RISE OF ENGLAND & FRANCE & MEDIEVAL MONARCHY
I.
MEDIEVAL MONARCHY
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1.
MEDIEVAL KINGS OF FRANCE & ENGLAND SUCCEEDED IN LAYING FOUNDATIONS OF
MODERN NATIONAL STATES
2.
EACH ONE EVOLVED DIFFERENTLY
3.
TEXTBOOK COVERS GERMANY ADEQUATELY
4.
HIGHLIGHTS OF INNOVATIVE WAYS THEY RULED
5.
& INSTITUTIONS ESTABLISHED LONG-LASTING
II.
MEDIEVAL MONARCHY IN ENGLAND
A. BACKGROUND TO RULE OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
1.
SIGNIFICANT RISE IN MEDIEVAL MONARCHY CAME W/REIGN OF WILLIAM THE
CONQUEROR C. 1066
2.
UNDER ANGLO-SAXONS ENGLAND VERY PROSPEROUS KINGDOM
3.
RULED BY EDWARD THE CONFESSOR
a.
SAINTLY BUT BARREN KING
b.
WHEN HE DIED DISAGREEMENT ABOUT WHO TO BE KING
4.
WILLIAM, DUKE OF NORMANDY SAID EDWARD PROMISED CROWN TO HIM
a.
AS DUKE OF NORMANDY
(1) MOST POWERFUL NOBLE IN FRANCE
5.
AT THIS TIME KINGSHIP NOT HEREDITARY
a.
WITEN ELECTED KING
6.
& WITEN ELECTED HAROLD GODWINSON, KING
a.
LEADING NOBEL OF ENGLAND
7.
SO WILLIAM DECIDED TO INVADE ENGLAND TO GET CROWN
8.
WILLIAM GOT APPROVAL OF POPE FOR HOLY WAR
9.
WILLIAM OFFERED LAND TO MEN TO FIGHT ENGLAND
a.
& IF FAILED CHURCH OFFERED ABSOLUTION
B.
WILLIAM'S LANDING IN ENGLAND
1.
APOCRYPHAL STORY - TYPICAL MEDIEVAL
2.
PROPAGANDA BY NORMAN ACCOUNTS
a.
NIGHT BEFORE ENGLISH SPENT DRINKING & SINGING BAWDY SONGS
b.
BUT NORMANS SPENT IT IN PRAYER
C.
BATTLE OF HASTINGS & NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND
1.
FOUGHT OCT 14, 1066
a.
MOST DECISIVE BATTLE ENGLISH HISTORY
2.
ENGLISH LOST
3.
BAYEAUX TAPESTRY CONVEYS THIS
a.
TAPESTRY OF INVALUABLE PICTORIAL SOURCE
4.
CONSEQUENCES OF NORMAN CONQUEST MOST DEBATED EVENT IN ENGLISH HISTORY
D. WILLIAM'S RULE 1066-87
1.
CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND ON CHRISTMAS DAY 1066
a.
CF TO CHARLEMAGNE 800 A.D.
b.
IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY
2.
CASTLES BUILT ALL OVER ENGLAND
a.
TO KEEP ENGLISH IN LINE
b.
SYMBOLS OF BONDAGE
III.
DIGRESSION ON CASTLES
A. INTRODUCTION
1.
END 10TH C. 1ST CASTLE APPEARED
a.
BUILT BY COUNTS OF ANJOU IN FRANCE
2.
COMBINATION OF STRONG DEFENSIBLE FORTRESS
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B.
W/HOME FOR A POWERFUL NOBLE FAMILY
EARLY ONES WOOD
THEN 11TH C. BIG & LITTLE ROCKS PUT TOGETHER W/MORTAR
LATER ELABORATE CUT STONE
W/REGULAR CASTLE ARCHITECTS TRAVELLING EUROPE
ORIGINAL CASTLES CALLED MOTTE & BAILEY
a.
MOTTE = ARTIFICIAL MOUND W/DITCH AROUND IT
b.
DIRT FROM DITCH TO BUILD MOUND
c.
WORD MOAT COMES FROM IT
9.
BAILEY
a.
LARGE OPEN AREA SURROUNDED MOTTE
b.
IT SURROUNDED BY STONE WALL OR PALISADE
10. KEEP
a.
HEART OF CASTLE
b.
SQUARE OR ROUND STONE BLDG. OF SEVERAL STORIES W/ONLY FEW WINDOWS
c.
ON TOP OF MOTTE
d.
PROVIDED LAST REFUGE FROM ATTACK
e.
SIZES VARIED
f.
WALLS 12' THICK OR MORE
11. DRAWBRIDGE
12. PORTCULLIS
13. ARROW SLITS OR MURDER HOLES
14. WALLS TOPPED BY WALKWAYS WITH CRENELATED BATTLEMENTS TO PROTECT
DEFENDING ARCHERS
15. PROJECTIONS W/OPEN BOTTOMS (MACHICOLATIONS) THROUGH WHICH MISSILES OR
BOILING LIQUIDS COULD BE DROPPED
16. SIEGE USUALLY METHOD FOR TAKING A CASTLE
a.
STARVED THEM OUT
17. WELL-DESIGNED CASTLES IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE W/O LONG SIEGE
18. REMARKABLE SIEGE ENGINES INVENTED, ESPECIALLY BY BYZANTINES
19. CASTLES IN RUINS TODAY BECAUSE TAKEN DOWN, DIDN'T FALL DOWN
20. CASTLES ONLY DEFENSIBLE UNTIL 17TH C WHEN CANNONS COULD PENETRATE THEM
21. DOVER CASTLE
a.
FOR NEARLY 2000 YRS WOULD-BE INVADERS OF ENGLAND HAVE BEEN
CONFRONTED BY STRONG FORTIFICATION ON HIGH CLIFFS ABOVE DOVER
b.
PROBABLY PRE-DATES ROMAN OCCUPATION
c.
EVEN REMODELED & USED BY ENGLISH IN WORLD WAR II
22. WINDSOR, WARWICK, TOWER OF LONDON STILL GOING CONCERNS AFTER NEARLY 9
CENTURIES OF USE
23. MY FAVORITE CASTLE BODIAM BUILT IN MID 14TH C.
24. GERMAN CASTLES ON RHINE
WILLIAMS' RULE CONTINUED
1.
ONCE CONQUEST COMPLETE CHANGE OF LAND OWNERSHIP
a.
KING TOOK TITLE TO ALL LAND
b.
ALL ENGLISH NOBLES LOST THEIR LAND
c.
& MANY EITHER KILLED, IMPRISONED
d.
CAPTURED LAND PARCELED OUT TO WM'S BARONS
e.
ENGLAND BECAME FEUDALIZED
f.
SCATTERED LANDS OF LORDS OVER VAST AREA SO NO ONE COULD AMASS
POWER AGAINST HIM
2.
FEUDAL SOCIETY TO ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND
3.
OTHER POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
a.
MANY PLACES WM CONTINUED ANGLO-SAXON PRACTICES
b.
SUCH AS OFFICE OF SHERIFF
(1) UNPAID POLITICAL & JUDICIARY OFFICIAL OF MONARCH WHO RULED THE
3
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
SHIRES OR COUNTIES
c.
HAD MANY NB RESPONSIBILITIES
(1) KEPT ORDER IN SHIRE
(2) CAUGHT & PUNISHED CRIMINALS IN SHIRE COURT
(3) COLLECTED TAXES
d.
THIS SYSTEM OF UNPAID WEALTHY OFFICIALS GOVERNING COUNTY
(1) WILL BE BASIC PATTERN OF LOCAL GOVT FOR CENTURIES
e.
DIFFERENT IN FRANCE WHERE PAID BUREAUCRACY DEVELOPS
f.
OVER CENTURIES EDUCATED AND WEALTHY IN ENGLAND WILL DEEM IT THEIR
RESPONSIBILITY TO BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF GOVT
g.
WHEREAS IN FRANCE THESE PEOPLE WILL OPT OUT OF PARTICIPATION IN
EXCHANGE FOR A LESSENING OF THEIR TAXES
DOMESDAY BOOK
1.
ONE OF HIS MOST INNOVATIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a.
CENSUS OF ENGLAND 1086-7
b.
COMPLETE INVENTORY OF WHAT PEOPLE FARMED, & THEIR CHATTELS
c.
FORESTS, WOODS, MEADOWS, PASTURES, CHURCHES, MILLS, HOUSES, # OF
HORSES, FALCONS, HENS.
2.
PROVIDED ROYAL GOVT & LAW COURTS W/RECORD OF WEALTH & LANDHOLDERS IN
ENGLAND FOR PURPOSE OF TAXATION
3.
NO OTHER NATION HAS SUCH A RECORD
FINAL REMARKS ON WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
1.
SOME SAY ENGLISH REALLY WON IN END
a.
ENGLISH CUSTOMS & LANGUAGE PREVAILED NOT NORMAN/FRENCH
b.
ANGLO-SAXON DEVELOPED INTO ENGLISH
c.
WHILE MONARCHS & ARISTOCRATS SPOKE FRENCH, REST OF PEOPLE DID NOT
d.
BY 14TH C WHEN ENGLISH & FRENCH FIGHTING 100 YRS WAR
e.
ANTI-FRENCH SENTIMENT REACHES PEAK &
f.
EVEN ROYALTY & NOBLES SWITCH TO ENGLISH
2.
HX OF ENGLISH MONARCHY IN NEXT 2 CENTURIES AFTER WILLIAM
3.
PRIMARILY A STORY OF KINGS TIGHTENING UP FEUDAL SYSTEM WM CREATED TO
THEIR ADVANTAGE UNTIL THEY SUPERSEDED IT
4.
& CREATED A STRONG NATIONAL MONARCHY
HENRY I, 1100-1135
1.
SON OF WILLIAM CONQUEROR
2.
2 NB ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a.
ESTABLISHMENT OF ECHQEUQER
b.
ESTS. TRAVELING CIRCUIT-JUDGES
(1) ADMINISTERED JUSTICE FOR CROWN
CIVIL WAR
1.
FOLLOWING HIS DEATH CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT IN ENGLAND
2.
WHILE DAUGHTER MATILDA SUPPOSED TO RULE
3.
STEPHEN - COUSIN USURPED THRONE
4.
BACK & FORTH FOR DECADES WAR RANGED AS VARIOUS PARTIES ALIGNED WITH
EITHER SIDE
5.
NO LAW IN ENGLAND AGAINST WOMAN INHERITING CROWN
6.
PROBLEM - MATILDA NOT LIKED AS HAUGHTY PERSONALITY
7.
FINALLY AGREEMENT REACHED
a.
WHEREBY MATILDA'S SON HENRY II,
b.
WOULD SUCCEED TO ENGLISH THRONE
HENRY II, 1154-1189
1.
ENERGETIC, BRILLIANT KING
2.
INHERITED VAST DOMAIN FROM PARENTS
a.
FROM MOTHER MATILDA, GRANDDAUGHTER TO WILLIAM CONQUEROR
(1) NORMANDY & ENGLAND
4
b.
H.
I.
J.
K.
FATHER GEOFFREY
(1) ANJOU, MAINE, TOURAINE
3.
PLUS LARGE AREA FROM WIFE - ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
4.
AS RESULT RULED OVER MORE TERRITORY THAN ANY OTHER MONARCH
ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
1.
1 OF MOST NB & REMARKABLE FIGURES MA HISTORY
2.
HER INHERITANCE LANDS AQUITAINE, POITOU
3.
HAD BEEN MARRIED TO FRENCH KING LOUIS VII
a.
THEIR DAU MARIE, COUNTESS OF CHAMPAGNE & MAIN PLAYER OF COURTLY
LOVE
b.
BUT MARRIAGE ANNULLED
(1) EVEN THOUGH HAD SEVERAL DAUGHTERS BUT NO SONS
4.
HAD NUMEROUS CHILDREN BY HENRY II
5.
DEVISED CORONATION OATH FOR SON RICHARD
a.
STILL USED TODAY W/SLIGHT VARIATION
HENRY'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1.
MANY DELIGHTED AT RETURN OF PEACE & ORDER AFTER CIVIL WAR
2.
BUT OTHERS UNEASY OVER STEADY RISE OF "BIG GOVT"
3.
FOR HENRY, LIKE HIS PREDECESSORS FAVORED EXTENSION OF ROYAL JURISDICTION
a.
CHIEFLY FOR ITS FINANCIAL REWARDS TO CROWN
4.
MEDIEVAL PEOPLE BELIEVED GOOD KING LIVED ON INCOME OF HIS OWN LAND
a.
& TAXED ONLY IN TIME OF GRAVE EMERGENCY
(1) I.E. JUST WAR
5.
BECAUSE CHURCH & NOT STATE DID SOCIAL SERVICES
a.
IE CARE OF SICK, AGED, ORPHANED CHILDREN & EDUCATION
6.
NO ORDINARY NEED FOR GOVT TO TAX
7.
TAXATION MEANT WAR FINANCING
8.
HENRY'S 2 MAIN ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CIVIL JUSTICE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1.
IN EACH SHIRE 12 NB MEN REPORTED TO SHERIFF LISTS OF KNOWN OR SUSPECTED
LOCAL CRIMINALS
2.
THESE LISTS THEN PRESENTED TO ROYAL JUDGES WHEN CAME TO COMMUNITY
a.
CALLED INQUEST OR PRESENTMENT JURIES
3.
BY TIME OF HIS GRANDSON, HENRY III, CALLED GRAND JURY
a.
WHICH WE HAVE TODAY
4.
INSTITUTION OF TRIAL JURY GREW OUT OF THIS BY 13TH C. ALSO
5.
CRIME NO LONGER CONSIDERED A VIOLENT ACT AGAINST INDIVIDUAL TO BE
AVENGED BY VICTIM OR FAMILY
6.
CRIMINAL ACTS BECAME DEEDS AGAINST STATE
a.
& ACTUALLY AGAINST KING AS HE STATE
7.
HENRY'S COURTS ALSO USED JURY SYSTEM AS MEANS OF SETTLING PRIVATE
LAWSUITS
8.
THESE USUALLY INVOLVED LAND DISPUTES
a.
CAUSED MUCH VIOLENCE
9.
INSTEAD OF DECIDING BY MEANS OF OATH-HELPERS OR TRIAL BY ORDEAL
10. CIRCUIT JUDGES HANDED DOWN QUICK DECISIONS BASED UPON EVIDENCE SWORN
TO BY JURY OF MEN SELECTED BECAUSE THEY ACQUAINTED W/FACTS OF CASE
11. THIS EFFICIENT SYSTEM CAUSED PEOPLE TO FLOCK TO ROYAL COURTS
12. NOT ONLY DID KING'S INCOME GREATLY INCREASE AS PEOPLE HAD TO BUY A WRIT
THAT ORDERED SHERIFF TO BRING CASE TO ROYAL COURT
13. BUT FEUDAL COURTS OF NOBILITY GREATLY WEAKENED
CONSEQUENCES OF HIS ROYAL JUSTICE
1.
ONLY ROYAL COURTS HAD RIGHT TO USE JURY SYSTEM
2.
MADE JUSTICE MORE UNIFORM & EQUITABLE THROUGHOUT REALM
5
3.
4.
L.
M.
EG
ROYAL JUSTICE BECAME SOUGHT AFTER & POPULAR
FEUDAL LAW W/ITS ARCHAIC & TIME-CONSUMING PROCEDURES COULD NOT
COMPETE
5.
PATCHWORK OF LOCAL LAWS & CUSTOMS GAVE WAY TO UNIFORM ROYAL LAW =
COMMON LAW
a.
COMMON TO & ACCEPTED BY ENTIRE COUNTRY
b.
BASIS OF OUR LAW TODAY
DISPUTE W/BECKET
1.
HENRY ALSO SOUGHT TO EXPAND ROYAL JUSTICE AT EXPENSE OF ECCLESIASTICAL
COURTS
2.
BUT OPPOSED BY ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, THOMAS BECKET
a.
HEAD OF CHURCH IN ENGLAND
3.
TWO BECAME LOCKED IN GREAT QUARREL
a.
WHETHER CHURCHMEN ACCUSED OF CRIMES SHOULD BE SUBJECT TO ROYAL
JURISDICTION OR TRIED BY CHURCH COURTS ALONE
b.
BENEFIT OF CLERGY
(1) EVEN THIEVES, MURDERS, RAPISTS COULD CLAIM
(2) USUALLY CHURCH GAVE ONLY PENANCE & DEFROCKING
4.
HENRY WANTED GUILTY CLERKS TURNED OVER TO KING'S COURT FOR SENTENCING
5.
ISSUE BROUGHT TO VIOLENT CLIMAX IN 1170 WHEN 4 KNIGHTLY SUPPORTERS OF
KING, ACTING W/O ROYAL ORDER, MURDERED BECKET IN CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
6.
THIS DRAMATIC CRIME MADE PROFOUND IMPACT ON AGE
7.
BECKET BECAME MARTYR, MIRACLES ALLEGED TO HAVE OCCURRED AT HIS TOMB &
HE QUICKLY CANONIZED
a.
BECAME MOST POPULAR PILGRIMAGE SITE ENG & CONTINENT
8.
OUTCOME
a.
CHURCH MAINTAINED SOME POWER AS WELL AS HENRY
b.
BUT ENGLISH KINGS WILL NEVER HAVE AS MUCH POWER OVER CHURCH AS
KINGS IN FRANCE IN MA
KING JOHN 1199-1216
1.
ENGLISH KINGS HAD CONTINUED TO RULE LARGE PORTIONS OF WHAT IS MODERNDAY FRANCE
2.
BUT BY JOHN`S REIGN KINGS OF FRANCE STRONG ENOUGH TO TAKE BACK MUCH OF
FRENCH-SPEAKING LANDS
3.
JOHN NEEDED MONEY TO BOTH GOVERN ENG & FIGHT FRANCE
4.
BUT JOHN INEPT RULER
5.
WHO LACKED BOTH HIS BROTHER'S KNIGHTLY QUALITIES & HIS FATHER'S GENIUS
6.
JOHN COMMITTED SERIES OF MISTAKES
a.
TOOK AS WIFE PERSON ALREADY BETROTHED
7.
AS FEUDAL OVERLORD FOR JOHN'S POSSESSIONS IN FRANCE,
8.
KING PHILIP FOUND OCCASION TO DECLARE JOHN UNFAITHFUL VASSAL
a.
THEREFORE HIS FIEFS FORFEIT
9.
JOHN PUT UP ONLY FEEBLE RESISTANCE TO RETAIN HIS POSSESSIONS
a.
AT BATTLE OF BOUVINES 1214
(1) 1 OF FEW MA BATTLES DECISIVE
(2) LOST TO PHILIP,
10. JOHN INEPT IN MORE WAYS THAN LOUSY FIGHTER
11. JOHN ALIENATED HIS BARONS BY ATTEMPTING TO COLLECT MORE THAN HIS SHARE
OF FEUDAL DUES
a.
EG. INCREASED SCUTAGE
(1) PAYMENT IN LIEU OF SERVING 40 DAYS
12. & ALSO COMMITTED OTHER INFRACTIONS OF FEUDAL LAW
a.
SOLD RIGHT OF MARRIAGE TO HIGHEST BIDDER
13. JOHN HAD SAID THE LAW IS IN MY MOUTH
14. SO BARONS IN 1215 FORCED JOHN TO RENOUNCE THESE & OTHERS IN DOCUMENT
6
N.
O.
P.
MAGNA CARTA
MAGNA CARTA = GREAT CHARTER 1215
1.
DOCUMENT ALSO TO REDRESS ALL OTHER ABUSES BARONS COULD THINK OF
2.
NOT INTENDED TO BE BILL OF RIGHTS OR CHARTER OF LIBERTIES FOR COMMON MAN
a.
THIS IDEA OF LIBERTIES DID NOT SURFACE UNTIL 17TH C.
b.
19TH C HXS MADE FURTHER ERRONEOUS ASSUMPTIONS THAT START OF
PEASANTS' RIGHTS
3.
BASICALLY FEUDAL DOCUMENT IN WHICH KING AS OVERLORD PLEDGED TO RESPECT
TRADITIONAL RIGHTS OF HIS VASSALS
4.
NONETHELESS IT DID ENUNCIATE IN WRITING NB PRINCIPLES
a.
LARGE SUMS OF MONEY COULD NOT BE RAISED BY CROWN W/O CONSENT GIVEN
BY BARONS IN A COMMON COUNCIL
b.
NO FREE MAN COULD BE PUNISHED BY CROWN W/O JUDGMENT BY HIS EQUALS &
BY LAW OF LAND
5.
ABOVE ALL, MAGNA CARTA NB EXPRESSION OF PRINCIPLE OF LIMITED GOVT
6.
& OF IDEA KING IS BOUND BY THE LAW
7.
PEOPLE IN LATER CENTURIES LOOKED BACK ON MAGNA CARTA AS ONE OF MOST NB
DOCUMENTS IN STORY OF POLITICAL FREEDOM
8.
BUT TO ENGLISH OF TIME IT DID NOT APPEAR TO INTRODUCE ANY NEW
CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
9.
IT MERELY AGREEMENT BETWEEN BARONS & KING, ARISTOCRACY & MONARCHY
10. EVERY ENGLISH KING IN MA REISSUED MAGNA CARTA AS EVIDENCE OF HIS PROMISE
TO OBSERVE LAW
EDWARD 1 1272-1307
1.
1 OF ENGLAND'S MOST OUTSTANDING MONARCHS
2.
CREDITED W/ESTABLISHMENT OF PARLIAMENT
3.
MOST FAMOUS BRANCH OF MEDIEVAL ENGLISH GOVT
a.
& STILL IN EXISTENCE TODAY
4.
PARLIAMENT - KING'S FEUDAL COURT OF HIS BARONS
5.
IN CALLING PARLIAMENTS EDWARD HAD NO IDEA OF MAKING ANY CONCESSION TO
POPULAR GOVT
6.
HIS AIM - TO ENHANCE ROYAL POWER BY PACKING HIS GREAT COUNCIL OR
PARLIAMENT
a.
W/REPRESENTATIVES WHO WOULD TEND TO SUPPORT HIM RATHER THAN HIS
OPPONENTS, POWERFUL BARONS
7.
HE COULD THEN EXPECT TO EASILY GET CONSENT FOR NEW TAXATION
8.
MOST UNUSUAL TRAIT OF ED'S PARLIAMENTS CF W/CONTINENT
9.
BEGAN TO INCLUDE REPS FROM COUNTIES & TOWNS IN ADDITION TO NOBILITY
a.
EARLY IN 14TH C
10. THESE REPS FROM COUNTIES & TOWNS ADOPTED PRACTICE OF MEETING
SEPARATELY FROM LORDS SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL
11. BY MID 14TH C. COMMONERS CALLED SO OFTEN SAT REGULARLY IN THEIR OWN
HOUSE
a.
HOUSE OF COMMONS
12. THUS AROSE DIVISIONS OF PARLIAMENT
13. PARLIAMENT, ESP COMMONS SOON DISCOVERED ITS ECONOMIC POWER
14. IT WOULD WITHHOLD ITS FINANCIAL GRANTS UNTIL KING HAD REDRESSED
GRIEVANCES MADE KNOWN BY PETITIONS
REST OF EDWARD'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1.
BEGAN PRACTICE OF ISSUING STATUE LAW
2.
ORIGINAL LEGISLATION TO APPLY TO ALL
3.
BECAUSE OF THIS ROLE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS ENGLISH JUSTINIAN
4.
1ST ENGLISH KING WHO DETERMINED TO BE KING OF WHOLE ISLAND OF BRITAIN
a.
WALES, SCOTLAND & ENGLAND
5.
BY FORCE OF ARMS, NEARLY UNIFIED ENTIRE ISLAND
7
a.
6.
7.
8.
9.
IV.
SCOTLAND EXCEPTED
(1) DIED BEFORE COULD ACCOMPLISH IT
ENGLISH LAW & ADMINISTRATION IMPOSED ON WALES
MANY CASTLES BUILT IN WALES TO MAINTAIN HIS POWER
a.
EG HARLECH, BEAUMARIS, CAERPHILLY, CARNAVERON,
b.
CONWAY - HAD 1 MILE OF WALLS
EDWARD GAVE HIS OLDEST SON TITLE OF PRINCE OF WALES
a.
TITLE HAD BELONGED TO WELSH PRINCES
b.
CARNAVERON CASTLE WHERE INVESTITURE TOOK & TAKES PLACE
ENGLAND WOULD REMAIN A BASICALLY WELL-GOVERNED & UNIFIED COUNTRY
RIGHT UP TO MODERN TIMES
FRANCE
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1.
MONARCHY DEVELOPED MUCH SLOWER IN FRANCE
2.
UNTIL 12TH C. MONARCHY IN FRANCE BARELY EXISTED
3.
CAROLINGIAN RULERS GENERALLY WEAK & UNABLE TO DEFEND REALM FROM
VIKING INVASIONS
4.
TASK FELL TO LOCAL COUNTS & DUKES
a.
EXERCISED POWERS OF KING IN THEIR TERRITORIES
5.
BY 10TH C MORE THAN 30 GREAT FEUDAL PRINCES IN FRANCE
a.
NOMINALLY VASSALS OF KING
b.
BUT GAVE KING LITTLE OR NO SUPPORT
6.
WHEN LAST CAROLINGIAN LOUIS THE SLUGGARD DIED 987
7.
NOBLES ELECTED AS HIS SUCCESSOR HUGH CAPET
a.
COUNT OF PARIS
8.
KINGDOM HUGH RULED ABOUT SIZE OF VERMONT
9.
AREA ALMOST ENCIRCLED BY RIVERS
a.
HENCE ITS NAME ISLE DE FRANCE
10. ROYAL DOMAIN SURROUNDED BY MANY INDEPENDENT DUCHIES & COUNTIES
a.
FLANDERS, NORMANDY, ANJOU & CHAMPAGNE
(1) BASICALLY LAW UNTO THEMSELVES
11. HUGH CAPETS' SUCCESSORS, CALLED CAPETIAN MONARCHS
12. GRADUALLY EXTENDED THEIR CONTROL OVER GREAT NOBLES WHO RESISTED
CENTRALIZATION
13. FRANCE LITERALLY MADE BY ITS KINGS
B.
FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR FRENCH KINGS SUCCESS OVER NOBLES
1.
ORIGINALLY FRENCH KINGS HAD ONLY 3 THINGS FOR THEM
a.
ANOINTED W/HOLY OIL = CHRISM
(1) ALSO USED BY CHURCH FOR BAPTISM, PRIESTHOOD
(2) MADE SURE CROWNED AT RHEIMS
2.
CLAIMED KING COULD CURE SCROFULA = SKIN DISEASE
3.
CLAIMED FEUDAL OVERLORDSHIP OVER COUNTS & DUKES
a.
SO KINGS DEMANDED HOMAGE FROM THEM
4.
OTHER FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO SUCCESS OF FRENCH KINGS
5.
CAPETIANS HAD DIRECT MALE HEIRS TO SUCCEED THEM UNTIL 1328 WHEN LAST OF
LINE DIED
6.
THIS MEANT NO DEADLY QUARRELS OVER SUCCESSION
7.
MOST FRENCH KINGS LIVED TO ADVANCED AGE
a.
MEANT FEW REGENCIES WHERE ROYAL POWER COULD BE LOST
8.
GROWTH OF FARMING PROSPERITY & TRADE PROVIDED KINGS W/REVENUE
9.
POPES SUPPORTED FRENCH KINGS
a.
POPES NEEDED ALLIES IN THEIR CONTINUAL STRUGGLE W/GERMAN EMPERORS
b.
ALLOWED KINGS MUCH POWER OVER LOCAL CHURCH
(1) GAVE KINGS FURTHER INCOME & INFLUENCE FROM PATRONAGE
8
C.
D.
E.
10. GROWTH OF UNIVERSITY OF PARIS IN 12-13 CENTURIES
11. FOREIGN STUDENTS LEARNED OF FRENCH KING'S GROWING AUTHORITY
12. & SPREAD WORD WHEN RETURNED HOME
13. SEVERAL KINGS SHREWD & ENERGETIC TO MAKE FRANCE INTO NATION
LOUIS VI 1108-37 "THE FAT"
1.
FOUNDER OF FRENCH KINGSHIP
2.
MANAGED TO CRUSH BARONS DEFYING ROYAL AUTHORITY IN ISLE-DE FRANCE AREA
3.
DESTROYED THEIR CASTLES & RETINUES
4.
NOW FRENCH KINGS WILL GO ON OFFENSIVE
5.
LOUIS SO INCREASED PRESTIGE OF MONARCHY
6.
GREAT DUKE OF AQUITAINE WED HIS DAUGHTER ELEANOR TO HIS SON
7.
LATER FRENCH KINGS WOULD HAVE TO OVERPOWER REST OF FRANCE
PHILIP AUGUSTUS II 1180-1223
1.
DURING HIS REIGN FRENCH KING FOR 1ST TIME BECAME MORE POWERFUL THAN ANY
OF HIS VASSALS
2.
MADE TREMENDOUS ADDITIONS TO REALM
3.
PHILIP TOOK NORMANDY, MAINE, ANJOU & TOURAINE FROM KING JOHN OF ENGLAND
a.
TRIPLED OR QUADRUPLED SIZE OF ROYAL DOMAIN
4.
MOST IMPRESSIVE OF ALL HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a.
WORKING OUT FORMULA FOR GOVERNING HIS NEW ACQUISITIONS
b.
REST OF FRANCE CONSISTED OF NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT PROVINCES
c.
EACH GOVERNED BY LOCAL RULER
d.
EACH HAD OWN LAWS & CUSTOMS
e.
EACH HAD OWN COINAGE
f.
EACH HAD OWN DIALECT
5.
PHILIP DECIDED EACH PROVINCE WOULD RETAIN ITS OWN INSTITUTIONS & LAWS
a.
BUT SUPERIMPOSED ON THEM NEW ROYAL OFFICIALS KNOWN AS BAILLIS IN
NORTH & SENESCHALS IN SOUTH
6.
THESE OFFICIALS ENTIRELY LOYAL TO PHILIP BECAUSE NEVER CAME FROM REGIONS
IN WHICH THEY SERVED
7.
THESE MEN HAD FULL JUDICIAL, FINANCIAL & MILITARY JURISDICTION IN THEIR
DISTRICTS
8.
OWNED THEIR POSITION TO THE KING ONLY
9.
THUS PROFESSIONAL ROYAL BUREAUCRATS PAID BY KING
10. THIS BASIC SYSTEM SURVIVED UNTIL REV 1789
LOUIS IX 1226-70
1.
1 OF MOST SUCCESSFUL & REVERED MONARCHS IN FRENCH HISTORY
2.
BEST KNOWN FOR HIS ZEALOUS PIETY
a.
DEMONSTRATED THROUGH CHARITY TO BEGGARS & LEPERS
b.
AS WELL AS LEADERSHIP OF CRUSADES
3.
HIS REMAINS VENERATED SOON AFTER HIS DEATH & 1298 CANONIZED
a.
LEGALLY MADE A SAINT - ST. LOUIS
b.
ONLY KING TO BE SO RECOGNIZED
4.
HE CREATED A ROYAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM
a.
W/EST PARLEMENT OF PARIS
b.
NOT TO BE CONFUSED W/ENG PARLIAMENT
(1) KIND OF SUPREME COURT
c.
WHERE APPEALS FROM LOCAL ADMINISTRATORS & FROM COURTS OF FEUDAL
LORDS THROUGHOUT FRANCE
d.
NOW FRENCH PEOPLE IN FAR-FLUNG PROVINCES RECOGNIZING SUPERIORITY OF
ROYAL JUSTICE
5.
IN FRANCE UNDER LOUIS IX MEDIEVAL CULTURE REACHED ITS APEX
a.
IN TOWNS MAGNIFICENT GOTHIC CATHEDRALS ERECTED
b.
GREAT AGE OF MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
(1) MOST DISTINGUISHED UNIV OF PARIS
9
F.
G.
V.
PHILIP IV "THE FAIR" 1285-1314
1.
UNDER HIM 1ST GREAT REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY SUMMONED
a.
ESTATES GENERAL
(1) MEMBERS OF 3 GREAT SOCIAL CLASSES OR ESTATES
(a)
CLERGY, NOBILITY & TOWNSMEN
b.
CONTINUED TO MEET DURING SUCCEEDING CENTURIES
c.
NEVER BECAME REAL ORGAN OF GOVT AS ENG. PARLIAMENT DID
d.
AS HAD NO REAL VOICE IN ROYAL TAXATION
SUMMARY ON ENGLISH & FRENCH MONARCHY IN MIDDLE AGES
1.
WHILE ENGLAND & FRANCE FOLLOWED SIMILAR PROCESSES OF CENTRALIZING THEIR
GOVTS & NATION-BUILDING
2.
FEW BASIC DIFFERENCES HAD LASTING IMPACT
3.
ENGLAND, A FAR SMALLER COUNTRY THAN FRANCE
a.
MUCH BETTER UNIFIED MIDDLE AGES & INTO MODERN PERIOD
4.
ASIDE FROM WALES & SCOTLAND NO REGIONS IN ENGLAND AS FRANCE DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES OR TRADITIONS
5.
ENGLISH KINGS COULD RELY ON NUMEROUS LOCAL ARISTOCRATIC OFFICIALS
a.
TO DO MUCH WORK OF LOCAL GOVT W/O
i)
FRANCE'S BUREAUCRATS NOT COMPOSED OF UPPER ARISTOCRACY
6.
FRANCE MORE WEALTHY THAN ENGLAND
7.
SO COULD PAY FOR SALARIED ADMINISTRATORS WHO RAISED TO LORDLY POSITION
BY KINGS
8.
FRENCH KINGS COULD RULE MORE ABSOLUTELY
9.
CONTINUALLY FACED W/SERIOUS THREATS OF REGIONAL SEPARATISM
10. BY 1300 BOTH ENGLAND & FRANCE BROUGHT MUCH INTERNAL PEACE & STABILITY
TO LARGE PARTS OF EUROPE
11. THESE MEDIEVAL NATIONAL MONARCHIES BECAME ONE OF MIDDLE AGES' MOST
BENEFICIAL LEGACIES TO MODERN TIMES
MEDIEVAL PAPACY
A. INNOCENT III - 1198-1216
1.
GREATEST OF LAWYER POPES
2.
MOST POWERFUL POPE MIDDLE AGES
3.
PLAYED ONE KING OFF AGAINST ANOTHER
4.
FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL REPRESENTS APEX OF PAPAL & ECCLESIASTICAL POWER
5.
CHURCH POLICIES ADOPTED 1215
a.
COMMUNION - AT LEAST ONCE A YR FOR SALVATION
b.
INDIVIDUAL CONFESSION AT LEAST 1 A YR TO A PRIEST
c.
ACCEPTANCE OF DOMINICANS & FRANCISCANS
d.
SACRAMENTS LIMITED TO 7
(1) BAPTISM, CONFIRMATION, COMMUNION, PENANCE, MATRIMONY, EXTREME
UNCTION & ORDINATION
6.
BUT ONCE 1215 CHURCH DOCTRINE & THEOLOGY BECAME SET DEVIANT VIEWS NOT
TOLERATED
7.
JUST AS IN EARLY YEARS OF MA WHEN X FORMING & BEFORE DOCTRINE ALL
WORKED OUT WERE HERESIES, SO ONCE 1215 & DOCTRINE SET IN STONE, THEN ANY
DEVIANT FROM NORM WILL BE SEVERELY DEALT WITH