NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial & you should consider including them in your learning log. Folks, this is one of the four big ideas with the new AP format. Some things we have done all year, but it is critical that you review this material in detail. The baby outlines do not closely follow the chapter sequence so be flexible! Also, classification (an upfront topic in the baby outlines is in ch. 26 of
Campbell). Keep up the good work & be an Intentional Learner.
Chapter 22
1.
Compare & contrast the evolutionary views of Lamarck & Darwin.
2.
If you discovered a fossil of an extinct mammal that lived high in the Andes, would you predict that it would more closely resemble present-day mammals from South American jungles or present-day mammals that live high in the African mountains? Why?
3.
Review Figures 14. 1 & 14.6 (pp 265 & 267) on the relationship between genotype & phenotype. In a particular pea population, suppose that flowers with the white phenotype are favored by natural selection. Predict what would happen over time to the frequency of the p allele in the population & explain your reasoning.
4.
Explain how the following statement is inaccurate: “Antibiotics have created drug resistant MRSA
(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).”
5.
The fossil record shows that dinosaurs originated 200-250 million years ago. Would you expect the geographic distribution of early dinosaur fossils to be broad (on many continents) or narrow (on one or a few continents only)? Explain.
6.
Describe the lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution.
Chapter 23
1.
Suppose a population of organisms with 20,000 gene loci is fixed at half of these loci and has 2 alleles at each of the other loci. How many different types of alleles are found in its entire gene pool? Explain your reasoning.
2.
a. Explain why genetic variation within a population is a prerequisite for evolution. b. What factors can produce genetic variation within a population?
3.
Distinguish genetic drift from gene flow in terms of how they occur & their implications for future genetic variation within a population.
4.
Suppose 2 plant populations exchange pollen & seeds. In one population, individuals of genotype AA are most common (9,000 AA, 900 Aa, 100 aa), while the opposite is true in the other population
(100AA, 900Aa, 9,000 aa). If neither allele has a selective advantage, what will happen over time to the allele and genotype frequencies of these populations? Please consider both genetic drift & gene flow in your response.
5.
Describe different examples of genetic variation & what preserves variation.
6.
Consider a population in which heterozygotes at a certain locus have an extreme phenotype (such as being larger than homozygotes) that confers a selective advantage. Does such a situation represent directional, disruptive or stabilizing selection? Explain your answer.
7.
Would individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele be selected for or against in a region free of malaria? Explain.

Chapter 24
1.
Suppose you are studying 2 birds that live in a forest and are not known to interbreed. One species feeds & mates in the treetops and the other on the ground. But in captivity, the birds can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. What type of reproductive barrier most likely keeps these species separate in nature? Explain.
2.
What is the difference between anagenesis & cladogenesis?
3.
Summarize the key differences between allopatric and sympatric speciation. Which type of speciation is more common and why?
4.
Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur on an island close to a mainland or on a more isolated island of the same size? Explain your prediction.
5.
Describe the difference between autopolyploidy & allpolyploidy.
6.
Describe how punctuated equilibrium is different from gradualism.
Chapter 25
1.
Decide whether each of the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy or homology and explain your reasoning. a.
A porcupine’s quills and a cactus’ spines b.
A cat’s paw and a human hand c.
An owl’s wing and a hornet’s wing
2.
Describe continental drift and discuss how it can impact evolution.
3.
Describe the taxonomic hierarchy of organisms and then discuss which levels of classification humans share with leopards.
4.
How has molecular biology helped in classifying organisms?
5.
What is a molecular clock& what assumptions underlie the use of a molecular clock.
6.
Suppose a molecular clock dates the divergence of 2 taxa at 80 million years ago, but new fossil evidence shows that the taxa diverged at least 120 million years ago. Explain how this could happen.