Chapter 9 Cognition & Intelligence
Key Points:
Origins of cognitive psychology (when did it occur? what were some key factors
in its development?)
Concept Formation: Prototypes versus critical features (how does these types of
concepts work? how do they differ from each other?)
Idea of Cognitive Economy (why is it important to minimize cognitive energy?)
Psychological sets & functional fixedness (definitions)
Availability heuristic (be able to recognize this)
Hindsight bias (how does this work?)
Definition of intelligence discussed in class (just know it!)
Cognitive dissonance (what is it and what can be done about it?)
Darwin and Galton’s influence on intelligence research (what impact did these two researchers
have?)
Factor analytic theories of intelligence (what is factor analysis? what do these theories show?)
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence (how is his theory different than others? what are his
three components?)
History of testing: Binet in France; US Army in WWI (what were the contributions here? how
did these milestones affect testing?)
Criticisms of intelligence testing (what are the criticisms? are these criticisms valid?)
Racial and gender differences in test scores (what are the natures of these differences? what are
likely explanations for differences?)
Heritability of intelligence (how do psychologists determine this? what is a likely estimate for
heritability of IQ?)
Chapter 10 Memory
Key Points:
Encoding (what can go wrong at this stage?)
Storage (what are the three different types?)
Retrieval (what are difficulties encountered in retrieval?)
Sensory Memory (what are the different types? duration? storage capacity?)
Short-term memory (capacity? duration?)
Rehearsal (what is maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?)
Long-term memory (what are the four different types of long-term storage?)
Flashbulb memory (what is it? how does it occur?)
Measures of retention: recall, recognition, relearning (how do they relate?)
Interference (retroactive and proactive interference?)
State Dependent Learning (how does this work?)
Primacy versus Recency (what are these concepts? how are they applicable to job
interviewing?)
Schemata (what is this concept?)
Eyewitness Testimony (is it accurate or not?)
Amnesia (2 different types of amnesia?)
Consolidation (how does this work?)
Mnemonics (what are they?)
Chap. 9
Which of these schools of psychological thought is most directly ANTAGONISTIC against the field of cognitive
psychology?
A. Introspectionism
B. Behaviorism
C. The sociocultural approach
D. The humanistic approach
Psychologists use the term "concept formation" to refer to the ways people
A. organize and classify objects and events into groups.
B. develop unique, creative ways to explain ideas.
C. learn to speak a new language after they are adults.
D. get stuck thinking about new ideas in old ways.
In the 1950s and 1960s the study of cognitive psychology was reborn, in part because of the invention of
A. progressive school curricula.
B. cable television.
C. space travel.
D. high-speed computers.
The general principle of minimizing the though process involved in making decisions is called
A. schematic invariance
B. psychological set
C. cognitive economy
D. hindsight bias
In lecture, the _______ approach to concept formation was illustrated by the concept of a rock and roll band. These
types of concepts have "fuzzy" boundaries.
A. tentative
B. prototype
C. critical features
D. evidential
The purpose of the first intelligence tests, developed around the beginning of this century by Alfred Binet, was to
A. gain a better theoretical understanding of intelligence.
B. help employees determine who to hire for a job.
C. screen Army recruits for officer's school.
D. identify school children who were mentally retarded.
The most likely individual to experience cognitive dissonance would be:
A. Lisa, who gave up smoking because she became pregnant.
B. Vickie, who went through a mild initiation to join a sorority she ended up disliking.
C. Sybil, whose parents chose a car for her that turns out to be a lemon.
D. Heidi, who signed up to join the army only to find out that she hates basic training.
The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called
A. mental set
B. confirmation bias
C. stereotype threat
D. mindlessness
According to the availability heuristic, Jayne and her husband are most likely to exaggerate the risk to their children
caused by:
A. depression
B. delinquency
C. being kidnapped
D. accidental drowning
When Risha was student teaching she found out that she didn't like being confined to a classroom with 20 children day
after day. She knew that it would be best to change majors and switch to a discipline that allows for more variety in its
physical setting. Risha is strong in:
A.
B.
C.
D.
psychometric intelligence
componential intelligence
contextual intelligence
experiential intelligence
Without _____ you will not acquire tacit knowledge.
A. componential intelligence
B. contextual intelligence
C. experiential intelligence
D. metacognitive intelligence
Chap. 10
The purpose of an encoding process is to
A. express certain information in words or in some other symbol system.
B. convert information into a form that can be used by a memory system.
C. locate information in our memories and pull it out into awareness.
D. hold information for a short or long period of time until it is needed.
Marcia sets up her coffee maker to brew the coffee correctly every morning, but she can't explain the procedure to her roommate.
This information is held in Marcia's ______ memory.
A. procedural
B. episodic
C. declarative
D. semantic
When asked to remember a long list of words one has just heard, the tendency to remember better the items at the END of the list is
the
A. anterograde effect.
B. retrograde effect.
C. primacy effect.
D. recency effect.
Schemata primarily affect memory when it is measured through
A. relearning.
B. recognition.
C. reconstruction.
D. recapitulation.
If you frequently switch in your studying from one subject to another, it will increase the effects of
A. consolidation
B. interference
C. chunking
D. mnemonics
According to the principles of state-dependent learning, if you have to take an exam early in the morning, you should do a lot of your
studying for that exam
A. after lunch, when your energy level is high.
B. the night before, so the information will be fresh.
C. early in the morning on several days before the test.
D. in one long session, to minimize interference.
Which of these questions is an example of a test of recall?
A. "What was the name of your friend with the pet deer?"
B. "Which of these ties is the one you wore last Monday?"
C. "Why do you think your teacher failed your paper?"
D. "Who would like to volunteer for a special assignment?"
The memory system that contains information such as what you ate for dinner yesterday and the procedure for setting your alarm
clock is
A. long-term memory
B. metamemory
C. conditional memory
D. sensory memory
The teacher of Joel's public speaking course advised her students to plan speeches that put the strongest argument at the end. Which
memory phenomenon supports this advice?
A. The primacy effect
B. The von Restorff effect
C. The flashbulb effect
D. The recency effect
The memory process that involves locating information in a memory system and bringing it out so that it can be used is called
A. capitulation
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. encoding
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