T
HE
IEAS
SUPPLEMENT TO THE
SZTE F
ACULTY OF
A
RTS REGULATIONS ON PLAGIARISM
This supplement contains examples of correct and incorrect citation and paraphrasing.
In treating cases of incorrect citation and paraphrasing, it differentiates – in accordance with
Faculty of Arts regulations – between anomaly of reference and plagiarism .
While constituting a case of incorrect citation and paraphrasing, anomaly of reference is treated by the IEAS (as well as the Faculty of Arts) as a formatting shortcoming resulting in a failing grade, it is not treated as an offence and no disciplinary proceedings are imposed as a consequence. All other cases of incorrect citation and paraphrasing are regarded as plagiarism , resulting in a failing grade and disciplinary proceedings against the plagiarist that are pursued by the IEAS.
1. LITERATURE:
The following excerpt from a book (Otto, K. Beatrice. Fools are Everywhere . Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press, 2001, 205-6) served as the source material for the examples illustrating correct and incorrect paraphrasing and quotation.
There are no flies on Feste in Twelfth Night , or as he puts it, he wears no motley in his brain (1.5.54-559). He is jester to Olivia and speaks to her with unabashed cheek.
Like many court jesters he plays the pipe and tabor, and the play ends with his singing. He is tremendously witty and has complete license to speak his mind: Olivia may be resigned to that when she says, “there is no slander in an allowed fool / though he do nothing but rail” (1.5.93-94). When she has had enough of him, she orders him to be taken away, but he twists her words to make her seem the fool:
Olivia . Take the fool away.
Feste . Do you not hear, fellows? Take away the lady.
(1.5.36-37)
1.1. Paragraph from a sample essay using quotation, observing rules of quotation and citation:
Feste, the fool in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night belongs to the group of witty court jesters. He has a characteristic sense of humor, which he uses to make sharp-edged remarks to comment on the behavior of several characters within the play. As it was usual for Renaissance court fools, Feste too enjoys a certain freedom in expressing himself freely.
Drawing on the lines of Feste’s mistress on the allowed fool, Beatrice K. Otto suggests the same: “Olivia may be resigned to [Feste’s licence] when she says ‘There is no slander in an allowed fool / though he do nothing but rail’
(1.5.93-94)” (Otto 2001, 206).
The author of the paragraph argues that Feste belongs to the group of witty court jesters, who are not only witty, but enjoy a characteristic license. In order to give one illustration to this latter notion (her argument will probably continue with other illustrations from the play), she uses a quotation, introducing it with an introductory phrase (“Otto suggests…”) and a colon, and marks off the borrowed text with quotation marks. Note that simple quotation marks are employed for the quotation within. The author uses square brackets to indicate a change to the original. This change is necessary for the reader to understand the quotation taken out from its
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original context. Square brackets should also be used to indicate changes in cases when the grammar of the original would not fit the grammar of the sentence into which the quotation is inserted.
1.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrase, observing rules of paraphrasing and citation:
Beatrice K. Otto points out that Feste, the fool in
Twelfth Night displays several characteristics of the court jester, such as playing music, singing, and getting away with his cheeky remarks. Otto quotes the lines where Feste’s mistress likens him to an “allowed fool” (1.5.93), and proposes that Olivia accepts the situation in which Feste enjoys the license of folly. Otto refers to 1.5.36-7 of the play to illustrate that Feste draws on this license even in a situation when his mistress has had enough of him (Otto
2001, 205-6).
The author of the paragraph summarizes Otto’s understanding of Feste. She introduces sentences of the paraphrase with introductory phrases (“Beatrice K. Otto points out…”; “Otto quotes..” “…proposes that…”; “Otto refers to…”) to make it clear that the ideas are not her own, but are taken from a secondary source. In her own words, she lists the most important characteristics of the court jester that are mentioned by the paraphrased original material. The author of this paragraph does not concentrate on Shakespeare’s original, rather on Otto’s train of thought, thus she does not find it important to insert quotations from the play, but indicates references to passages of the original drama which are included in the paraphrased source and are relevant to the paraphrased ideas.
1.3. Paragraph with a plagiarized quotation:
Feste, the fool in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night belongs to the group of witty fools. He speaks to his mistress,
Olivia with unabashed cheek. As Beatrice K. Otto has it, “he is tremendously witty and has complete license to speak his mind” (Otto 2001, 206). Among other examples, this may be supported by the following lines of Olivia: “There is no slander in an allowed fool / though he do nothing but rail”
(1.5. 93-94).
Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, the text plagiarizes the cited material. The expression “unabashed cheek” is taken verbatim from the original. Since no quotation marks indicate that this phrase is not the author’s own but is taken from the source cited later on, the example counts as plagiarism. It is clear also that
Otto’s train of thought is borrowed by the author in using the exact same example from
Shakespeare’s play to illustrate the point brought up by the quoted source. By not indicating that this idea was taken from the source cited in the previous sentence, the author is again guilty of plagiarism.
1.4. Paragraph with a paraphrase containing anomaly of reference:
In her analysis of Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth
Night , Beatrice K. Otto describes the fool as a tremendously witty character who, similarly to other court jesters, is
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singing and playing music, and has complete license to speak his mind (Otto 2001, 206-7).
Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, the author uses verbatim citation (“tremendously witty” and “complete license to speak his mind”) from the source without including these phrases in quotation marks. Such practice is regarded as anomaly of reference.
1.5. Paragraph with a citation containing anomaly of reference:
Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night can be described as a “tremendously witty” character who, similarly to other court jesters, is singing and playing music, and has complete license to speak his mind. Beatrice K. Otto quotes the lines where Feste’s mistress likens him to an
“allowed fool” (1.5.93), and proposes that Olivia accepts the situation in which Feste enjoys the license of folly.
Otto refers to 1.5.36-7 of the play to illustrate that Feste draws on this license even in a situation when his mistress has had enough of him (Otto 2001, 205-6).
Although at the end of the paragraph there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, in the first sentence the author uses verbatim citation (“tremendously witty” and “complete license to speak his mind”) from the source without indicating this source. Such practice is also regarded as anomaly of reference.
1.6. Paragraph with a plagiarized paraphrase:
In her analysis of Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth
Night , Beatrice K. Otto describes the fool as a
“tremendously witty” character who, similarly to other court jesters, is singing and playing music, and has a complete license to speak whatever is on his mind (Otto 2001, 206-7).
Otto quotes Olivia’s lines to back up her notion that the fool’s mistress is resigned to this license, and supports the idea of the fool’s liberty by quoting a passage on the moment when Olivia wants to have the fool taken away, but the fool sticks to his license and twists the words of his mistress in a way that in the end she seem to be the fool instead of him.
There are several words and phrases in the above paraphrase that make it too close to the original to be accepted as the author’s own text. It is clear that while writing, the author had an eye on the paraphrased material, otherwise she could not have expressions tracking too closely the ones that appear in the original, such as “has complete license to speak whatever is on his mind” or “resigned to his license”. These phrases, as well as the last sentence of the paragraph, are not verbatim quotations, but follow the original too closely without using quotation marks where necessary, and thus plagiarize the used source, despite the fact that a citation is included and introductory phrases are used to indicate that the author is relying on someone else’s ideas.
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2. LINGUISTICS:
The following excerpt from a journal article serves as the basis of the examples for correct quotation and paraphrasing (examples 2.1-2) and incorrect quotation and paraphrasing
(examples 2.3-6) below:
McKenzie, Robert M. 2008. Social factors and non-native attitudes towards varieties of spoken English: A Japanese case study.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics ,
18:63–88, p. 79.
In contrast to the findings of equivalent studies involving Japanese learners of English, where speech evaluations of English were assumed to be unidimensional, the results of the present study demonstrated that the informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory. If this is indeed the case, and given the social context in
Japan, with the increasing power of the English language media and rising importance of English in the country generally, it is vital that those concerned with Englishlanguage education in Japan are made aware of the general complexity of learners’ attitudes towards social and regional variation in English, and that these attitudes are taken into account.
2.1. Paragraph from a hypothetical sample paper using quotation, observing rules of quotation and citation:
Summarizing the findings of his study, McKenzie
(2008:79) points out that “informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory”, and draws conclusions from this with regard to the role of educators as well.
The author of the paragraph discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their implications. She uses a quotation, starting it with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points out that…”) and marks the quoted clause with quotation marks.
2.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrase, observing rules of paraphrasing and citation:
Summarizing the findings of his study, McKenzie
(2008:79) points out that subjects’ evaluations in his study are complex and contradictory, and draws conclusions from this with regard to the role of educators as well.
The author of the paragraph discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their implications. She uses a paraphrase, starting it with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points out that…”) and introducing several changes and deletions in her text to avoid a verbatim use of McKenzie’s text: “informants’” is substituted by synonym “subjects’”, “ratings” by
“evaluations”, and the phrase “of speakers of varieties of English speech” is shortened by a more general phrase “in his study”. The adjectives “complex” and “contradictory” are retained.
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2.3. Paragraph with a quotation with a citation but no quotation marks, constituting anomaly of reference:
Summarizing the findings of his study, McKenzie
(2008:79) points out that informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory, and draws conclusions from this with regard to the role of educators as well.
The author of the paragraph discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their implications. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it verbatim and starting it with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points out that…”) but not marking the quoted clause with quotation marks, thereby pretending to have paraphrased the text and thus committing anomaly of reference. The fact that the citation is given does not exempt the author from an offence against good scholarly practice, since she is passing McKenzie’s exact clause as her own.
2.4. Paragraph with a quotation with quotation marks but no citation, constituting anomaly of reference:
To summarize the findings of his study, it can be pointed out that “informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory”, and we can draw conclusions from this with regard to the role of educators as well.
The author of the paragraph discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their implications. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it verbatim and marking the quoted clause with quotation marks, but not providing the reference. This also constitutes a case of anomaly of reference.
2.5. Paragraph with a plagiarized quotation, no citation and no quotation marks:
It can be said that informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory, and draws conclusions from this with regard to the role of educators as well.
The author of the paragraph covertly discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their implications without any reference to the source of the findings and passing them off as a general truth known to all readers. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it verbatim but not indicating the source or marking the quoted clause with quotation marks, thereby committing plagiarism.
2.6. Paragraph with a plagiarized paraphrase:
Summarizing the findings of his study, McKenzie
(2008:79) points out subjects’ evaluations in his study are complex and contradictory. It is clear that due to the increasing influence of the English language in Japan it is important that English language educators in this country are informed about students’ attitudes and that these attitudes are taken into consideration.
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In this longer paraphrase, the author follows McKenzie’s exact argumentation and passes it off as her own. Even though the phrases are paraphrased throughout and no illegal quoting practice occurs, McKenzie’s exact train of thoughts is followed. By starting a new sentence and phrasing it as a general truth (“It is clear that…”), the author misleadingly pretends as if the conclusion is hers rather than McKenzie’s.
3. CULTURAL STUDIES:
The excerpt from an academic work that served as the basis for all the four examples below:
Elspeth Probyn. ‘New Traditionalism and Post-Feminism: TV Does the Home’ in Charlotte
Brunsdon, Julie D’Acci and Lynn Spiegel (eds.)
Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 126-137:
In many ways these homes correspond to different visions of generations of feminism, a sort of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism. We have a post-feminist vision of the home to which women are free to return. Of course, the word ‘feminism’ is never mentioned in any of these shows; it is not even there as what Judith Mayne calls ‘an echo effect’.
1 Rather, feminism and feminist ideas are totally submerged – it is the word that cannot be said. However, feminism can also be seen as the Other to these versions of women and home. And it is feminism as Other which articulates the discourses of ‘post-feminism’ and ‘the new traditionalism’. The questions I want to raise here have to do with the ways in which that Other is suppressed in order to allow for a new generation of television programmes commonly called
‘female-centered’. This recentring of women in the family and the home constitutes an important conjunctural moment in Althusser’s sense of the term.
2
1.
Judith Mayne, L.A. Law and Prime-Time Feminism, 90, Ch. 6 in this volume.
2.
Louis Althusser, ‘The Object of Capital ’, in Louis Althusser and Etien Balibar, Reading Capital , trans.
Brewster (London: NLB, 1975), 106.
3.1. Paragraph from a sample essay using verbatim quotation, observing the rules of quotation and citation:
The recent generation of prime-time television series, in spite of their cult status - including their reception in mainstream feminist media research - should not be considered a feminist achievement but rather a depressing break from feminism. As Elspeth
Probyn observed in her review of several current prime-time soaps produced in North-America, such as L.A. Law, thirtysomething, or
Murphy Brown, and Roseanne, “We have a post-feminist vision of the home to which women are free to return” (Probyn, 1997:128). The new generation of series in Probyn’s veiw, are rather attempts at “recentring of women in the family and the home”. (ibid. 128).
The author of the paragraph argues that feminism and feminist ideas are missing from the new generation of prime-time television series in spite of the fact that they have women for their
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central characters situated in the home. To support her evaluation she draws on Elspeth
Probyn’s assessment of the new generation of series, in whose view, they are not informed by feminist ideas but woman centeredness. The author introduces the quote with an introductory clause that separates the voices of the author and that of Probyn’s, clearly establishing the distribution of rights of authorship between the two of them over the ideas. (“As Elspeth
Probyn observed in her review of several current prime-time soaps ...”) followed by a comma and the borrowed text is marked off with quotation marks. Note that she keeps indicating that the development of the argument is also taken from her source (“in Probyn’s opinion…”).
3.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrasing, observing the rules of paraphrasing and citation:
There is a debate in contemporary feminist media criticism about the relationship between feminism and television programmes.
What is at stake in the debate is whether we can argue that there are programmes informed by feminist ideas and therefore they are manifestations of a post-feminist era or feminism is rather a critical position outside of media programmes that is only further discredit by claims to post-feminism. One of the prominent critiques who challenges the celebration of the arguable achievements of feminist media research is Elspeth Probyn. She argues that the recent generation of prime-time television series cannot be characterized as an articulation of feminist ideas but rather as a telling absence of that perspective. In her opinion, we do not need to look far to see that the presence of assertive women in the centre of the narratives who can freely combine the workplace and the home are in fact stereotypical representations of feminism, erasing feminist concerns about the alleged availability of this arguable choice. (Probyn 1997,
128)
The author of the paragraph wants to outline the two positions in contemporary media studies about the success/presence of feminist ideas based on the example of the new prime-time television series. In order to introduce the side that believes these programmes are only masked as feminist shows, the author summarizes the arguments produced by Elspeth Probyn, a key figure in that group of researchers. She summarizes Probyn’s critique of the new generation of prime-time television series in North-America. She introduces the sentences of the paraphrase with introductory phrases. These paraphrases achieve two things at the same time. First, they make it clear that the ideas are not her own, but are taken from a secondary source (i.e. from Probyn) and at the same time they also imply the logical function of the following proposition in the paraphrase, making the summary coherent (“One of the prominent critiques …” ; “She argues that …”; In her opinion…” ) She will probably go on with the summary of the post-feminist position, paraphrasing the gist of their ideas in a similar way.
3.3. Paragraph using a quotation with a citation but no quotation marks, constituting anomaly of reference:
Prime-time television series produced in the 1990s are usually referred to as evidence of second-wave feminist scholarship in media studies. However, from the moment of their appearance on the screen there have been feminist scholars challenging this post-feminist position. In their opinion feminism in these series is rather a sort of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism.
It is articulated as Other through its very absence. As Elspeth Probyn has argued “that Other is
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suppressed in order to allow for a new generation of television programmes commonly called ‘female-centered’” (Probyn 1997, 128).
Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph in the last sentence of the paragraph, the text still plagiarizes the cited material. The expression “a sort of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism” is taken verbatim from the original but without any quotation marks that should indicate this phrase is not the author’s own. By not indicating that this idea (and formulation) was taken from the source she cites in the next sentence the author is guilty of plagiarism. It is clear also that Probyn’s train of thought is borrowed by echoing her formulation when the author argues that feminism is “articulated as Other”.
3.4. Paragraph using a quotation with a citation but no reference is provided, constituting anomaly of reference:
Prime-time television series produced in the 1990s are usually referred to as evidence of second-wave feminist scholarship in media studies. However, from the moment of their appearance on the screen there have been feminist scholars challenging this post-feminist position. In their opinion feminism in these series is articulated as
Other through its very absence: “that Other is suppressed in order to allow for a new generation of television programmes commonly called
‘female-centered’”.
Although there are quotation marks used by the author of the paragraph, indicating that the ideas quoted are not hers, the text still plagiarizes the cited material because the author does not indicate the exact source she uses in the final clause for supporting her argumentation.
3.5. Paragraph with a plagiarized paraphrase:
The prime time television series in the 1990s are only post-feminist visions of the home where women can choose to return. Although these programmes do not ever mention
‘feminism’. It is completely missing from them as “the word that cannot be said” (Probyn 1997, 128.) Women in these shows have returned to the home at the expense of feminism.
They are centered in the home as an effect of the renewed celebration of traditions, including women’s desire to be home-makers and mothers.
The text plagiarizes the cited material by Probyn. Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, indicating that the statement “the word that cannot be said” is taken verbatim from the original. However, it is obvious that
Probyn’s complete train of thoughts is borrowed by the author. It is clear that while writing, the author had an eye on the paraphrased material, except she has broken down the ideas into syntactically less complex sentences. Since she does not indicate that each of the propositions she makes is not the author’s own but is taken from the source cited later on, the whole paragraph counts as plagiarism.
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4. HISTORY:
Original source:
William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord (London:
Routledge, 2001), 5:
To the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity. As Thomas Sprat’s
History of the Royal Society (1663) indicates, reason and unreason, mysticism and rationalism, had not formed into clear and discrete realms. Hence Isaac Newton was a brilliant physicist, but was also committed to notions of alchemy, millenarianism and the mysticism of freemasonry.
4.1. Correct quotation
In accordance with recent trends in Enlightenment scholarship,
William Gibson contends that “[t]o the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.” 1
_____________________
1 William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord
(London: Routledge, 2001), 5.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
All of the text copied word-for-word has been quoted properly. The writer has also stated the source of information, placed the borrowed words within question marks, and cited the original author in the footnote and in the bibliography.
4.2. Correct paraphrase
Gibson argues that eighteenth-century philosophers, politicians, scientists and clergymen could easily reconcile reason with religion, mysticism with rational science, and politics with theology. He illustrates this established argument with a somewhat outdated example, namely, Thomas Sprat’s classic on the history of the Royal Society, written in 1663. He also refers to Isaac Newton who had a keen interest in physics, alchemical and millenarian views as well as the mysteries of freemasonry.
1
_____________________
1 William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord
(London: Routledge, 2001), 5.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
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This is an acceptable paraphrase since both the structure and the wording demonstrate that the articulation of Gibson’s essential idea is original as it differs from the source. The precise source of the argument has been acknowledged in the footnote as well as in the bibliography.
4.3. Plagiarised quotations
4.3.1. Unacknowledged direct quotation:
Gibson claims that to the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001 .
Although the writer has acknowledged the original author, s/he copies Gibson’s words verbatim without using quotation marks. Thus, the writer presents them as if they are her or his own. In addition, it is not enough to refer to the original source only in the bibliography.
4.3.2. Verbatim plagiarism with minor changes of the original:
It has been argued that to eighteenth-century thinkers, science, religion, philosophy, and politics could still be treated as a unity. As T. Sprat’s History of the Royal Society (1663) demonstrates, unreason and reason, mysticism and rationalism, had not formed into separate realms. Thus I. Newton was a excellent physicist, but was also interested in notions of alchemy, millenarianism and the mysticism of freemasonry.
The writer has made some minor alterations and deleted certain words from the original but has not used quotation marks for those parts which are identical to the source material (the lifts are underlined). Furthermore, though having copied these portions verbatim, the writer has not provided a reference to the original author.
4.3.3. Mixture of word-for word copying and acceptable paraphrase:
According to Gibson, to eighteenth-century philosophers, politicians, scientists and clergymen reason and religion, mysticism and rational science, politics and theology did not create clear and discrete realms .
1
_____________________
1 William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord
(London: Routledge, 2001), 5.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
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Even though only one phrase has been copied from the original source, this is still regarded as plagiarism. The writer should attribute all borrowed words to the original author by placing quotation marks around them.
4.3.4. Referential anomalies:
To the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.
1
_____________________
1 William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord
(London: Routledge, 2001), 5.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
According to the official plagiarism policy of our faculty, this is a “referential anomaly” since one has acknowledged the source but failed to use quotation marks for direct copying from the original text. Another type of “referential anomaly” is when the writer quotes the material correctly but s/he does not provide any reference:
Gibson argues that “to the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.”
4.4. Plagiarised paraphrases:
4.4.1. Paraphrasing without citation:
Gibson argues that eighteenth-century philosophers, politicians, scientists and clergymen could easily reconcile reason with religion, mysticism with rational science, politics with theology. He illustrates this well-established argument with a somewhat outdated example, namely, Thomas
Sprat’s classic on the history of the Royal Society, written in 1663.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
Although the student has paraphrased the passage and included an appropriate entry in the bibliography s/he has failed to cite the original author in the body of the paper.
4.4.2. Rewording the original and maintaining the structure:
As T. Sprat’s work entitled the History of the Royal
Society (1663) demonstrates, reason and irrationalism, mysticism and science, had not yet created disjunctive territories of the mind. Thus I. Newton was an eminent
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scholar of physics, but was also devoted to the occult, millenarian ideas and the spirituality of freemasonry.
In the Bibliography:
Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and
Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.
On a superficial level, this may seem appropriate, as this is not a direct quote. Even though the writer has reworded the passage by substituting synonyms for many words, s/he has not changed the structure of the original sentences. Although the writer does not need to use quotation marks, s/he should express the argument in her or his own words and credit the original author for his ideas by placing a citation at the end of the passage.
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