Biol. 3 Study guide for test 4
F12 8th edition
Ch. 8 Properties of Populations
population, how does ecology focus on the population level?, distribution, dispersion, random,
clumped, spaced (uniform), Fig. 8.7 p.155, reasons for aggregation, density, applications of
density in ecology, abundance, age structure, capture-recapture, stable age distribution, fig. 8.13
p.159- how do these population age structure diagrams of Sweden and Mexico differ?, dispersal,
emigration vs. immigration
Ch. 9, 11, 28 Population Growth, Human Ecology
demography, N, t, r, exponential growth (J-shaped), survivorship curves (I, II, III), how is the
human population growing?, life table, carrying capacity (K), Logistic or s-shaped growth, how
do r and k selected relate to growth curves?, what types of factors regulate population size? (i.e.
territory size, white-tailed deer), density-dependent vs. density-independent factors, variation in
population size, oscillation (population cycles), how are population cycles reinforced?, problem
with small populations
Ch. 13,14 Species Interactions/Interspecific Competition
These 5 types of population interactions (two species system) and their + and - effects on species
(mutualism, commensalism, competition, predation, parasitism), interspecific competition, exploitation vs. interference, allelopathy, Gause and Paramecium, competitive exclusion principle
(Gause's Principle), invasion of the aliens?, niche overlap
Ch. 15 Predation
predator, prey, parasite, parasitoid, herbivore, search image, switching, predator adaptations,
prey adaptations, crypsis, startle display, eyespots, warning coloration, mimicry, palatable,
unpalatable, model, mimic, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, plant defenses, cellulose,
tannins, pyrethrins, digitalis, predator-prey cycles, lynx and snowshoe hare
Ch. 16 Parasitism & Mutualism
coevolution, parasitism, host, vector, disease, ectoparasite, endoparasite, life cycles of parasites?
facultative, obligatory, symbiosis, mutualism
Ch. 27-28 Human Interactions
sustainable yield, economics interferes with sustainable yield?, sustainable yield in forestry?,
exploitation has decimated wildlife?, endangered species, Endangered Species Act,
wildlife/habitat restoration, chemical control vs. biological control, IPM
Ch. 5 Speciation how do predators effect prey's evolution (through natural selection)?,
coevolution, sympatry, allopatry, speciation, allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, adaptive
radiation, coevolution between the yucca moth and the yucca, what restrains the moth from
overpopulating the yucca with larvae?
Ch. 16, 17, 18, 19 Community Structure & Dynamics
community, dominants, diversity indices, diversity, richness, evenness, vertical structure, coastal
sage scrub vs. chaparral, migrations effect on communities?, imprint of the past?, edge, ecotone,
edge effect, fragmentation, how are fragmented habitats like islands?, succession, disturbance,
fire--the rejuvenator, paleoecology, keystone predators, rivets or redundancy, top-down or
bottom-up? Soule film
Ch. 20 Landscape Ecology: mesopredator, corridor, canyon like an island?, what happens to
ground dwelling bird species like the quail and roadrunner?, fragmentation & urbanization?,
effects similar to what is found after a fire in coastal sage scrub?, extinction related to loss of
habitat?
Ch. 24,25,26 Notes--Biodiversity, Ecosystem Patterns, Biomes biome, dominance (dominants),
tundra biome, coniferous forest biome, deciduous forest biome, grassland biome, desert
biome, tropical rain forest biome, basic characteristics of biomes; such as temperature, examples
of vegetation found there, examples of animals and adaptations
also permafrost, arboreal, 2 parts of our desert, causes of deserts, desertification, 4 layers of
trees in tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, why are tropics more diverse than any other
biome?
Sample Essays
1. Discuss the six major biomes. What are the characteristics of each, what are examples of 3
species of plants and 3 species of animals found at each one, what are 2 special adaptations
found at each area?
2. What would you say to someone who feels all the coyotes that live near their home should
be shot? Support your answer by defining a "keystone predator (species)". Use Michael
Soule's research on the importance of coyotes to chaparral and coastal sage scrub as an example
(how they shape community structure).
3. Explain the human effect on the environment such as endangered species.
4. What did Cindy study on bald eagles that involved landscape ecology??
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