Cardiff International School Dhaka (CISD)
Lost Class Make Up Assignment
Class: 4
Subject: IPC
Date: 8 (Sunday)-14 (Saturday) February 2015
Total Mark- 20
Instructions: All of your assignment must be done in A4 size paper. Mention your Name,
Class, Roll and Section clearly on the top sheet of your assignment.
Submission Deadline: Saturday 14th February 10.00 AM to the respective subject teacher.
The deadline is strict.
Name:.........................................................................................................................................................
Class: ................................Roll#........................Sec:..................Teacher: .............................................
Sunday-Saturday
08-14 February 2015
Sunday
IPC (History)
Topics: Iron and Bronze Age History
Tasks: Read the page and find out the summary between Bronze vs Iron.
Iron and bronze are two metals that have been in use for time immemorial. These were the first metals
discovered by men. Well, iron and bronze differ in many ways, such as in their properties and usage.
With regards to the origin of the two metals, it was bronze that was discovered first. Bronze was discovered
around 3000 BC, and it was during 1000 BC that iron started being used.
Well, what is bronze, and what is iron? Bronze is an alloy of tin/copper. On the other hand, iron is a
naturally occurring metal.
One of the differences that can be seen between the two metals is that bronze is denser than iron. Unlike
bronze, iron can easily be bent. Another thing that can be seen is that bronze can be stronger than simple
iron, but it is weaker than carburized iron.
When comparing their melting points, iron has a higher meting point. While iron has a melting point of 1600
degrees Celsius, bronze has a melting point of 1000 degrees Celsius.
Well, bronze is easier to cast, but it is harder to forge. When heated, iron retains heat, whereas bronze cools
immediately. Another difference that can be seen is that iron rusts, while bronze does not. Unlike bronze,
iron has magnetic properties.
Bronze is also less brittle than iron. This makes it hard to work with bronze metals. When comparing the
color of the two metals, pure iron comes in a silver-white color, whereas bronze comes in a copper-yellow,
or dark gray color.
Although both metals are used for industrial purposes, bronze is widely used in machine parts, as it causes
less friction than iron.
Summary
A) What did people use before the iron was invented?
Ans: Before the iron was invented people didn't press their clothes much. There were various
presses that could be used, usually two boards held together with clamps. People also used to put their
trousers under the mattress overnight if they didn't have an iron.
The earliest iron were heavy pieces of cast iron with a handle that could be warmed in the fire. Some also
had a hollow in the top to hold burning coals to keep it warm.
B) What are the uses of iron stand with iron ring?
The iron stand supports the iron ring when heating substances or mixtures in a flask or beaker.
Tuesday
Topic : Bronze Age Weapon
Tasks: Read the page and find out the hard words with meaning.
Bronze Age Weapons
New technologies to refine, smelt and cast metal ores were first used during the Bronze Age
(c.3500—700BC). Early civilizations in the Middle East began to combine bronze or copper alloys to
produce spears, daggers, swords and axes. Later, swordsmiths started producing finely detailed
swords with stronger iron blades. These techniques spread to China, India, South-east Asia and
Europe, where they would have a profound influence on future warfare.
This short sword was made between 3200 and 1150BC.
The decorated hilt and round pommel were later replacements.
Early Metal Weapons
With the introduction of copper alloys (90 percent copper and 10 percent tin), the bronzesmith was
able to produce a much harder metal. Its hardness and consequent durability were wholly dependent
on the temperature that could be achieved during smelting. The higher the temperature, the harder the
metal would become. Iron ore was also discovered and soon became the material of choice for the
production of bladed weapons. Iron ore was abundant and, like copper alloys, it could be heated to
high temperatures by using charcoal. Immersion of the blade in water and continuous hammering to
form a well-tempered blade developed a consistent surface that was less prone to fracture and
breakage than bronze or copper. Most blades would have been cast in stone, metal or clay moulds.
The sword in Europe from c.2000BC
Although it is difficult to date precisely when the sword was first introduced into Europe, there is
general agreement that long-bladed swords were being manufactured around 2000BC. Their
appearance in Europe was probably independent of earlier developments in metalworking seen in the
Near East and the Aegean. Distinctive flint swords have been found from this date in Denmark and
northern Europe, including riveted bronze swords with triangular blades from the early Bronze Age.
In the later Bronze Age, swords were cast in one piece, including the grip and pommel (the knob at
the top of the handle or hilt). Many differing pommel shapes also emerged. One of the most common
swords is the antenna (or voluted) sword. This had a two- pronged or scrolled, inwardly curving
pommel, said to represent the outstretched hands of a human figure. Sword shapes also varied, from
broad-leaf shapes to straight forms that featured grooves, sometimes erroneously described as “blood
channels”, but more likely to have been designed to provide a lighter and more easily wielded sword.
The Carp’s Tongue Sword
Common in western and eastern Europe around 1000BC were a group of bronze swords known as
“carp’s tongue” swords. A significant number of this distinct sword type were discovered at
excavations in the Thames Valley and Kent during the mid-20th century. The most notable find was
at the Isleham Hoard, in Cambridgeshire, England. It comprised more than 6,500 objects made of
bronze, including many swords of carp’s tongue design. They had wide, tapering blades which were
useful for slashing, with a thinner, elongated end suitable for stabbing. This style of sword is thought
to have originated in northwestern France.
The Socketed Axe
Another important military innovation of the Bronze Age Mesopotamian armies in the Middle East,
and one that would have an enormous impact on future battlefield warfare, was the introduction of the
socketed axe. Previously, ancient axe makers had struggled to keep the axehead firmly attached to the
haft (the handle), especially when handling the axe with considerable force. The Sumerians devised a
cast bronze socket that slipped over the haft and was secured with rivets. Its development was
probably a consequence of the introduction of primitive forms of body armour and the need to
penetrate this armour with sufficient force. Later axes would have narrower points that could be used
to penetrate bronze plate armour. The axe would remain an integral battle weapon for the next 2,000
years.
A complete Bronze Age sword (top) with hilt and leaf-shaped blade (c.1100BC),
and a large bronze spearhead (bottom) from 700BC.
These Bronze Age socketed axes were used as both domestic tools and close-quarter
cobat weapons
The Sickle Sword of Mesopotamia
One of the earliest societies in which organized warfare was waged was the
Sumerian culture of southern Mesopotamia (c.3000BC). Even at this early stage
of human civilization, professional standing armies were being used to defend
communities. Although the most common weapons used by the Sumerians, and
later the Assyrians (c.1100—600BC), included the spear and bow, warriors also
carried a sharply curved sickle sword.
Introduced around 2500BC, this all-metal sword had a single-handed grip and a
blade of around three grip lengths. A stunning example in the British Museum,
London, England, has the following inscription on the blade: Palace of Adad-
nirar, king of the universe, son of Arik-den-ili, king of Assyria, son of
Enlil-nirari, king of Assyria. It is believed that this sword was owned by the
Assyrian king Adad-nirari I, who conquered northern Mesopotamia (c.1307—
1275BC). Mesopotamian art frequently depicts the sickle sword as a symbol of
authority, and it is often seen placed in the hands of gods and kings.
An illustration of a sickle sword, 1307—1275BC,
from the Middle Assyrian period (the reign of Adad-nirari I).
IPC ( Geography)
Wednesday
Topic: Black Gold
Task: Learn this Question Answer.
A) What is Oil?
Oil is not a mineral, it’s a liquid substance found deep down in the earth’s surface. Oil is found in
places where there were seas and oceans and marine life, millions of years ago. When plants and
animals that lived along the shores of these oceans and seas died, their dead bodies drifted down to
the bottom of the sea. Over many years, the remains of these plants and animals piled up and were
covered by layers of sand and mud. These layers were squeezed together by their own weight as well
as the weight of the water, which pressed them down. The heat and the weight of the rock pressing on
the piles of dead plants and animals turned them into drops of oil which is called petroleum.
B) How did this Oil get the name Petroleum?
Since petroleum was first found seeping up between rocks, it was called petroleum as petroleum
means Rock Oil in Latin. Petroleum is lighter than water, which is the reason why it moves up
through the tiny crevices and holes in the rocks. When the holes become too small for it to pass
through, it remains there till it is drilled out.
Oil Refinery Plants process crude oil into petroleum, kerosene, diesel fuel, LPG gas (which we
use for cooking) etc.
C) Why is Petroleum called Black Gold?
You must have all seen the shiny gold that is often worn as jewellery and is also very expensive.
Petroleum is not shiny and golden in colour but it too is known as Black Gold, since it is black in
colour when it comes out of the earth’s crust, but like gold it is worth a lot of money. It is a valuable
natural resource and also very important for our daily life. From this oil we make petrol to run our
cars, buses, tractors, lorries etc. Many kinds of plastic are made from it and we also use it to heat
our houses, schools etc. It’s used in the asphalt that is used in constructing roads. Other items that
need petroleum are fertilizers, detergents, packaging material, pesticides, paints, paraffin wax etc
Thursday
Topic: Black Gold
Task: Learn This Question Answer
WHAT IS OIL:
Oil is a naturally occurring chemical made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This type of chemical
is called a hydrocarbon.
HOW IS OIL FORMED:

Millions of years ago, plants and animals living in the ocean absorbed energy from the sun
and stored this energy in their bodies in the form of carbon. As these animals died, their
bodies sank to the bottom of the ocean where they were covered with layers of sediment
deposits.

As these layers of sediment increased the heat and pressure exerted on these remains began to
rise. The degree of heat and the amount of pressure, along with the type of biomass, directly
influence whether oil or natural gas is formed. As heat increases, a lighter gas is formed. If
the temperature raises to an even higher heat, or if the biomass is predominantly plant
material, natural gas is formed.
WHAT IS AN OIL RESERVOIR:

After oil is formed, it travels from the source rocks, where it was formed, through tiny pores
in the surrounding rock until it either seeps through the rock onto the surface or is trapped
beneath a layer of impermeable rock or clay and forms a reservoir.

Reservoirs range in depth below the surface. Some are only hundreds of feet below, while
others have been discovered at depths greater than 30,000 feet. Others are discovered
offshore, and are covered with thousands of feet of water on top of tens of thousands of feet
of sediment.
The majority of reservoirs are made up of oil, gas, and water. These fluids are generally
separated into layers due to the influence of gravity and differences in density. Gas, being the
less dense of the three, migrates to the top, followed by oil and then water.

Help Lines:
For any assistance, please contact
1. Coordinator:
Ms Nazma Akter, Mob. No. +8804478882213
2. Lead Teachers:
Ms.Farzana, Mob.No. 01916869056
Ms. Rony,
Mob.No. 01741227190
3. Principal Head of School: G.M.Nizam Uddin, +88-01622181818,
gmnu302@yahoo.com