths was counted.
•
The experiment was carried out in a woodland polluted by
smoke and soot, and also in an unpolluted woodland.
The results are shown in the bar graph.
(i)
When the moths were being marked, suggest why the paint
was put on the underside of the wing and not on the top.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
What percentage of moths of type X was recaptured in:
the polluted woodland;
.....................................................................................
the unpolluted woodland?
................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
In each woodland, only a small number of marked moths of
both varieties were recaptured. Suggest one reason for this.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
(i)
The colour of the moths is controlled by a gene. The dark
form was first produced by a mutation in the gene.
What chemical, found in a gene, is changed by a mutation?
Draw a ring around your answer.
carbohydrate
DNA
fat
protein
(1)
(ii)
Some of the offspring from the original dark moth were also
dark. What caused this?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
M1.
argued evaluation
•
large scale trial gave better results
•
chose uneducated women so that if these women
could use it correctly, women elsewhere would be able to
•
uneducated women unlikely to give informed consent
•
no placebo
•
used pill with high dose of hormone / should have tried
a range of doses / results not valid for other populations
•
women not told pill was experimental / pill might have side
effects / should have done pre-trial to check for side effects
[6]
M2.
(a)
organisms within species may show variation
1
because mutation(s) occur in individuals
1
this results in the individuals with characteristics most suited
to the environment being more likely to survive / to breed
1
as a consequence the genes that have enabled these
individuals to survive are passed on to the next generation
1
(b)
any two from
•
the theory undermined the idea that God made all the animals
and plants that live on earth
•
there was insufficient evidence at the time
•
the mechanism of inheritance / variation was not yet known
2
[6]
M3.
(a)
there was no mixing of genes / genetic material
1
because the nucleus was removed from the egg cell before fusion
1
(b)
(i)
male and
white-faced
both required
1
(ii)
because the genetic material / genes
1
comes from the white-faced male only
1
[5]
M4.
(a)
stimulus / heat detected by temperature receptors in skin
1
impulses travel along sensory neurone to spinal cord / CNS
1
chemical transmission across synapse
1
via relay neurone
1
impulses to muscle / effector via motor neurone
1
muscle / effector contracts, moving the hand away
1
(b)
(i)
0.02 s
correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, evidence of 1.5 / 75
gains 1 mark
2
(ii)
impulse slowed down because of time taken for
diffusion of the chemical across the synapse
1
[9]
M5.
(a)
idea that bacteria mutate or that there is variation in bacteria
1
leading to bacteria /resistant cells that survive antibiotic
1
these bacteria (resistant cells) go on to breed
1
do not allow bacteria get used to antibiotics
or idea that antibiotics change the bacteria
or bacteria become immune or references
to adaptation or evolution
(b)
the treated animals do not use energy overcoming illness
1
an economic reason, eg treated animals do not infect
other animals / farm workers
1
[5]
M6.
(a)
live inside cells
1
inactive
1
antibodies
1
(b)
the percentage of children vaccinated fell to zero in 1995
1
but the number of children developing autism rose and fell
during the period when % vaccinations was falling
1
number of children developing autism peaked after MMR
vaccination had ceased
1
which suggests that something other than MMR vaccination
was causing autism
1
[7]
M7.
(a)
most leaves lie close / flat on the ground
1
therefore the leaves are less likely to be eaten / mown
1
reason must be linked to adaptation given
or
thick root (1)
therefore the plant is less likely to be pulled out by grazers (1)
(b)
long stems
1
therefore the plant is a better competitor for light or
therefore the plant grows higher than other plants to gain light
or
wide spread roots (1)
therefore the plant is a better competitor for water or therefore
the plant is able to collect water from a larger area (1)
1
[4]
M8.
(a)
ovary
1
(b)
womb / uterus
1
(c)
fertility
1
[3]
M9.
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks
There is a brief explanation of at least two ways in which the
energy captured by the heather is transferred, which has little
clarity and detail. Credit may be awarded either for references
to general ways in which organisms transfer energy or to ways
in which specific organisms in the food web transfer energy.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
There is some explanation of a range of the ways in which the
energy captured by the heather is transferred. Credit may be
awarded either for references to general ways in which
organisms transfer energy or to ways in which specific
organisms in the food web transfer energy.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
There is a clear, balanced and detailed explanation of a large
variety of ways in which energy captured by the heather is
transferred Credit may be awarded either for references to
general ways in which organisms transfer energy or to ways
in which specific organisms in the food web transfer energy.
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
examples of biology points made in response
•
respiration releases energy (allow this point even if given for named
organism) NB: to gain full marks, candidates must gain this mark.
•
some energy lost in animals / named animal’s waste materials
•
some energy used in maintenance / repair (allow this point if given
for named organism)
•
some energy used for movement (allow this point if given for named
animal)
•
energy lost as heat to surroundings (allow this point if given for
named organism)
•
some organisms die (rather than being eaten) (allow this point if
given for named organism)
•
reference to detritivores / microbes
[6]
M10.
(a)
because there is insufficient data for line graph
1
(b)
injection with no testosterone
1
(c)
performance of testosterone group improved more
than that of placebo group
1
quantitative figure given eg about 4 times greater
1
(d)
(no)
there was a significant improvement after 6 weeks
allow significant improvement after 3 weeks
1
[5]
M11.
(a)
live inside cells
1
inactive
1
antibodies
1
(b)
the percentage of children vaccinated fell to zero in 1995
1
but the number of children developing autism rose and fell
during the period when % vaccinations was falling
1
number of children developing autism peaked after MMR
vaccination had ceased
1
which suggests that something other than MMR vaccination
was causing autism
1
[7]
M12.
gravity
accept gravitropism / geotropism
1
caused redistribution of auxin / hormone to lower side of stem
1
these hormones stimulate growth of cells on the lower side of the stem
only
1
so the stem grows upwards
1
[4]
M13.
(a)
(i)
38.84
correct answer with or without working gains
2 marks
(691 × 1000) / 17 791 gains 1 mark
2
(ii)
women in Ward 1 infected
1
by pathogens / bacteria / viruses passed on by doctors
(who have been in contact with dead bodies)
1
(b)
medicine / drug
1
that kills bacteria
1
(c)
resistant to / not killed by antibiotics
1
(d)
Semmelweiss showed that infection could be passed on via
touch and so hand washing by doctors / nurses / patients /
visitors reduces the risk of infection
1
[8]
M14.
(a)
(i)
600
1
(ii)
more sweat produced on warm day / for cooling on warm day
1
(b)
the volume of water in the urine decreases
1
the volume of water taken as food or drink increases.
1
each extra box ticked cancels a mark
[4]
M15.
(the layer of fat under the skin) insulates the penguin
1
(the streamlined body) reduces resistance from water, enabling
the penguin to swim faster to catch fish
1
(the oily feathers) prevent cold water reaching skin
1
[3]
M16.
(a)
sulfur dioxide
1
(b)
from the factory towards the east
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
(c)
tick in bottom row
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
[3]
M17.
(a)
to kill microorganisms
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
(b)
25 °C
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
(c)
S
1
widest clear area
1
[4]
M18.
(a)
actual number of korhaans is likely to be higher than estimate
1
because the birds are not all visible from the road
1
(b)
the number of korhaans went up and down, but there was
an overall fall in numbers
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
(c)
the habitat of the korhaans is disappearing
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
[4]
M19.
(a)
microorganisms / bacteria / fungi / microbes
allow named example or mould
ignore decomposers unqualified / germs /
maggots / worms
1
(b)
it is warm(er) / hot / increased heat / increased temperature
ignore sun is hot unqualified
1
(c)
oxygen
1
[3]
M20.
(a)
amphibians
1
(b)
reptiles
1
(c)
evolution
accept natural selection
1
[3]
M21.
(a)
(i)
D
1
(ii)
C
1
(iii)
B
1
(b)
parent
1
gamete
1
clone
1
[6]
M22.
(a)
eye / sight / eyesight
either order
1
ear / hearing
ignore light
1
(b)
ear
1
(c)
(i)
reflex
1
(ii)
neurons
1
[5]
M23.
(a)
protection / defence
ignore insulation or rolls into a ball
ignore camouflage
1
from predators / from being attacked / from being eaten
1
(b)
looks like snake / looks scary
1
deters predators or has large eyes to spot predator or
camouflage or warning colouration from predator or prey
allow two separate adaptations for 2 marks
1
(c)
(i)
natural selection
1
(ii)
Darwin
1
(iii)
simple life forms
1
(d)
believe that God created all organisms or humans there from the
beginning
1
[8]
M24.
(a)
sexual reproduction
1
(b)
any three from:
•
coat colour inherited / controlled by genes
•
it has horse and zebra features
•
gets gametes from both parents
•
genes / DNA / chromosomes / genetic information
in gametes
•
zorse receives genes / DNA / chromosomes / genetic
information from parents
3
[4]
M25.
(a)
21
1
(b)
1/26 or 8/208 or 4/104 or 2/52 or 3.8%
allow ‘out of’ in each case
(c)
under 35
2
(d)
any two from:
•
low success rate or not always successful
•
high number of multiple births
•
expensive
•
stressful / emotional
•
side effects
2
[5]
M26.
(a)
antibodies
allow antitoxins / memory cells
do not allow antigens
1
immune
ignore protection
allow resistant
1
(b)
(i)
fell
1
numerical qualification to zero / nothing / by 100%
allow stopped in 1995
1
(ii)
(no)
ignore circle
1
% vaccination fell or when no vaccination
but autism numbers did not fall / stayed high / increased
or
‘(yes) might support it if time lag between vaccination and
autism
symptoms’ / ‘time lag for diagnosis’ (1)
6 year time lag quantified (1)
1
[6]
M27.
(a)
(i)
receptor
allow named receptor eg light receptor
ignore sensory neurone
allow sense organ / named sensory organ
eg skin / eye
1
(ii)
sensory (neurone)
allow afferent
1
(iii)
motor (neurone)
allow efferent
1
(iv)
effector / muscle / gland / named
1
(b)
any two from:
•
impulse / information passes from one neurone to another
or impulse / information passes across gap
•
chemical / transmitter involved
•
diffusion (across gap)
2
(c)
brain / person not aware of pain / stimulus / can’t feel
allow brain/ person doesn’t know / realise /
unable to coordinate
ignore reflex
ignore information
1
possibility of (permanent / serious) damage / eg burning
ignore danger
1
[8]
M28.
(a)
variation / mutation
1
individuals with characteristics most suited to environment
survive
allow survival of the fittest
1
genes passed to next generation or these individuals reproduce
1
(b)
any two from:
•
similar in size to Emperor penguin or bigger than all
penguins
•
large size is adaptation to cold climate
•
since less heat loss per unit of body volume or smaller
surface area / volume ratio
2
[5]
M29.
(a)
any four from:
•
nucleus / DNA / chromosomes / genetic material removed
(from egg)
•
from (unfertilised) egg / ovum
linked to second point
allow ‘empty egg cell’ for first two marks
do not allow fertilised egg
allow egg from champion cow
•
nucleus from body cell of champion (cow)
•
inserted into egg / ovum
•
electric shock
•
to make cell divide or develop into embryo
•
(embryo) inserted into womb / host / another cow
allow this point if wrong method eg
embryo splitting
4
(b)
any four from:
Pros: Max 3 marks
•
economic benefit eg increased yield / more profit
•
clone calf not genetically engineered
•
genetic material not altered
•
milk safe to drink / same as ordinary milk
Cons: Max 3 marks
•
consumer resistance
•
caused by misunderstanding process
•
not proved that milk is safe
ignore ‘God would not like it’ or ‘it’s not
natural’
•
ethical / religious argument
•
reduce gene pool / eg
4
Conclusion:
sensible conclusion for or against, substantiated by information
from the passage and / or own knowledge
conclusion at end
1
[9]
M30.
(a)
the sun / light / sunshine / solar
allow radiation from the sun
ignore photosynthesis / respiration
apply list principle
do not allow water / minerals / heat
1
(b)
2.5 (:1)
correct answer with or without working
ignore rounding with correct working
do not allow other equivalent ratios for both
marks
evidence of selection of 10(insects) and
4(frogs) or 50 and
20 or 1 and 0.4 for 1 mark
if no other working allow 1 mark for 0.4:(1) on answer line
2
(c)
any two from:
allow for insects or frogs
allow energy for biomass
•
some parts indigestible / faeces
•
waste / examples of waste eg urea / nitrogenous
compounds / urine / excretion
•
movement / eg of movement
allow keeping warm
•
heat
•
not all eaten / eg of not all eaten
•
respiration
do not accept energy for respiration
2
(d)
any four from:
•
(bodies) consumed by animals / named / scavengers /
detritus feeders
•
microorganisms / bacteria / fungi / decomposers
•
reference to enzymes
•
decay / breakdown / decompose / rot
ignore digest(ion)
•
respiration
•
carbon dioxide produced
•
photosynthesis
•
sugar / glucose produced
accept other organic molecules
•
fossilisation / fossil fuels / named
•
combustion / burning
must be linked with fossilisation / fossil fuels
•
(burning) produces carbon dioxide
allow carbon dioxide produced once only
4
[9]
M31.
(a)
any two from:
•
sterilise / kill microorganisms
ignore ‘cleaning’ / ‘disinfect’
ignore ‘germs’
•
method of sterilisation eg apparatus / media sterilised in oven
/ autoclave
allow pressure cooker / boiling water
•
pass flask mouth / pipette tip / loop / test tube mouth through
flame
•
work near a flame
•
minimise opening of flask / test tube or hold non-vertical
allow idea of sealing / covering or prevent
entry of air
2
(b)
any two from:
•
temperature
ignore references to time / type of bacterium
•
concentration / amount of nutrients / ions
•
type of nutrient
•
volume / amount of solution
•
amount of bacteria added
•
agitation or amount of oxygen
2
(c)
(i)
7.5
accept in range 7.4 – 7.6
1
(ii)
use more pH values around / close to pH 7.5 / between 7 and
8
1
[6]
M32.
(a)
(i)
receptor
1
(ii)
sensory neurone
1
(iii)
motor neurone
1
(iv)
muscle
1
(b)
(i)
eye(s)
allow retina
ignore sight
1
(ii)
ear(s)
ignore hearing
do not allow ear drum
1
(iii)
ear(s)
ignore balance
1
[7]
M33.
(a)
killed by poachers / killed for tusks
1
less trees / leaves to eat
ignore feed on lots of leaves
1
land available disappearing
1
(b)
all three correct = 3 marks
two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
extra line from a statement cancels the mark
max 3
[6]
M34.
(a)
(i)
12
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect evidence of (number of
deaths) × 6 or 2 seen gains 1 mark
2
(ii)
(ward 2)
more deaths / infections on ward 1
or
less deaths / infections on ward 2
1
(b)
(i)
both bars correctly plotted
ie plots in spaces between 2.8 and 3.2 and
0.8 and 1.2
ignore width and shading
1
(ii)
less deaths / infections
1
(iii)
bacteria / germs / microbes / infection killed / washed off
accept less infections passed on
1
[6]
M35.
(a) streamlined / aerodynamic / swept-back / arrow-shaped / dartshaped
wings / tail
allow pointed / curved wings
ignore pointed tail / beak
OR
large / long wings
ignore large tail
1
(b)
no / fewer insects / food (in winter)
allow too cold
ignore not adapted to cold
ignore day length
1
(c)
(i)
any two from
•
feed / hunt at different heights or swifts feed higher up
•
feed / hunt at different times or swifts feed at night
•
arrive / depart at different times
2
(ii)
nesting sites / territory / habitat
allow homes / space
ignore food unqualified
allow well qualified food answers
eg insects / food near the ground
or
insects / food when it’s light
or
insects / food between early May and early
August
1
[5]
M36.
(a)
any two from:
•
age
•
gender
•
mass
•
number in group
•
time
2
(b)
any two from:
•
highest (mean) mass loss on Rosemary Conley or Rosemary
Conley most effective
•
least (mean) mass loss in control group or mean
2
(c)
(Atkins)
costs least
1
mass loss very similar to other diets or second highest mass loss
or as effective as other diets
1
(d)
any two from:
•
(exercise) increases metabolic rate / respiration
ignore sweating
•
(exercise) needs / uses energy / calories
allow burns fat / calories
do not accept energy for respiration
•
(this) energy comes from food / fat
•
less food / energy/ calories converted to fat
2
[8]
M37.
(a)
(i)
tobacco / nicotine / alcohol
accept solvent / glue / caffeine
ignore cigarettes / coffee
1
(ii)
cannabis / heroin / cocaine
allow eg crack / weed / ecstasy / LSD /
amphetamine / speed / steroids / GHB
1
(b)
(i)
heroin / cocaine / tobacco / nicotine
ignore alcohol / cigarettes / cannabis /
caffeine / coffee
1
(ii)
alters body chemistry
ignore withdrawal symptoms / craving
ignore non-chemical effects on nervous
system
1
(c)
any two from:
•
increase in cannabis smoking increases (%) depression
•
greater effect in women
allow women become more depressed
•
depression linked with / not directly caused by cannabis
ignore cannabis causes depression
•
not all cannabis smokers get depression
2
[6]
M38.
(a)
any two from
•
live inside / infect body cells
•
difficult for drugs to enter (body) cells / drug would kill (body)
cell
•
antibiotics ineffective against viruses
•
viruses mutate frequently
2
(b)
(i)
420
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect evidence of ‘number of
deaths’ × 7 or 60 seen gains 1 mark
ignore 6 000 000
2
(ii)
any three from:
•
virus / flu mutates
•
people no longer / not immune
ignore resistance
•
white blood cells / memory cells / immune system do
not
recognise virus
•
relevant reference to antibodies / antigens
•
current vaccine ineffective or no vaccine available then
or takes time to develop new vaccine
allow no tamiflu / anti-viral drugs
•
conditions less hygienic / lack of hygiene
•
people in poor health (following world wars)
allow people had ‘weak’ immune system
3
[7]
M39.
any four from
•
mutation
do not accept ‘had to mutate / decided to
mutate’
•
produces longer snake or there is variation in snake length
do not accept ‘had to adapt and became
longer’
•
longer snake less susceptible to toxin or longer snake survives
•
survivors reproduce
•
gene passed to next generation
allow characteristic passed to next
generation
[4]
M40.
(i)
any three from:
ignore references to other methods eg
tissue culture and embryo transplantation
•
remove gene
•
use of enzymes
•
from plant with high sugar production
allow from bacteria
•
insert gene into rye grass
3
(ii)
any two from eg
•
concern about effect on (health) of cow
•
concern about effects on human (health)
•
concern about food chain effects or effects on ecosystem
•
effect on gene pool
ignore not natural or cost
ignore ethical / religious arguments
if no other marks awarded
‘we don’t know the long term effects’ = 1
mark
2
[5]
M41.
(a)
any three from
if oestrogen or progesterone used = max 2
if both oestrogen and progesterone used =
max 1
•
FSH used / given / injected
•
LH used / given / injected
•
FSH causes eggs to mature
•
LH stimulates egg release
ignore effects of oestrogen and
progesterone
3
(b)
max two pros for IVM / it from:
allow max two cons for IVF
•
cheaper
•
less hormones used
•
ovarian hyperstimulation or the syndrome less likely
allow ‘it’s safer for the mother’
ignore ‘more risks’ unqualified
•
IVM treatment shorter
2
con for IVM
allow max one pro for IVF
•
small risk of abnormal sex chromosomes / birth defects /
baby cancer
allow ‘more risk to baby’
ignore ‘more risks’ unqualified
1
evaluation
eg IVM better because less risk to mother outweighs small risk to
baby
or
IVF better because no risk to baby and a small risk to mother
must include an appreciation that there are
two sides to the argument
1
[7]
M42.
(a)
(i)
increase / higher / faster / quicker
1
numerical comparison eg from 30 to 60 / by 30 or it is 30 at
15°C and 60 at 25°C
award 2 marks for doubles / goes twice as
fast or 30 units more
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
oxygen / air (in)
do not accept lets oxygen / air out
ignore reference to other substances / light
passing in or out ignore microorganisms
passing in
•
for microorganisms / bacteria / microbes / fungi /
decomposers
ignore worms / germs / bugs
•
(for aerobic) respiration
•
let heat out
ignore heat in
•
heat kills microorganisms
2
(b)
compost contains minerals / nutrients / elements / ions / named
allow improve moisture / drainage
allow nitrogen
ignore CO2 / food / goodness / fertilisers
do not accept vitamins / glucose etc
1
[5]
M43.
(a)
Liast A – Action
List B – Effect
1 mark per correct line
each extra line cancels 1 mark
3
(b)
(i)
dish 2 has (colonies of) microorganisms / bacteria / (but there
are none in dish 1)
allow fungi / pathogens / microbes / germs
allow more microorganisms in dish 2
1
(ii)
untreated milk contains living microorganisms
or
microorganisms killed by UHT
or
no living microorganisms in UHT milk
ignore microorganisms enter from the air
1
(iii)
dish 3 was not opened
do not allow no growth of microorganisms
because of lack of air / oxygen
or
it was sterilised
ignore microorganisms cannot enter from
the air
or
nothing / no milk was added
1
[6]
M44.
(a)
long hind legs / muscular hind legs / bent hind legs
accept powerful hind legs
accept back legs act as spring
1
(b)
colour / markings warns predators not to eat it
allow animals learn not to eat them
ignore camouflage
1
[2]
M45.
(a)
(i)
lungs
1
(ii)
skin
1
(iii)
kidneys
1
(b)
(i)
(as sweat lost,) performance falls
1
(ii)
drink water / sports drink
ignore antiperspirant
1
[5]
M46.
(a)
genes
1
chromosomes
1
(b)
(i)
higher yield
1
less use of pesticides
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
uncertain about effects on health
•
fewer bees
•
might breed with wild plant
•
seeds only from one manufacturer
2
[6]
M47.
(a)
(i)
lives inside cells
1
(ii)
inactive
1
(iii)
antibodies
1
(b)
(i)
1950
1
(ii)
8 (years)
1
(iii)
any one from: eg
•
disease could be reintroduced (from abroad)
disease might come back insufficient
•
disease would spread if it came back
•
protection on holiday abroad
•
high proportion of immune people needed to prevent
epidemic
1
[6]
M48.
(a)
(i)
using drugs for pleasure / to make you feel good / to
reduce stress
allow not for medical use
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
drug contains addictive chemical / names
•
drugs alter body chemistry
•
cause withdrawal symptoms owtte
ignore craving
•
uses drug frequently
or uses a lot of the drug
or needs more drugs
2
(b)
(i)
(no) only leads to cocaine use
or only leads to 1 class A
allow (yes) leads to cocaine
ignore reference to uptake of class B drugs
1
(ii)
(using) class B drugs / named class B
1
(each / named type B drug) can lead to use of 2 class A drugs
/
2 named class A drugs
or
most +s for class A drugs opposite class B drugs
mark the two answers independently
1
[6]
M49.
(a)
any two from: eg
•
same volume of solution
do not allow same size of container
•
left for same length of time
•
same temperature
•
same oxygen
•
same pH
•
same number of invertebrates / animals
do not allow same number of species
•
same age / stage of invertebrates / animals
2
(b)
line of best fit / curve / point to point drawn going through 240-260
and 25
1
correct interpolation to X axis
if no work on graph allow 250
1
(c)
(i)
(C)
50% killed at lowest / low copper concentration
ignore least survivors
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
involves counting
easy to count gains 2 marks
•
easy to do
•
invertebrates more sensitive
•
needs less / no apparatus
ignore more reliable / accurate
2
[7]
M50.
(a)
A sensory (neurone)
ignore nerve
1
B motor (neurone)
ignore nerve
1
C spinal cord / central nervous system / grey matter
1
(b)
by chemical / substance
allow transmitter
1
(c)
muscle
allow extensor
ignore muscle names
1
[5]
M51.
(a)
stays cool
ignore shade
1
less sweat
1
(b)
any two from:
•
breathing rate less
•
less water lost via breath
less can be implied
•
less water from respiration
2
[4]
M52.
(a)
any three from:
•
vaccine is inactive / dead form of (pathogen)
allow antigens
•
stimulates antibody production
•
stimulates antitoxin production
•
by white cells
•
antibodies kill (pathogen)
•
antitoxins neutralise poisons
•
antibodies quickly produced on reinfection
ignore antibodies remain in blood
•
reference to ingestion by white cells
3
(b)
(i)
(no)
any two from
•
sample size small / only 12
•
conclusion based on hearsay from parents
•
only 8 parents linked autism to MMR
•
no control used
2
(ii)
(yes)
being paid by parents / lawyers
1
[6]
M53.
(a)
(i)
chromosomes
allow DNA
ignore nucleus
1
(ii)
enzymes
1
(b)
asexual reproduction / no gametes / no fusion / only one parent
ignore clones
1
cells all contain same genetic information / same genes (as parent)
/ same DNA
1
(c)
can spray crop with herbicide – only weeds killed
crop survives herbicide insufficient
1
(d)
any one from:
•
fears / lack of knowledge about effects of GM food on health
allow ‘think that GM food is bad for health’
ignore not natural or against religion
•
crop plants may pass on gene to wild plants
•
encourages use of herbicides
1
[6]
M54.
(a)
(i)
D
1
(ii)
A
1
(b)
(i)
air / oxygen (can enter)
ignore other factors entering or leaving
1
for (aerobic) respiration
do not accept anaerobic respiration
1
(ii)
(more) minerals / nutrients /salt(s) / ions
or
named mineral / element available
ignore fertility / fertiliser
allow symbols
allow eg mulching / reducing weeds or
retain water
1
[5]
M55.
1 mark for each line
extra line from List A Action cancels the
mark
[4]
M56.
(a)
(i)
eye
1
(ii)
nose
1
(iii)
skin
1
(iv)
tongue
1
(c)
(i)
eg to ensure more people addicted to cigarettes / make
cigarettes
more addictive
1
(ii)
eg people might not buy the brand
1
[6]
M57.
(a)
(i)
conserves water owtte
1
(ii)
prevents overheating / keeps cool
allow cooler at night
allow safety from predators
1
(iii)
increases heat loss / cooling
allow prevents sinking into sand
1
(b)
animal could overheat owtte
1
[4]
M58.
(a)
A sperm
1
B egg
1
C fertilised egg
1
D embryo
1
(b)
insert into mother
ignore fertilise / check fertilisation / check
viability
1
womb / uterus
1
(c)
(i)
one quarter
1
(ii)
no / little chance of success over 42
the statement ‘only 2 out of 53 became
pregnant / had babies’ gains 2 marks
1
reference to table of only 2 women became pregnant
1
(iii)
so fewer twins / multiple births
or
multiple births more dangerous
1
[10]
M59.
(a)
(i)
40 – 42
1
(ii)
Palaeocene
1
(iii)
bush babies
1
(b)
any two from:
•
religious objections
•
insufficient evidence
allow ‘could not prove’
ignore ‘no evidence’
•
mechanism of heredity not known
2
[5]
M60.
(a)
(i)
antibiotic or named antibiotic
ignore antibodies
accept antiseptic
do not accept disinfectant
1
(ii)
painkillers
accept named painkillers eg aspirin
1
(b)
(i)
5.5 / 5 ½ weeks
1
(ii)
rose gains 1 mark
rose, then fell then rose again gains 2 marks
a further 1 mark for one quantitative statement eg
•
rose for 3 weeks / to 14–15 units
•
dropped to 4 weeks / 9 units
•
rose to 7 weeks / 64–65 units
3
(iii)
(no)
level begins to fall / is falling (after 7 weeks)
1
[7]
M61.
(a)
diet or description
1
(b)
exercise
or group meetings
or same number of kilocalories per day
or time
or group size
1
(c)
any two from: eg
•
scientists didn’t observe amount of exercise
or volunteers cheated on exercise(*)
•
scientists didn’t observe the amount of food
or volunteers cheated on food(*)
(*)if no marks awarded for first 2 bullet
points allow don’t stick to plan or cheated
for 1 mark
•
mass of subjects not controlled
•
age of subjects not controlled
•
gender of subjects not controlled
•
occupation of subjects not controlled
•
different proportions of subjects completed course
allow not all completed course
•
low number of subjects
ignore not repeated
2
(d)
any two from: (yes)
•
low carbohydrate / Group 1 / people / they lost more mass
ignore more people lost weight
allow greater change in mass
•
low carbohydrate / Group 1 / people / they lost more body fat
ignore more people lost body fat
allow greater change in body fat
•
low carbohydrate diet / Group 1 / people / they resulted in
more HDL
allow better HDL to LDL balance
allow greater change in HDL
2
[6]
M62.
(a) 1 mark for each adaptation and 1 mark for its correct linked
advantage
•
long / thick hair / fur (1)
for insulation (1)
allow keeps warm
•
small ears (1)
for reduced heat loss (1)
•
small feet (1)
for reduced heat loss (1)
ignore wide feet
ignore prevent sinking
•
white fur / coat (1)
for camouflage / poor emitter (1)
•
small SA/V ratio (1)
reduces heat loss (1)
•
thick layer of fat (1)
insulates / keeps warm (1)
max 4
(b)
1 mark for each adaptation and 1 mark for its correct linked
advantage
•
horns (1)
for defence (1)
•
long legs (1)
for speed / escape / vision (1)
•
light colour (1)
for camouflage (1)
allow pattern
•
eyes on side of head (1)
for wider field of vision (1)
•
hooves (1)
for speed / escape (1)
•
large ears (1)
to hear predators better (1)
max 4
[8]
M63.
(a)
(bacteria) produce toxins / poisons
1
(viruses) damage / kills cells or toxins released from cell
1
(b)
any two from:
•
viruses live inside cells
•
viruses inaccessible to drug
•
drug would damage body cells / tissue
2
(c)
any four from:
•
overuse of antibiotics
•
bacteria mutate
do not allow antibiotic causes mutation
•
antibiotics kill non-resistant strains or idea of selection
•
reduced competition
•
resistant bacteria reproduce
4
[8]
M64.
any four from:
max two marks for a Lamarck explanation
•
mutation produced a bird whose bill was crossed
do not allow birds decide to mutate
•
birds compete for food / seeds
•
mutant crossbill able to obtain food faster / easier / more
successfully
•
selected for or more likely to survive
•
reproduce / mate / breed / produce offspring
[4]
M65.
any four from:
•
cells used to treat diseases do not go on to produce a baby
•
produces identical cells for research
•
cells would not be rejected
•
allow cells can form different types of cells
•
(immature) egg contains only genetic information / DNA /
genes / chromosomes from mother or there is only one parent
•
asexual / no mixing of genetic material / no sperm involved /
no fertilisation or chemical causes development
•
baby is a clone
•
reference to ethical / moral / religious issues
allow ethically wrong
NB cloning is illegal gains 2 marks
ignore unnatural
•
risk of damage to the baby
in correct context
[4]
M66.
any five from:
maximum 4 marks if no conclusion
pros eg
maximum three pros
•
used ‘teenage rats’ as equivalent to human teenagers
•
THC dose typical of human cannabis smoking habits
•
used control group
•
rats allowed to choose amount of heroin
cons eg
•
sample size small / only used 12 rats
ignore cruelty
•
heroin administration very different from human situation
conclusions
•
rats given THC / cannabis took more heroin
•
(this) is evidence for a link between THC / cannabis and heroin
•
(but) rat behaviour / physiology not necessarily same as human
behaviour / physiology
•
does not prove link in humans
allow results not reliable for humans
[5]
M67.
(a)
microorganisms / bacteria / fungi / microbes
allow named example or mould
ignore decomposers unqualified / germs /
maggots / worms
1
(b)
it is warm(er) / hot / increased heat / increased temperature
ignore ‘sun is hot’ unqualified
1
(c)
oxygen
1
[3]
M68.
(a)
(i)
1400
award 2 marks for correct answer if no
working shown
2400 – (300 + 600 + 100) or equivalent for 1
mark
2
(ii)
1
(b)
A: chemical reactions
B: food
C: drinking
all three required for 1 mark
1
(c)
cools / reduces temperature
allow ‘maintaining body temperature’ owtte
do not allow regulate unqualified
ignore reference to urea
numerical references to temperature should
be correct
1
(d)
more sweat produced
1
less urine produced
1
[7]
M69.
(a)
any two from:
•
streamlined / shape reduces friction / long and thin / smooth
surface
OWTTE
•
fins / flippers / tail / paddle
do not accept ‘arms’ or ‘legs’
•
structures that push against water
2
(b)
(i)
any two from:
fossil has hind limb / legs / feet
it = minke
accept any valid comparison
fossil has more ribs / bones
fossil has teeth
fossil has curved spine
2
(ii)
billion
1
give evidence for
1
[6]
M70.
A
–
muscle
1
B
–
receptor
1
C
–
neurone
1
D
–
spinal cord
1
[4]
M71.
(a)
antibodies
1
antitoxins
1
antibiotics
1
(b)
any two from:
•
measles
•
mumps
•
rubella / German measles
2
(c)
less / low / no chance of getting named / all condition(s) if
vaccinated
1
quantitative figure(s) e.g. 5 times less likely to get convulsions
must be comparative
1
(d)
enzymes
1
genes
1
[9]
M72.
(a)
being overweight
do not accept fat unqualified
allow BMI over 25
1
(b)
(i)
rose
1
by 8% / from 16% to 24% / by 50% / rapidly then more slowly
1
(ii)
any two reasonable suggestions
e.g. less active
accept e.g.s like fewer jobs / more cars /
less physically demanding employment
OWTTE
more food / take-aways / fast food
2
(c)
(i)
high (blood) cholesterol
do not accept combination of 2 labels
ignore references to LDL and HDL
1
(ii)
answer in range 8-17 inclusive
1
(iii)
some deaths related to more than one factor
1
[8]
M73.
(a)
any two from:
•
birth mass / growth reduced
•
smoke contains carbon monoxide
ignore references to poison
•
blood carries less oxygen / fetus receives less oxygen
do not accept harder for fetus to breathe
2
(b)
(i)
it may cause mental illness
1
it may be a ’gateway’ drug to more
harmful substances
three answers max 1
three answers max 0
1
(ii)
it is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol
1
it is not associated with major sociological problems
three answers max 1
four answers max 0
1
[6]
M74.
(a)
any two from:
virus is neutral
•
resistant to (most) antibiotics
•
contagious or easily passed on or reference to open wounds
•
patients ill therefore less able to combat disease
2
(b)
(i)
chloride of lime / hand washing killed bacteria (picked up from
corpses)
allow disease / germs / infection /
disinfectants
1
(ii)
people to wash hands after contact with patient
1
so bacteria / pathogen / MRSA not transferred to other patient
1
[5]
M75.
(a)
wing pattern similar to Amauris
1
birds assume it will have foul taste
1
(b)
mutation / variation produced wing pattern similar to Amauris
do not accept breeds with Amauris
do not accept idea of intentional adaptation
1
these butterflies survived
1
breed / genes passed to next generation
1
[5]
M76.
(a)
have identical genes / chromosomes / genetic material
1
since asexual reproduction
accept mitosis
1
(b)
mixture of genes / chromosomes / genetic material from two
parents
accept meiosis
1
sexual reproduction / fusion of gametes
1
(c)
public misunderstand technique as cloning or worried about large
numbers
of clones or moral / ethical / religious issues or unnatural process
or scientists
must not play god or technique may lead to embryo death
do not allow mark for embryos lost
1
[5]
M77.
(a)
inhibits FSH (production / secretion)
1
(therefore) no eggs mature / released
if no other marks gained allow 1
mark for no eggs produced
1
or
effect of FSH on ovary described
references to LH are neutral
(b)
maximum 4 marks if no conclusion
Pros max 2marks from 4 marks e.g.
•
large scale trial gave better results
•
chose uneducated women so that if these women could use it
correctly,
women elsewhere would be able to cons max 3 marks from 4
marks e.g.
•
used pill with high dose of hormone – either so results not
valid for general
use of hormone or dangerous
•
side effects ignored
•
women not told pill was experimental / pill might have side
effects
•
no placebo
•
should have tried a range of doses
•
should have done pre-trial to check for side effects
4
conclusion 1 mark e.g.
trials flawed therefore cons outweigh pros
accept reverse e.g. trials flawed but pros outweigh cons
1
[7]
M78.
(a)
(i)
any two from:
list principle
•
light
ignore oxygen / food / sun
•
water
•
space
•
nutrients / ions / minerals / named
•
carbon dioxide / CO2
2
(ii)
less competition for water
ignore space / light / food
or
more water / nutrients / minerals available
1
(b)
camouflage / same shape as leaf / looks like a leaf
allow ‘blends in’
ignore colour
1
[4]
M79.
(a)
any three from:
•
water
allow breathing / oxygen / carbon dioxide
•
ions / minerals / salts
allow sodium / chloride, other ions neutral
•
temperature
allow heat
•
blood sugar
•
heart rate
•
blood pressure
ignore urea
3
(b)
contraceptive drug
1
fertility drug
1
(c)
(i)
eg nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, painkillers, tranquilisers,
LSD
allow cannabis / weed or other alternative
names
allow tobacco
ignore smoking / ecstasy
1
(ii)
alters body chemistry or craving / needing / dependence
allow psychological dependence
1
withdrawal symptoms on stopping
allow withdrawal described
allow ‘feel ill without it’
1
[8]
M80.
joining
1
sexual
1
identical
1
asexual
1
clones
1
[5]
M81.
(a)
(i)
56
accept 54 – 58
1
(ii)
increased
1
reasonable qualification eg slowly then more quickly
or
to 174 / 176
or
by 138 / 140
1
(b)
any two from:
•
no immunity or antibodies ineffective
accept no resistance
•
no vaccines or humans not immunised
•
idea of large scale contact or large scale travel
do not accept passed on
ignore no cure
2
[5]
M82.
(a)
any two from:
control variables from information given
•
area of bed sampled
•
sampling time
•
size of net
•
kicking action
•
net position
2
(b)
any two from:
must be ideas related to a sample
•
some animals not dislodged
ignore reliability etc
•
some animals missed / through / escaped net
•
invertebrates difficult to identify
•
invertebrates from outside area
2
(c)
10 to 99 or 10 – 99 or 99 to 10 or 99 – 10
1
(d)
any two from:
•
increased / goes up
allow increase implied from all data
described
•
0 at sample 4
•
to (more than) 100
2
(e)
mayfly
1
because not found downstream of point where sewage enters
stream
or only in the unpolluted water
1
[9]
M83.
adaptation and linked advantage eg
max 2 for 3 adaptations
2
•
roots widespread / long (1)
to collect water from large area (1)
ignore large roots
accept to collect more water
•
some roots deep / long (1)
to collect water from deep down (1)
ignore large roots
accept to collect more water
•
absence of leaves(1)
reduces water loss (1)
•
swollen stem (1)
to store water (1)
•
roots near surface (1)
to absorb rainwater (1)
•
roots widespread (1)
support in sandy soil (1)
2
[4]
M84.
(a)
(i)
viruses live inside cells
1
viruses inaccessible to antibiotic
allow drug / antibiotic (if used) would (have
to) kill cell
1
(ii)
mutation
ignore mutation caused by antibiotic
1
natural selection or no longer recognised by antibiotics
accept description of natural selection
1
(b)
(stimulate) antibody production
ignore antitoxin
1
(by) white cells
1
rapidly produce antibody on re-infection
ignore antibodies remain in blood
1
[7]
M85.
(a)
ovary or ovaries
1
(b)
(hormone) implant
1
(c)
do not have to remember to take
1
(d)
does not involve hormone
allow coil may be dislodged
or
it is a mechanical method
allow egg is fertilised / released
allow not preventing egg fertilisation /
release
1
(e)
involves death of fertilised egg
allow embryo / baby for fertilised egg
or
(regard) fertilised egg as human
ignore against religion only
allow fertilised egg is alive
or
stops fertilised egg developing
ignore side effects
1
(f)
(i)
inhibit FSH (production)
allow inhibits LH
1
so no eggs mature / develop / are produced
allow (LH) stimulates egg release
ignore progesterone
1
(ii)
contains FSH
allow contain LH
1
which causes egg to mature / develop / be produced
allow (LH) stimulates egg release
or
in women whose FSH is low
1
[9]
M86.
(a)
asexual reproduction / mitosis
ignore cloning
or
no fusion of gametes
or
division after fusion
or
from fertilised egg
or
from same embryo
or
from same egg and sperm
1
each embryo has identical genetic information / genes / DNA /
chromosomes
1
(b)
any two from:
•
experimental subject and control are identical
or
fair test since monkeys identical
•
monkeys similar to humans, so effect of drugs likely to be
similar
allow closely related so…
ignore evolved from
•
all identical so will have same reaction to drugs / disease
•
it’s better than catching wild ones
2
[4]
M87.
(a)
present day organisms have evolved from simpler organisms
ignore answers in terms of natural selection
1
over long periods of time
or
millions / billions of years
1
(b)
(natural selection operates on successful)
characteristics produced by chance / (random) mutation
1
in this experiment caused by hormones / environment
allow this example indicates
inheritance of acquired
characteristics for 2 marks
allow this is Lamarckism only for 1 mark
1
[4]
M88.
(a)
points plotted accurately
square
deduct 1 mark per error
ignore the line
2
(b)
30 or correct from candidate’s graph
accept 30 000 lynx
do not accept 30 000
1
(c)
(i)
fall
mark (i) and (ii) separately
1
(ii)
fewer hares or lack of food
do not accept no hares or food
1
(d)
kills / preys / preys on / hunts / catches
and eats / for food (other) animals
must have the eat and kill for the point
1
[6]
M89.
The answer to this question requires good English in a sensible
order with correct use of scientific terms. Quality of written
communication should be considered in crediting points in the mark
scheme.
maximum of 4 marks if ideas not well
expressed
Polar bear has
white fur -
camouflage or not seen by prey
accept converse points re sun bear
1
thick(er) fur -
insulation or keeps heat in
number must be comparative
numbers given must be explained
do not accept keeps warm / keeps out the
cold
1
thicker fat -
insulation or keeps heat in
1
energy reserve or can release heat
1
lower S.A (re body size)
slower / less heat loss
1
[5]
M90.
(a)
dirty clothes/equipment/hands passed bacteria
allow bacteria from any sensible source e.g.
surgeon, floor
OR
ease of entry of bacteria (during operations)
do not accept germs
1
(b)
fewer died
1
indication of reduced number or proportion
e.g. 3000→ 600
down by 2400
20% of previous deaths
1
[3]
M91.
(i)
kills / destroys bacteria or
prevents growth of bacteria
do not allow germs
do not allow fights or gets rid of
1
(ii)
any two from:
bacteria may be resistant / immune (treatment futile)
or bacteria would not be killed
accept descriptions from table
accept “fights” here
do not accept people resistant
may select for resistant type
may cause increased incidence of resistance or Penicillin less
effective in future
sore throat might be due to a virus – Penicillin would not work
2
[3]
M92.
(a)
0.1
ignore working or lack of working
for 1 mark
2
(b)
shape: pyramid with 4 tiers
1
labels:
Plants + Herbivores + Carnivores + Top
carnivores
(in sequence – largest to smallest)
allow suitable named examples
inverted pyramid correctly labelled = 1 mark
1
(c)
more energy / biomass / materials / matter
available or less energy lost or energy used up (by herbivores)
not just plants
1
[5]
M93.
(a)
measles
ignore mumps
1
rubella
accept German measles
1
(b)
viruses are ‘dead’
accept other viral treatments
accept ‘non-virulent’
mild’ must be qualified
do not accept ‘small dose’
1
(c)
The answer to this question requires good English in a sensible
order with correct use of scientific terms. Quality of written
communication should be considered in crediting points in the mark
scheme.
Maximum of 4 marks if ideas not well
expressed
any five from:
contains antigens or proteins
accept reference to immunological
memory or memory cells’
white cells (accept lymphocytes)
do not accept phagocytes
idea of specificity in antibodies or antigens
antibody production
ignore engulfing
antigens destroyed / virus destroyed
rapid antibody production if infected
max 5
(d)
antibiotics do not kill / affect viruses
1
[9]
M94.
(a)
pituitary (gland / body)
1
(b)
oestrogen inhibits the release of FSH
ignore references to LH
1
FSH stimulates follicle development / causes egg to develop
or no follicle / egg development if high oestrogen
accept growth / maturing / ripening for
development
1
no ovulation / no egg release
do not accept no egg to be fertilised
1
[4]
M95.
(a)
In sequence:
heron
frog
slug
lettuce
1
(b)
(i)
light / sun
ignore photosynthesis / respiration
cancel mark if water / ions etc given
do not accept heat
1
(ii)
traps / absorbs light
accept energy for light
do not accept collects / attracts
do not accept ‘traps sun’
1
(iii)
162
if correct answer, ignore working / lack of
working
for 1 mark
2
[5]
M96.
(a)
(in table) 4920
1
(b)
exercise produces heat or causes rise in body temperature / makes
athlete hot
named activity produces heat
1
needs to cool or needs to maintain temperature or sweat helps to
cool the body
1
(c)
more / a lot of water lost in sweating / breathing
1
replace water / prevent dehydration
1
[5]
M97.
(a)
(i)
increases
1
(ii)
decreases
1
(b)
any two from:
•
competition for water
•
competition for ions / minerals / salts / nutrients
accept correct named example
do not accept food
do not accept all
•
competition for light
2
(c)
kills / harms other / named organisms
1
[5]
M98.
(a)
X (no mark)
X is more visible or Y is more camouflaged
1
(b)
(i)
so camouflage not changed or so not easier to see
1
(ii)
25
1
7
1
(iii)
any one from:
•
eaten (by birds) / died
•
mixed in with large number of unmarked moths
•
moved away
1
(c)
(i)
DNA
1
(ii)
the gene / allele for being dark / dominant
1
[7]