Consider a generic heat exchanging device. Let:


Th,i and Tc,i be the inlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams respectively
Th,o and Tc,o be the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams respectively
At some location x within the heat exchanger, a small amount of heat dQ is transferred in time t
from the hot stream to the cold stream over an area dA:
Here we use the notation (x) to signify variable quantities. The reader is asked to note that dA(x) =
sdx, where s is the circumferential length available to heat transfer, is a variable. For instance, if s
is constant with x, then A = sx, which means that the area involved in heat transfer inside the heat
exchanger at the inlet, where x = 0, is zero, and that the area involved in heat transfer inside the
heat exchanger increases linearly with x to some maximum, or total, value A = AT = sL at the outlet
of the heat exchanger where x = L.
Ideally, we would like to be to able to calculate the total heat flow rate transferred within the heat
exchanger, to the temperatures at its ends, i.e. inlet and outlet, or:
Here, all quantities are now total quantities, added over the whole length of the heat exchanger,
denoted with the subscript “T”. Physically, we expect that the temperature difference between
the hot and cold streams inside the heat exchanger will vary through the heat exchanger, as the
hot stream cools and the cold stream heats up, but we can try to find a “relevant” or
“representative” temperature difference between the two streams that we call the Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD). Hence, we see from Eqn. 2 that we need to evaluate the LMTD.
We can obtain Eqn. 2 by integrating Eqn. 1:
Compare Eqns. 2 and 3:
It is evident from Eqn. 4 that the LMTD is the average difference between the temperatures in the
hot and cold streams, averaged over the entire length of the heat exchanger. Eqn. 4 shows us that
in order to evaluate the LMTD we will need to have an expression for the variation of the
temperature difference between the hot and cold streams.
From Eqn. 1:
Adding Eqns. 5 and 6:
Hence, from Eqn. 8, the difference between the hot and cold streams decreases exponentially as
we move along x inside the heat exchanger from the inlet at x = 0 to the outlet at x = L.
We can now remove the constant of integration, a. We can apply two boundary conditions, one at
the inlet and one at the outlet where the temperatures are known. For convenience we use Eqn. 7
that is otherwise equivalent to Eqn. 8:
Substituting the results in Eqns. 8, 9 and 11 into Eqn. 4:
Finally, we can write an expression for the varying temperature difference between the hot and
cold streams inside the heat exchanger, but substituting the results in Eqns. 9 and 11 into Eqn. 8:
This is the most generic analysis, and includes situations in which the temperature of one of the
two streams does not change.