AP Campbell Chapters 11, 12 and 13 Essays and Reading Guide
1.
Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of mitosis
and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle. Do not include
meiosis. Include pictures and tables to describe differences between mitosis and
meiosis.
2.
Briefly describe and compare G-protein linked receptors, Tyrosine-kinase
receptors, and ion-gated channel signaling methods. You may use a table to do
this (Hint: reception, transduction, and response columns). How can a target
cell’s response to a hormone be amplified more than a millionfold, for example.
When a signal-transduction pathway involves a phosphorylation cascade, how does
the cell’s response get turned off?
3.
How do the cellular receptors for water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble
hormones differ? (Hint: Think about solubility and the membrane composition.)
4. Explain how cell communication and cell division/cell cycle are related to
cancer. Describe how Gleevac works to alleviate myologenous leukemia.
5. Define Epigenetics and with examples explain why DNA is not your destiny.
6. Evolution Connection- Many species can reproduce either asexually or
sexually. Speculate about the evolutionary significance of the switch from
asexual to sexual reproduction that occurs in some organisms when the
environment becomes unfavorable.
7. Food for thought- If diseases are so horrible to an organism, why do they
persist and are not “weeded out” of a population?
Reading Guide: NOTE-pages refer to Campbell 6th Edition- for 8th Edition look for topic.
Chapter 11-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cell signaling evolved early in life. Communicating cells may be close together
or far apart. (p.197-199)See Web activity/CD Case Study: How do Cells Communicate
with Each Other?
The three stages of cell signaling are reception, transduction, and response. (p.
200-201) See Web/CD Activity 11A
A signal binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. Most signal
receptors are plasma membrane proteins. (p.201-204) See Web/CD Activity 11B
Pathways relay signals from receptors to cellular responses. Protein
phosphorylation, a common mode of regulation in cells, is a major mechanism of
signal transduction. (p. 204-206)
Certain small molecules and ions are key components of signaling pathways (second
messengers). Know cAMP and Ca2+ and IP3 (inositol triphosphate) (p. 206-209) See
Web/CD Activity 11C
In response to a signal, a cell may regulate activities in the cytoplasm or
transcription in the nucleus. (p.209-210) See Web/CD activities 11D and 11E
Elaborate pathways amplify and specify the cell’s response to signals. (See p.
210-212)
Chapter 12-
1.
2.
Cell division functions in reproduction, growth and repair. It distributes
identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells. Know the order of phases and
what happens in each. (p. 215-217) See Web/CD activity 12A
The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle. Know the phases
of the cell cycle and what happens to a cell when it differentiates. (p. 217) See
Web/CD Activity 12B
3.
4.
5.
6.
The mitotic spindle distributes chromosomes to daughter cells and cytokinesis
divides the cytoplasm. (p. 220-222) See Web/CD Activities 12C and 12D, and Case
Study: How much Time Do Cells Spend in Each Phase of Mitosis?
Mitosis in eukaryotes may have evolved from binary fission in bacteria. (p.223224)
A molecular control system drives the cell cycle. Internal and external cues
regulate the cell cycle (cell signaling). (p.224-228)
Cancer cells have escaped from the cell cycle controls. (p.228-229) See Web/CD
Activity 12E
Chapter 13-
See online textbook and web activities!
1. Concept 13.1-Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
*inheritance of genes
*comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction
2. Concept 13.2- Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
* sets of chromosomes in human cells
* behavior of chromosome sets in human life cycle
* the variety of sexual life cycles
3. Concept 13.3- Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
* the stages of meiosis
* a comparison of mitosis and meiosis
4. Concept 13.4- Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to
evolution
* origins of genetic variation among offspring
* evolutionary significance of genetic variation within populations