Australian Climate Change Policy:
A Failure of Duty to Care
Professor Bob Carter
James Cook University, Townsville
email: bob.carter@jcu.edu.au
The IPCC* model of dangerous, human-caused climate change has failed. Independent
science relevant to supposed human-caused global warming is clear, and can be summarised
in four brief points.

Global temperature warmed slightly in the late 20th century and has been cooling since
2002; neither the warming nor the cooling were of unusual rate or magnitude.

Humans have an effect on local climate, but, despite the expenditure of over US$50
billion looking for it since 1990, no globally summed human effect has ever been
measured; therefore, it must lie buried in the variability of the natural climate system.

We live on a dynamic planet; change occurs in Earth’s geosphere, biosphere,
atmosphere and oceans all the time and all over the world; no substantive evidence
exists that modern rates of environmental change (e.g., ice volume; sea-level) lie
outside historic natural bounds.

Cutting CO2 emissions, be it in Australia or worldwide, will likely result in no
measurable change in future climate, because extra increments of atmospheric CO 2
cause diminishing warming for each unit of increase; at most, a few tenths of a degree
of extra warming would result from a completion of doubling of CO2 since preindustrial time.
These facts notwithstanding, in 2008 the Australian government stands poised to introduce a
CO2 emissions trading bill on the doubly spurious grounds (i) that dangerous warming caused
by human emissions is occurring, or will shortly occur; and (ii) that cuts to emissions will
prevent significant amounts of future warming. This paper explores the reasons that such a
dramatic disjunct now exists between scientific reality and political intent, and outlines the
need for the development of a national climate policy that is free from the stranglehold of
present day global warming alarmism.
Current public views about climate change are based upon 20 years of promulgation of
dangerous global warming by what has become a hugely powerful coalition of self-interested
groups and agencies. Beneficiaries of warming alarmism include the individual scientists
who spin their results in order to maximize the chance of receiving research funds (frisbee
science); the parallel behaviour by managers of research centres or groups whose funding
depends upon there being a “global warming problem”; the high-sounding, morally
pretentious environmental NGOs which - in pursuit of membership subscriptions and
political power – ignore or distort science results that do not suit their marketing agenda;
prestigious science academies and societies, some of which, unbelievably, have tried to
*Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the United Nations
Oct. 5, 2008
-1-
suppress rather than foster scientific debate; the bureaucrats in government greenhouse and
climate agencies who are more interested in career advancement than with making known the
fact that greenhouse alarmism has been tested, and failed; the big businesses that identify
CO2 trading as a literally golden opportunity to make money or clip tickets (think Enron and
Lehman Bros.); the alternative energy providers who tout their solar, windpower or other
wares as a moral good, whereas in fact these means of generating power are expensive and
(for windpower) often environmentally damaging; those in our community who make
libellous personal attacks on the independent scientists who try to present a balanced view on
the climate change issue (the so-called “climate sceptics”); those in the media who pursue a
remorseless promulgation of environmental alarm stories in pursuit of daily sales success;
and, last but not least, the uniformed politicians who seek political advantage from cynical
exploitation of the public’s fear of global warming.
The Australian government does not currently possess a national climate policy; instead, it
has a global warming policy that is based upon what can be termed sub-prime science, subprime economics and sub-prime politics. In dealing with the certainties and uncertainties of
real climate change, the key issues are prudent risk assessment and adaptive response. As is
the case for other unpredictable and unpreventable natural planetary hazards, policy to deal
with climate change should be based upon adaptation to change as it happens, including the
appropriate mitigation of undesirable socio-economic and environmental effects. We
therefore need, first, to monitor climate change accurately in an ongoing way; and, second, to
respond and adapt to any changes – including long term warmings, the likely more damaging
coolings, and severe weather or climatic events such as cyclones – in the same way that
government and voluntary disaster services now deal with hazardous natural events such as
bushfires, droughts and floods. New Zealand already has such a national monitoring and
response system in place for earthquake, volcanic and flood disasters (GeoNet), which is
linked, appropriately, to a parallel compensation and insurance system that recompenses
innocent victims of natural disaster (the Earthquake Commission).
The main certainty is that natural climate change and variation are going to continue, and that
some manifestations – droughts, storms and sea-level change, for example – will be
expensive to adapt to. Adaptation will not be aided by imprudent restructuring of the world’s
energy economy in pursuit of the chimera of “stopping” an alleged dangerous human-caused
global warming that can neither be demonstrated nor measured. And even were generous
funding to be provided towards preparation for climatic disasters (of which drought and flood
relief are part), the net cost would still be orders of magnitude less than will be engendered
by a fundamentally misconceived emissions trading scheme. To boot, contingent damage to
the economy, the standard of living and the world food supply would be avoided. In reality,
too, our lack of understanding of all the climatic feedback loops is such that cutting CO 2
emissions is as likely to "harm" as to "help" future climate; attempting to "stop global climate
change" by limiting emissions is simply an arcadian fantasy.
Australia needs a national climate policy that is rooted in sound (empirical) science, sensible
precaution, prudent risk assessment, and efficient and effective disaster relief. Lacking all
such elements, the Australian government’s current global warming policy fails the basic test
of duty to care for the citizenry.
More information: http://members.iinet.net.au/~glrmc/new_page_1.htm
Oct. 5, 2008
-2-
Open Letter to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations
His Excellency Ban Ki-Moon
Secretary-General, United Nations
New York, NY
United States of America
December 12, 2007
Dear Mr. Secretary-General,
Re: UN climate conference taking the World in entirely the wrong direction
It is not possible to stop climate change, a natural phenomenon that has affected humanity
through the ages. Geological, archaeological, oral and written histories all attest to the
dramatic challenges posed to past societies from unanticipated changes in temperature,
precipitation, winds and other climatic variables. We therefore need to equip nations to
become resilient to the full range of these natural phenomena by promoting economic
growth and wealth generation.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has issued
increasingly alarming conclusions about the climatic influences of human-produced
carbon dioxide (CO2), a non-polluting gas that is essential to plant photosynthesis. While
we understand the evidence that has led them to view CO2 emissions as harmful, the
IPCC’s conclusions are quite inadequate as justification for implementing policies that
will markedly diminish future prosperity. In particular, it is not established that it is
possible to significantly alter global climate through cuts in human greenhouse gas
emissions. On top of which, because attempts to cut emissions will slow development,
the current UN approach of CO2 reduction is likely to increase human suffering from
future climate change rather than to decrease it.
The IPCC Summaries for Policy Makers are the most widely read IPCC reports amongst
politicians and non-scientists and are the basis for most climate change policy
formulation. Yet these Summaries are prepared by a relatively small core writing team
with the final drafts approved line-by-line by government representatives. The great
majority of IPCC contributors and reviewers, and the tens of thousands of other scientists
who are qualified to comment on these matters, are not involved in the preparation of
these documents. The Summaries therefore cannot properly be represented as a consensus
view among experts.
Contrary to the impression left by the IPCC Summary reports:
Oct. 5, 2008
-3-

Recent observations of phenomena such as glacial retreats, sea-level rise and the
migration of temperature-sensitive species are not evidence for abnormal climate
change, for none of these changes has been shown to lie outside the bounds of known
natural variability.

The average rate of warming of 0.1 - 0. 2 degrees Celsius per decade recorded by
satellites during the late 20th century falls within known natural rates of warming and
cooling over the last 10,000 years.

Leading scientists, including some senior IPCC representatives, acknowledge that
today’s computer models cannot predict climate. Consistent with this, and despite
computer projections of temperature rises, there has been no net global warming
since 1998. That the current temperature plateau follows a late 20th century period of
warming is consistent with the continuation today of natural multi-decadal or
millennial climate cycling.
In stark contrast to the often repeated assertion that the science of climate change is
‘settled’, significant new peer-reviewed research has cast even more doubt on the
hypothesis of dangerous human-caused global warming. But because IPCC working
groups were generally instructed to consider work published only through May 2005,
these important findings are not included in their reports; i.e., the IPCC assessment
reports are already materially outdated.
The UN climate conference in Bali has been planned to take the world along a path of
severe CO2 restrictions, ignoring the lessons apparent from the failure of the Kyoto
Protocol, the chaotic nature of the European CO2 trading market, and the ineffectiveness
of other costly initiatives to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Balanced cost/benefit
analyses provide no support for the introduction of global measures to cap and reduce
energy consumption for the purpose of restricting CO2 emissions. Furthermore, it is
irrational to apply the 'precautionary principle' because many scientists recognize that
both climatic coolings and warmings are realistic possibilities over the medium-term
future.
The current UN focus on "fighting climate change", as illustrated in the November 27th
UN Development Programme's Human Development Report, is distracting governments
from adapting to the threat of inevitable natural climate changes, whatever forms they
may take. National and international planning for such changes are needed, with a focus
on helping our most vulnerable citizens adapt to conditions that lie ahead. Attempts to
prevent global climate change from occurring are ultimately futile, and constitute a tragic
misallocation of resources that would be better spent on humanity’s real and pressing
problems.
Yours faithfully,
List of 103 Signatories (attached)
Oct. 5, 2008
-4-
Accomplishments of selected signatories
of the open letter to the U.N. Secretary General
The study of climate change in relation to public policy encompasses many areas of
research and scholarship; most are well represented amongst the signatories to the letter
to His Excellency Ban Ki-Moon. The press release that accompanies the publication of
the letter contains the following statement: “The signatories to the letter include many
distinguished professional persons who have occupied leading positions in national and
international science organizations, government organizations and universities, and have
been elected as fellows of distinguished scientific academies or awarded prestigious
science prizes.” In no particular order, here are some examples of the accomplishments
of selected signatories to the letter.
AWARDS & POSITIONS
President, World Federation of Scientists - ZICHICHI
Director of a national research funding agency (The Australian Research Council) – AITKIN
Director General of a comprehensive national research agency (The New Zealand DSIR) – KEAR
Chairman of the U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation - JAWOROWSKI
Laureate of the UNEP Global 500 environmental program – BRYSON
Director of the Australian National Secretariat for the Ocean Drilling Program – CARTER
Director of a national weather observing agency (US Satellite Weather Service) – SINGER
Director of the Australian National Climate Centre – KININMONTH
Director of Research, Royal Dutch Meteorological Service - TENNEKES
Director of the French (CNRS) Laboratory of Climatology - LEROUX
Director, Institute of Environmental Science (Carlton University) – MICHEL
Head of the Forecasting Centre, Norwegian Meteorological Institute - MOENE
University Pro-Vice-Chancellor – ENDERSBEE State Geologist (Kansas) – GERHARD
Director of Russian Institute for Economic Analysis, Advisor to President Putin – ILLARIANOV UK
Chancellor of the Exchequer (Thatcher government) – LORD LAWSON
Dep. Secretary of the Treasury (Australia) - MOORE
President of the WMO Commission for Climatology - MAUNDER
Recipient of the Donner Prize (best book on Canadian Public Policy) - MCKITRICK
Recipient of Meisinger and Charney Awards (American Meteorological Society) – LINDZEN
Recipient of Mills Medal in Cloud Physics of the Royal Meteorological Society – AUSTIN
Recipient of Peter Beckmann Award for "courage and achievement in the defense of scientific truth” –
IDSO Recipient of Chapman Medal (Royal Astronomical Society of London) - AKASOFU
Recipient of the Max Planck Medal – DYSON
Recipient of the Percy Nicholls Award recognizing notable scientific achievement – ESSENHIGH
Editor of an environmental journal (Energy & Environment) – BOEHMER-CHRISTIANSEN
Editor of a biological journal (American Midland Naturalist) – EVANS
Editorial Board member (Climate Research) - KHANDEKAR
IPCC expert reviewers – GRAY, COURTNEY, SEGALSTAD
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science – LINDZEN
Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand – AUSTIN, CARTER
Fellow of the Geological Society of America – EASTERBROOK
Fellow of the American Geophysical Union – AKOSOFU
Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society – WEGMAN
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science - PALTRIDGE
Hon. Member of the Royal Geological Society of the Netherlands – VAN LOON
ACADEMIC
Professor of
Professor of
Professor of
Professor of
Professor of
Professor of
Professor of
CREDENTIALS
Environmental Sciences - SINGER
Climatology – BALL, MALBERG, LEROUX
Meteorology – GRAY, W., BRYSON, LINDZEN
Atmospheric Science – LUPO, PALTRIDGE, ROPER
Oceanography – O’BRIEN
Quaternary Geology – KARLEN, TOM VAN LOON
Geology – VAN LOON, PLIMER, CARTER, EASTERBROOK, OLLIER, PATTERSON
Oct. 5, 2008
-5-
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
of Sedimentology - PRATT
Marine Geology – WINTERHALTER
of Isotope Geology – CLARK, PRIEM
of Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics - MORNER
Chemistry – KAUFFMAN, STILBS
of Physics – HAYDEN, ANDRESEN, AKOSOFU, ANDRESEN, AUSTIN, DYSON, ZICHICHI
of Mathematical & Theoretical Physics – GERLICH
of Applied Mathematics – ESSEX
of Statistics - WEGMAN
of Economics – MILNE
Geotechnology - KROONENBERG
for Innovation and Technology Management – WILKSCH
of Energy Conversion – ESSENHIGH, KOUFFELD
of Engineering – MACALIK, ALEXANDER, ENDERSBEE
of Public Health Engineering – KOP
of Chemical Engineering - THOENES
Distinguished Emeritus Professors – 24 in total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LETTER TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164002
PUBLISHED SIGNATORIES (103)
http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164004
EDITORIAL (National Post, Canada)
http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164001
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DANGEROUS WARMING CONSENSUS NONSENSUS
Subsequent to the Bali Letter-0f-103 to the UN Secretary General, US Senator Inhofe’s
office has compiled a list of established scientists who have expressed doubts that humancaused warming constitutes a dangerous problem. At the time of printing, that list
contained nearly 500 names. See:
<http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Minority.SenateReport>
In March, 2008, the Heartland Institute convened a climate conference in New York.
Scientists and economists who participated issued the Manhattan Declaration on Climate
Change which strongly opposed the use of emissions controls as a practical means of
modifying future climate. This statement has now attracted more than 1,000 qualified,
professional signatories. See:
<http://www.climatescienceinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task
=view&id=37&Itemid=54>
Other recommended websites which contain articles and balanced discussion on global
warming and related issues can be found at the website for the New Zealand Climate
Science Coalition. See:
<http://nzclimatescience.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=17&Itemid=41>
Oct. 5, 2008
-6-
Testing the hypothesis of dangerous
human-caused global warming
Professor Bob Carter
James Cook University, Townsville
email: bob.carter@jcu.edu.au
One sense of the word “science” is that it is “the state or fact of knowing” (OED 1956; definition
1), which state of grace is obviously assumed by the IPCC and its supporting scientists. Another
more widely accepted view, used by climate rationalist scientists, is that science comprises a body
of facts and general laws that are arrived at by “trustworthy methods for the discovery of new
truth” (OED; definition 4); these methods include observation, experiment and logical analysis –
all towards the end of testing hypotheses that are put forward to account for known facts.
The hypothesis of the day is that human-caused CO2 emissions will result in dangerous global
warming. TEST 1 asks whether dangerous warming is actually occurring. Temperature
measurements using ground-based thermometers, balloon-mounted radiosondes and satellitemounted microwave sensing units all agree that no warming has occurred since 1998; indeed,
once account is taken of the urban heat island effect on ground thermometers, little warming can
be demonstrated since 1979 despite a 55 ppm (17%) increase in atmospheric CO2 since then.
TEST 2 asks whether temperature changes that have occurred since the mid-20th century lie
outside the range of previous natural variation in either magnitude or rate. The answer is
uniformly “no” as tested against datasets that span time scales of hundreds, thousands, tens and
hundreds of thousands, and millions of years. TEST 3 asks whether changes in the presumed
cause (CO2 increase) occur before changes in the presumed climatic effect (temperature increase).
Data from Antarctic ice cores show unequivocally that the answer to this question also is “no”,
i.e. the climate effect predates its presumed cause. TEST 4 asks whether a close correlation exists
between the monotonic increase seen in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the 20th century and
the global temperature curve. The answer is that the two curves are uncorrelated, with the steepest
increase in CO2 occurring between 1940 and 1980 at precisely the same time that global
temperature cooled for several decades. TEST 5 notes that theoretical calculations and modelling
predict that greenhouse-forced warming should increase near the poles and also with height
gained in the tropical troposphere, and asks whether this “fingerprint” pattern is replicated by
modern temperature observations. The answer is that observations demonstrate precisely the
opposite, with cooling in Antarctica and more warming at the tropical surface than occurs above
in the troposphere.
The hypothesis of dangerous human-caused global warming thus fails five separate empirical or
experimental tests. Einstein is reputed to have remarked that just one fact was all that was needed
to invalidate his theory of relativity; the IPCC’s requirements for the disproof of dangerous global
warming are obviously higher. Attempting to “stop global warming” by restricting human
emissions of CO2 is an expensive act of utter futility, the presumptuous moral piety of which has
already produced power crises in many countries, accompanied by rent-seeking and dangerous
economic instability. The only sensible thing to do about climate change (both natural and
possibly human-caused) is to prepare to adapt to it as it occurs, in both directions, for generally
benign warmings and the much more dangerous coolings are both certain to recur in future.
Indeed, plausible evidence exists that significant and perhaps even dangerous cooling may now
be imminent.
More information: http://members.iinet.net.au/~glrmc/new_page_1.htm
Oct. 5, 2008
-7-
Professor Bob Carter
Biography
Bob Carter is a Research Professor at James Cook University
(Queensland). He is a palaeontologist, stratigrapher and marine and
environmental geologist with forty years professional experience, and
holds degrees from the University of Otago (New Zealand) and the
University of Cambridge (England). He has held tenured academic staff
positions at the University of Otago and James Cook University
(Townsville), where he was Professor and Head of School of Earth
Sciences between 1981 and 1999.
Bob Carter's current research on climate change, sea-level change and
stratigraphy is based on field studies of Cenozoic sediments (last 65
million years) from the Southwest Pacific region, especially the Great
Barrier Reef and New Zealand.
Bob's research has been supported by grants from public research agencies, especially the Australian
Research Council (ARC). He receives no research funding from special interests such as environmental
groups, energy companies or government departments. He has acted as an expert witness before the U.S.
Senate (Environment & Public Works Committee), the High Court, London (Dimmock case against the
U.K. Secretary for Education, regarding the showing of An Inconvenient Truth in schools) and the N.Z.
environment court (Sullivan v. Meridian Energy; climate change and the Hayes Windfarm).
Bob writes public science commentary regularly in newspapers such as The Australian, The Age,,The
Sydney Morning Herald, The Australian Financial Review and the UK Sunday Telegraph. His website
carries copies of many of his research papers and articles, and reading and rationalist links on global
warming, at:
http://members.iinet.net.au/~glrmc/new_page_1.htm
Recommended reading on global warming
Carter, R.M. 2008 Knock, knock: where is the evidence for dangerous human-caused global warming? Economic
Analysis and Policy 32(2), 107-202 (Sept, 2008; item89, http://members.iinet.net.au/~glrmc/new_page_1.htm).
Essex, C. & McKitrick, R. 2007 (2nd. Revised edition) Taken by Storm. The Troubled Science, Policy and
Politics of Global Warming. Key Porter paperback (available from Amazon CANADA).
Gerhard, L.C. et al. 2001 Geological Perspectives of Global Climate Change. American Association of
Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology #47 (ISBN 0 89181 053 6, available from AAPG website).
Lawson, N. 2008 An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming (available from Amazon).
Recommended video on global warming
CLIMATE CHANGE – IS CO2 THE CAUSE? A 4-part lecture by Australian scientist, Professor Bob Carter
“How refreshing it is to hear the voice of reason on this volatile subject. It's also amazing that in only the
first part of the video (9 minutes) Bob Carter is able to completely destroy the argument being presented by
the alarmists.”
PARTS 1-4 at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOLkze-9GcI
Higher quality slide+audio version available for download from Jim Karlock, at:
http://www.climatedvd.com/DownloadVideos.htm
DVD copy can be purchased from Leon Ashby, Bushvision: http://www.youtube.com/bushvision
Recommended websites on global warming
See the list at: http://nzclimatescience.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=17&Itemid=41
Oct. 5, 2008
-8-