<University>
<Essay Title>
by
<Your Name>
<Date>
<Lecturer’s Name and Course Number>
<You may include here a copy of the question if you think
it is necessary. Or simply delete this comment>
 <Your Name> 2002
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<Include here an abstract (no more than 3 sentences) of the argument or reasoning
contained in the essay. This will make the reader more enthusiastic about reading the
essay and add to the understanding of the overall argument contained in the essay.>
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The first task is to put this essay file away as a template. The way to do this is < File /
Save As / Save As Document Type : Document Template>. Rename the template with
a new <Template name> in a way that is meaningful to you, so you will remember it
for next time. Then close the file and take it out as a new template < File / New /
Template Name>. Then put the document away as a document in your files under the
essay’s name <File / Save As / Word Document : Essay Name > before beginning any
alterations to the essay.
The following notes are offered to help you understand referencing using the Harvard
method. Substitute your essay for these notes after you have read and understood
them.
In this essay type there are no headings. This means that you have to make it clear
within the text what you are trying to achieve with each paragraph. That is, for
example, which are the introductory paragraphs, the argument paragraphs, the
evidence paragraphs and the conclusion.
Harvard is a method of essay writing developed by the Harvard University in
America. In Australia it is quite well regarded for business and social sciences, health
and medicine. It is a ‘no footnotes’ format. All references to information that has been
imported from another source are included in the text of the essay.
For example, a comment about what an author has mentioned will be included like
this:
Carrington argued this (1979).
This was argued throughout the year of averages (Carrington 1979).
According to Carrington (1979), this was argued throughout the year of averages.
According to Carrington (1979, p. 17), this was argued throughout the year of
averages.
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A direct quote will be dealt with as in the following sentence. "The dealers in Wall
Street argued this throughout the year of averages" (Carrington 1979, p. 17).
References to a source written by two authors will have the following form: (Gramsci
and Marrington 1999).
References to a source written by three authors will have the following form: (Poobar,
Lyttle, and Dunkim 1999).
References to a source written by more than three authors will have the following
form: (Drinkham et al. 1971).
At the back of the essay is a list of works. This begins with a Heading, which should
appear just as normal text, no underlining or enhancement of any kind. If you wish to
only include citations that appear in the body of the essay it is called ‘References’. If
additional references are to be included, it is called ‘Bibliography’. The following
note is offered by way explanation and should be deleted from your final draft. The
References/Bibliography that follows shows the following details:

Typical Harvard one author book reference (1)

Typical Harvard single author edited book (2)

A book reference by three authors (3)

A book reference by more than three authors (4)

An essay published in a book of essays (5)

An article in a journal (6)

An article in a newspaper (7)
The bibliography that follows is an example only and should be replaced by all the
references used in the writing of the essay, whether mentioned as references in the
text or not. There is no order in the bibliography shown because they are just
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examples of style. When you create your bibliography, reorganise it so that they
appear in alphabetical order.
The conclusion needs to be shown as a normal paragraph.
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Reference List
or
Bibliography
Carrington, D.E.1979, Exciting Downtown Odours, Harcourt, Sydney.
Gramsci, L. (ed.) 1994, The Last Smell, Blake & Wyndham, London.
Poobar, H., Lyttle, R. and Dunkim, H.R. 1999, A Little Nose: A Story of Faith
and Hope, Penguin Books, New York.
Drinkham, G. et al. 1971, On the Nose, International Publishers, Sydney.
Ho, P. 1998, 'Old time smells', in Essays on Eastern Fantasy, ed. J. Marigold,
Harcourt, New York, pp. 23-33.
Craner, P.M. 1999, 'Impact of smells on art: new ways of smelling the old.'
Poetry Today, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 205-12.
James, W. 2001, 'Patrick Ho comes out of the cold.' Sydney Morning Herald,
12 July, p. 12.
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