CASCADE CAVERNS (KCS025)
Alternate Names: Cascade Cave, Cascade Cavern, Hester Cave, Hester's Cave.
Length: 509.0 m
Depth: 40.2 m
Quadrangle: Boerne 7.5’
Special Hazards: none
Description:
A large ravine leads to the cave, routing in overflow flood waters from Cibolo Creek. A
dam has been built 50 m upstream of the cave, spanning the 30 m wide by 10 m deep
ravine, and prevents the cave from being frequently flooded. Cascade Caverns is a
commercial show cave with two natural entrances. The "Peep In The Deep" is a 3 m
diameter by 23.5 m deep shaft. The other, walk-in, entrance is an artificially enlarged
window, in the north wall of the shaft, that has a staircase leading to the base of the pit.
A heavy steel door guards the passage that leads southwest from the Peep in the Deep.
The cave is essentially a single passage that heads southwest for 260 m to where it drops
to a lower level that heads 120 m southeast before ending in a sump. Several "rooms" are
encountered in the cave as the passage widens or gains in ceiling height. The first room
is immediately inside the gate and is 20 m in diameter and about 2.1 m high. Along the
east wall is a case displaying a mastodon tusk discovered in the cave, and along the west
wall is "Mirror Lake", a 10 m long, 2 m wide and 1 m deep travertine pool. Past this
room the cave narrows to an average 5 m width and maintains a ceiling height of almost 8
m for 52 m to the "Giant Molar". Along the way towards the Molar, extending off either
side of the passage, are the "Indian Chimneys", two domes that almost reach to the
surface. The Giant Molar is a meter long, tooth-shaped, shield stalactite that marks the
original explored end of the cave. At this point the cave sumped for a distance of 64 m.
This stretch of passage is now known as the "Lake Rooms". At the Molar the floor drops
about a meter and the ceiling lowers to within 2 m of it. The commercial trail runs along
the west wall and a long dammed, meter deep, lake runs along the east wall. Near the end
of this section is the "Rain Forest" and the "Diamond Ceiling", where the water droplets
of hundreds of incipient soda straws sparkle overhead. Following the former sump, the
passage steadily gains in width and ceiling height, extending past the "Tobacco Room"
and the "Wall of Faces" (both named for the shape of speleothems along the walls) until
reaching the "Cathedral Room". This room is one of the largest in Kendall County,
measuring 55 m long, 10 m wide and up to 20 m high. Large domes extend into the
ceiling and an artificial entrance has been placed in one. This entrance cannot be seen
from inside the cave and is used for the placement of lights for the commercial tours. A
small passage (not shown on the map) on the far side of the dome, from the entrance, is
unexplored. At the southwest end of the Cathedral Room, near the ceiling, is an upper
level passage that goes 62 m before becoming too tight. The passage has been walled off
with concrete because it carried water whose volume ranged from a trickle to a torrent
and would periodically flood the entire cave. This water was also the source for the
cave's namesake, the "Cascade". Presently water is pumped to the upper passage and
allowed to cascade down the southwest wall of the Cathedral Room into a 15 m long by 8
m wide lake. Prior to commercialization, the water would flow down through a
constriction of rocks and organic debris to a lower level. Access to the "Lower Level" is
now gained by a vertical 0.8 m diameter tube. The tube extends just above water level
and contains a metal ladder for the 5.2 m descent leading into the "Register Room" or the
"Pump Room", because the pump for the waterfall is located in it. This room is 15 m
long, up to 10 m wide, and 2.4 m high. A 2.5 m high tight passage extends off the
northwest wall for 6 m before dividing into an impassibly tight upper level and very tight,
sumped, lower level. The main part of the Lower Level, however, heads southeast as a
passage averaging 8 m wide by 3 - 4 m high. The floor of the passage is thickly covered
in mud, and noted features, on tours of this unimproved section of the cave, include: the
"Pulsating Heart", a shield stalactite with a regular pulse of water flowing over its
surface; the "Shell Room", for the many fossils in its walls; and the "Wishing Well",
probably because every commercial cave has to have one. One hundred meters into the
Lower Level is the 4 m drop into the "Mud Room" (a short crawl along the west wall
bypasses the drop). While the passage width, entering into the Mud Room, stays the
same the ceiling goes out of sight into a fissure. At floor level the cave slopes down a
sticky "Mud Slide", interrupted by some mud covered breakdown blocks -- "Neptune's
Throne", and goes into the cave's terminal sump. The sump is 7.6 m deep and ends in
mud fill.
History:
The cave was discovered in 1840. During the late 19th century a young German fellow,
spurned in romance, retreated from society to live out his days as a hermit on a ledge 8 m
down the entrance pit. By the mid-1920's the cave was well known and known to extend
to a sump at the Giant Molar. The sump was actually a series of low air spaces, only 15
m of which required free diving. Frank E. Nicholson and a companion made that dive,
sealing their flashlights in glass mason jars, and explored the cave as far as the Cathedral
Room. Nicholson described the drop to the Lower Level as "a seemingly bottomless pit
into which the stream emptied, the sparkle of the water losing itself in the gloom of a
black hole -- no man knows how deep!" In 1932 the sump was drained and the cave was
commercially opened. During World War II the cave went out of business, but was
reopened after the war in 1949 under the new management of a Mr. Lindberg. Sometime
in the 1950's the Lower Level was dug open and a trail was placed as far as the drop to
the Mud Room. Floods buried this trail in the 1960's(?) and it was never reexcavated.
Since then tours to the Lower Level have been occasional and offered as an idea of what
real caving is like. In 1967 the pal view of the cave was surveyed by John Bridges, James
Brummett and Jack Burch. The cave's profile was surveyed in 1976 by a crew led by
Keith Heuss. Other versions of the map were also done by Carl Kunath, in 1971, and by
the St. Mary's University Speleological Society, in 1973. In the mid-1970's divers were
requited to dive the terminal sump, but their results were inconclusive. Wayne Walker
also climbed the fissure above the Mud Room. In the late 1970's the artificial entrance
was dug into the cave to improve the lighting of the Cathedral Room. Don Arburn, John
Cross, George Veni and Randy M. Waters dug open the narrow passage off the Register
Room in 1980-81, and, on 1 June 1982, Veni and Waters used SCUBA to dive the
terminal sump and find its muddy end. In 1985 the management of the cave changed to
Jill Beardsley and Jim Kyle, who made many renovations and improvements on the
property until Jill died of an accidental drug overdose on March 2, 2005. On March 19,
2005, Jeffrey Donofrio was shot and killed while working on an electrical box on the
property. The cave’s manager, Dario Acevedo, who had been Jill’s boyfriend, was
convicted of murdering Donofrio. The conviction was overturned on appeal over a
technicality in January 2008. Cascade Caverns has periodically served since the early
1960's as a site for formal meetings of the Texas Speleological Association, and for many
caver vertical and rescue training sessions.
Biology:
Cascade Caverns contains a rich cavernicole fauna which, although impacted by
commercialization, is still quite diverse. The cave's size and frequent flooding allow for
substantial influxes of organic debris, as a food source, and epigean fauna which may,
with time, become cave adapted. Fauna collected from the Caverns include: Sphalloplana
reddelli Mitchell (troglobite) (flatworms), "Hauffenia" micra (Pilsbry and Ferriss)
(troglobite) (snails), Polygyra mooreana (W.G. Binney) (accidental) (snails), Sphaerium
(Musculim) sp. (accidental) (clams), Stygobromus dejectus (Holsinger) (troglobite)
(amphipods), Stygobromus russelli (Holsinger) (troglobite) (amphipods), Cicurina varians
Gertsch and Mulaik (funnel-web spiders), Eidmannella rostrata Gertsch (troglobite)
(spiders), Speodesmus echinourus Loomis (troglobite) (millipeds), Arrhopalites sp. nr.
pygmaeus (Wankel) (springtail), Ceuthophilus (Ceuthophilus) sp. (cave crickets),
Ceuthophilus (Geotettix) cunicularis (cave crickets), Bembion picipes Kirby (accidental)
(ground beetles), Rhadine speca speca (Barr) (troglobite) (ground beetles), Tachys
(Tachys) sp. (ground beetles), Anapleus marginatus (LeConte) (hister beetles), Batrisodes
sp. (short-winged mold beetles), Ptilodactyla serricollis (Say) (beetles), Rhymosia
triangularis Shaw (fungus gnats), Trichobius major quadrisetosus (bat flies), Eurycea
neotenes, Eurycea tridentifera (troglobite) (salamanders), Syrrhophus marnocki Cope
(cliff frogs), Rana pipiens, Schreber (leopard frog), Myotis velifer incautus (Allen)
(Mexican brown bat), Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (Cuvier) (eastern pipistrelle)
Observed fauna include undescribed centipedes, millipeds, terrestrial isopods, and
crayfish. The flatworms and Stygobromus dejectus amphipods are the only known
records for these species.
Geology:
The cave is a swallet developed in the lower member of the Glen Rose Formation. The
cave's upper level is primarily strike oriented and the Lower Level trends down-dip. The
terminal sump is at the regional water table for the lower Glen Rose.
Reported by: unknown
Bibliography:
Anonymous. n.d. The TSA at Cascade Caverns. Fault Zone, 4:1-3, 7-8.
Anonymous. 1932. Boerne cave found rival to Carlsbad. San Antonio Light, 27 March
1932, pp. 3.
Anonymous. 1932. Weird inhabitants that grope in a newly discovered Texas cave.
Literary Digest, 10 December 1932, pp. 31-32. Reprint in part of: F.E. Nicholson,
Nature discloses more queer life, Philadelphia Public Ledger, 30 October 1932.
Anonymous. 1934. Geologic notes of interest about Texas. Compass, 14(2):75-82.
Anonymous. 1934. Huge new cave found in Texas. 'Devil's Sinkhole' said to rival
Carlsbad. Austin Statesman, 19 August 1934.
Anonymous. 1948. "It is claimed that the great...". Bulletin of the National Speleological
Society, 10:100.
Anonymous. 1950. Cascade Caverns. San Antonio Express Magazine, 11 June 1950, pp.
16-17.
Anonymous. 1950. Cascade Caverns……Underground beauty spot. This Month in San
Antonio, pp. 4-5 + cover (August).
Anonymous. 1952. Bats, caves and spelunkers. Micaphone: Voice of the Independents
(University of Texas), 1952 (October).
Anonymous. 1955. Cave story published. Texas Caver, 1955(November):8.
Anonymous. 1955. Dead Man's Cave. Texas Caver, 1955(December):2.
Anonymous. 1957. Convention report. Texas Caver, 2(3):3-4.
Anonymous. 1960. Texas caves 1959. Texas Caver, 5(1):14.
Anonymous. 1961. News of the grottos. Alamo. Texas Caver, 6:8-9.
Anonymous. 1963. News: Alamo Grotto, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 8:129.
Anonymous. 1964. Caver of the Month: William R. (Bill) Gray. Texas Caver, 9:75-76.
Anonymous. 1964. News: Alamo, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 9:146.
Anonymous. 1964. News: Alamo, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 9:160-161.
Anonymous. 1964. News: Alamo, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 9:177.
Anonymous. 1964. Spelunkers to tour Sonora, Rocksprings, Uvalde caves. San Angelo
Standard-Times, 31 May 1964, p. 13A.
Anonymous. 1965. Grotto news: Alamo Grotto, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 10:242.
Anonymous. 1965. News: Alamo Grotto, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 10:59.
Anonymous. 1966. Brummett manager at Cascade Caverns. Texas Caver, 11:5.
Anonymous. 1967. News: D-FW, NSS. Texas Caver, 12:118-119.
Anonymous. 1967. Note. The UTG Newsletter, V(2):[8].
Anonymous. 1967. Wanted. Texas Caver, 12:47.
Anonymous. 1968. IV Annual NCA Convention. Down Under, Newsletter of the
National Caves Association, 3(3):27-30.
Anonymous. 1968. IV Annual NCA Convention, October 1,2,3, San Antonio, Texas.
Down Under, Newsletter of the National Caves Association, 3(2):13-14,16-19.
Anonymous. 1968. IV Annual Convention - Texas. Down Under, Newsletter of the
National Caves Association, 3(4):33-50.
Anonymous. 1968. Cascade Caverns coolest. San Antonio Express-News (?), 9 June
1968, p. 14-E.
Anonymous. 1969. News: San Antonio. Texas Caver, 14:70-71.
Anonymous. 1969. News: San Antonio. Texas Caver, 14:88.
Anonymous. 1970. Garbage. Texas Caver, 15:31.
Anonymous. 1971. Caves. Southern Living, 6(4):108.
Anonymous. 1971. Nature's scenic beauty found in Texas caves. Texas AAA Motorist,
17(4):6.
Anonymous. [1971]. Trips: August 1970. Southwest Texas State University Grotto
Newsletter, [1970]:30.
Anonymous. 1971. Twenty notable attractions. Texas Parade, 31(10):32.
Anonymous. 1972. Regional news. Texas. NSS News, 30:166.
Anonymous. 1972. T.S.A. Project '72. Oztotl, 6(2):15.
Anonymous. 1973. Cascade Caverns cleanup. Texas Caver, 18:266-267.
Anonymous. 1973. News & history: AAC. Texas Caver, 18:360.
Anonymous. 1973. News & history: Alamo Area Chapter. Texas Caver, 18:309.
Anonymous. 1973. News & not-so news: Southwest Texas Student Grotto. Texas Caver,
19:168.
Anonymous. 1973. !!!!!!A party!!!!!! Bexar Caver, 3(10):84.
Anonymous. 1973. Saturday road log. In: Caves, ground water, and karst features of the
Cretaceous in south central Texas, Jackie Black and R. Michael Clark, eds.,
Fourteenth annual Southwestern Association of Student Geological Societies Field
Conference, Guidebook, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas, pp. 10-31.
Hosted by the St. Mary’s University of Texas Student Geological Society, San
Antonio, Texas, Spring 1973.
Anonymous. 1973. Sunday road log. In: Caves, ground water, and karst features of the
Cretaceous in south central Texas, Jackie Black and R. Michael Clark, eds.,
Fourteenth annual Southwestern Association of Student Geological Societies Field
Conference, Guidebook, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas, pp. 32-. Hosted
by the St. Mary’s University of Texas Student Geological Society, San Antonio,
Texas, Spring 1973.
Anonymous. 1973. Your big chance is coming!! Bexar Caver, 3(10):85.
Anonymous. 1974. BOG meeting. Bexar Caver, 4(6):46-47.
Anonymous. 1974. News & not-so news: Southwest Texas Student Grotto. Texas Caver,
19:168.
Anonymous. 1974. Notices. Bexar Caver, 4(6):47.
Anonymous. 1974. TSA convention BOG. Texas Caver, 19:169-170.
Anonymous. [1974]. TSA Safety and Rescue Project III. Bexar Caver, 4(8):70.
Anonymous. [1975]. Food, ropework, caving, prizes. Bexar Caver, [5(10)]: 60.
Anonymous. 1975. It's nice to fool with Mother Nature. Southwest Airlines Magazine,
5(4):18-20.
Anonymous. [1975]. The June benefit club trip. Bexar Caver, [5(5)]: 26.
Anonymous. [1975]. June club trip. Bexar Caver, 5(6):37.
Anonymous. 1975. Mid-winter NCA meeting. Down Under, Newsletter of the National
Caves Association, 10(1):6-16.
Anonymous. 1976. Grotto news: Alamo. Texas Caver, 21:29.
Anonymous. 1976. Grotto news: UTG. Texas Caver, 21:71.
Anonymous. [1976]. Notice. Bexar Caver, 6(12):45.
Anonymous. 1977. Cave News Roundup: Cascade Caverns, Texas. Down Under,
Newsletter of the National Caves Association, 12(3):64-65.
Anonymous. 1977. Garbage! Texas Caver, 22:62.
Anonymous. 1977. Grotto news. UTG News, 8(3):2.
Anonymous. 1977. Grotto news: SAG. Texas Caver, 22:3.
Anonymous. 1978. More news. Range of Darkness, 1(5):[1].
Anonymous. 1978. News. Range of Darkness, 1(9):[1].
Anonymous. 1978. Trips. D.C. Speleograph, 34(9):21-22.
Anonymous. 1979. Centex caves provide cool, accessible adventure. Austin AmericanStatesman, 21 August 1979, p. 45.
Anonymous. 1979. Convention news roundup and short subjects: Spelunking trips and
the girls, Cascade Caverns. Down Under, Newsletter of the National Caves
Association, 14(1):16.
Anonymous. 1979. News: 10 March 1979: "The Alamo Area Chapter...". Range of
Darkness, 2(3):4.
Anonymous. 1979. News: 10 March 1979: "George Veni and Randy Waters...". Range of
Darkness, 2(3):4.
Anonymous. 1980. Grotto news. Texas Caver, 25:114.
Anonymous. 1980. Sparkling crystals enchant cave explorers. Austin AmericanStatesman, Onward, 23 Sept. 1980, p. 26.
Anonymous. 1982. Grotto news: San Antonio Grotto (SAG). Texas Caver, 27:56.
Anonymous. [1984]. New news. Greater Houston Grotto, [1984(January):1].
Anonymous. 1986. New stewards sought for caves. American Caves, 1(3):29.
Anonymous. 1988. Caving news. SWT Grotto Fall 88 Newsletter, pp. 4-10.
Anonymous. 1988. Schmidt Ranch Caves. Texas Caver, 33:13-14.
Anonymous. [1988]. TSA. GHG News, [1988(January):1].
Anonymous. [1988]. TSA work weekend/BOG. GHG News, [1988(February):1].
Anonymous. 1988. Upcoming events. Habla la Abuela del Oztotl, 6(1):3.
Anonymous. 1990. Calendar. GHG News, [1990(March):1].
Anonymous. 1990. Calendar of upcoming events. Texas Caver, 35:18-19.
Anonymous. 1990. State Lines: Go underground!: Beat the heat in Texas caves. Escape!,
1(1):18. August 1990.
Anonymous. 1990. Trip reports: 2. Cascade Caverns cleanup and vertical training session
March 30, 1990 -April 1, 1990. Bexar Facts, 90(7):9.
Anonymous. 1990. Trip reports: 4. Vertical training at Cascade Caverns February 4,
1990. Bexar Facts, 90(3):4-5.
Anonymous. 1990. Upcoming grotto activities. Bexar Facts, 90(2):1-4.
Anonymous. 1990. Upcoming grotto activities. Bexar Facts, 90(3):1-3.
Anonymous. 1990. Upcoming grotto activities. Bexar Facts, 90(4):1-2.
Anonymous. 1990. Upcoming grotto activities. Bexar Facts, 90(5):1-3.
Anonymous. 1990. Upcoming grotto activities. Bexar Facts, 90(6):1-3.
Anonymous. 1991. Trip reports: 4. Cascade Cavern vertical practice, February 3, 1991.
Bexar Facts, 91(3):4.
Anonymous. [1994]. August meeting. Speleospace, [1994(September)]:2-3.
Anonymous. [1994]. September meeting. Speleospace, [1994(September)]:3.
Anonymous. 1995. Grotto news: February meeting. Speleospace, 1995(March):2.
Anonymous. 1995. Minutes for the April meeting. Maverick Bull, 9(5):[3].
Anonymous. 1996. Newsletter reviews. Speleospace, 1996(November):11.
Anonymous. 1998. The caving community. Personal notes for our family of cavers: The
Brummetts. TSA Activities Newsletter, 5(10):4.
Anonymous. 1999. Bexar Grotto meeting minutes, January 25, 1999. Bexar Facts,
99(3):[7-9].
Anonymous. 2002. TSS longest and deepest Texas caves lists. Texas Caver, 48(1):35.
Anonymous. 2004. Dallas Fort Worth Grotto general meeting: July 2004. The Oztotl
Caver, 23(8):3 (August).
Anonymous. 2005. Bond is revoked for murder suspect. San Antonio Express-News, 30
April 2005, pp. 2B.
Anonymous. 2005. Silent about motive, caverns murderer is given life. San Antonio
Express-News, 8 October 2005.
Anonymous. 2005. Conviction in 2005 Cascade Caverns slaying reversed. San Antonio
Express-News, 30 8 October 2008.
Abbott, Patrick L. 1973. The Edwards Limestone in the Balcones Fault Zone, southcentral Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 122 pp., 11 pls.
(20)
Adams, Don. 1966. Major Texas cave. Georgetown cavern being opened to tourists this
summer. Austin American-Statesman, 27 March 1966, p. A21.
Alvarez, T. 1963. The Recent mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. University of Kansas
Publication of the Museum of Natural History, 14: 363©473.
Allison, C., and K. Clement. 1973. Ballad of the flood at Cascade. Texas Caver, 18:306.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1989. -Viva petróleo! The 74th Annual
Convention of The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. April 23-26,
1989, San Antonio Convention Center, San Antonio, Texas. Tulsa , Oklahoma:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 30 pp.
Anderson, Donna. 1993. 1994 NSS Convention Committee meeting March 13, 1994.
Maverick Bull, 7(4):[6-8].
Anderson, Donna. 1993. 1994 NSS Convention Committee meeting March 13, 1993.
Speleospace, 1993(April)[7-11].
Anderson, Donna. 1994. Pre- and post-convention cave trips. NSS News, 52(3):102-104.
Anderson, Donna. 1994. Pre- and post-convention cave trips. The Oztotl Caver, 12(3):78.
Anderson, S. 1972. Mammals of Chihuahua: taxonomy and distribution. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History, 148: 151-410.
Ashton, R.E., Jr., comp. 1976. Endangered and threatened amphibians and reptiles in the
United States. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Miscellaneous
Publications, Herpetological Circular, 5. 65 pp.
[Atkinson, G.L..] (=Mickey). 1982. The chairman squeaks. Texas Caver, 27:121.
Baker, C.L. 1948. Prospects for finding great caves. Bulletin of the National
Speleological Society, 10:64-67.
Baker, [J.]K. 1956. Cave salamanders of Texas. Texas Caver, [1(11- 12)]:12-13, 15.
Baker, J.K. 1961. Distribution of and key to the neotenic Eurycea of Texas. Southwestern
Naturalist, 6:27-32.
Barnes, Virgil E. 1983. Geologic atlas of Texas, San Antonio sheet. University of Texas.
Bureau of Economic Geology, 9 pp. + map.
[Barr], B. 1991. From the editors. Bexar Facts, 91(15):[2].
Barr, Thomas C., Jr. 1960. The cavernicolous beetles of the subgenus Rhadine, genus
Agonum (Coleoptera: Carabidae). American Midland Naturalist, 64:45-65.
Barr, Thomas C., Jr. 1974. Revision of Rhadine LeConte (Coleoptera, Carabidae). I. The
subterranea group. American Museum Novitates, 2539. 30 pp.
Behrens, Tom. 2003. A cave so deep: Natural Bridge Caverns is Texas' largest show
cave. Houston Chronicle, 27 July 2003.
[www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/metropolitan/1997960].
Bischoff, E.W. 1943. News-letter no. 1 of the Committee on Exploration and Location.
Bulletin of the National Speleological Society, 5:36-37.
Bittinger, C. 1973. Trips: September 1, 1972. Texas Caver, 18:81.
Bittinger, C. 1988. TSA winter project. Texas Caver, 33:14-15.
Bittinger, Craig. 1999. TSA winter project. Speleo Digest, 1988:217.
Blair, A.P. 1957. Amphibians. Pp. 211-271 In: W.F. Blair, A.P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F.R.
Cagle, and G.A. Moore. Vertebrates of the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Co.
Blair, W.F. 1948. A color pattern aberration in Pipistrellus subflavus. Journal of
Mammalogy, 29:178-179.
Blair, W.F. 1952. Bats of the Edwards Plateau in Central Texas. Texas Journal of
Science, 4:95-98.
Bogart, J.P. 1967. Life history and chromosomes of some of the neotenic salamanders of
the Edward's Plateau. M.A. Thesis. Austin: University of Texas. vii + 79 pp.
Bologna, Sando. 1958. America's colorful caves. Travel, 1958(February):14-20.
Branda, E.S. 1976. The handbook of Texas. A supplement. Austin: Texas State Historical
Association, III.
Bridgemon, Ronald [R.], R. Henry, and B. Burney. 1969. UAAC and Cascade Caverns,
Texas. UAAC News, 4(2):36-37.
Bridges, J.P. 1973. Letter to the editor. Texas Caver, 18:345.
Bridges, J.[P.] 1974. Saving the fare. Texas Caver, 19:18.
Bridges, John [P.]. 1975. Cascade Caverns float. Down Under, Newsletter of the National
Caves Association, 10(1):4-6.
Bridges, John [P.]. 1979. Fuel shortage 1979, how bad was it? Cascade Caverns, Texas.
Down Under, Newsletter of the National Caves Association, 14(4):55.
Bridges, John. 1979. The name of the game. Down Under, Newsletter of the National
Caves Association, 14(1):19-20.
Briggs, Jerry. 1999. Texas underground: caves are mysterious, majestic; they’re a whole
other world. San Antonio Express-News, pp. 18C, 19C.
Brown, B.C. 1967. Eurycea latitans. Catalogue of American Amphibians and
Reptiles,34.1-34.2.
Bundrant, O. 1966. Minutes of the TSA Board of Governors meeting. Texas Caver,
11:46-47.
Burch, Jack C. 1967. From the chairman. Texas Caver, 12:58.
Burks, E. Wayne. 1983. Safety and rescue seminar: Jan 29. Habla la Abuela del Oztotl,
1(3):[5-6].
Byrd, Leon, Wylie Haydon, Jan Knox, Cader A. Shelby, and Robert R. White. 1973.
Hydrology and geology of Cibolo Creek Basin, Texas. Texas Water Development
Board, unpublished open-file report.
Caran, S. Christopher. 1995. In praise of limestone. Texas Highways, 42(2):28-35.
Carlson, Carol. [1984]. [Trip report]: Cascade Caverns, Kendall Co., Boerne, Tx. Greater
Houston Grotto, [1984(January):2].
Causey, Nell B. 1959. Two new troglodytic millipeds from Texas. Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington, 72:69-74.
Chandler, Donald S., and James R. Reddell. 2001. A review of the ant-like litter beetles
found in Texas caves (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Texas Memorial
Museum, Speleological Monographs, 5:115-128.
Checchi and Company. 1969. Tourism in the South Texas triangle - An analytical
framework and action program. United States. Department of Commerce. National
Bureau of Standards. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information;
v. PB 182 152. xvii + 384 pp.
Chippindale, Paul T., Andrew H. Price, John J. Wiens, and David M. Hillis. 2000.
Phylogenetic relationships and systematic revision of Central Texas hemidactyliine
plethodontid salamanders. Herpetological Monographs, 14:1-80.
Clark, R. Michael, and Jackie Black, eds. 1973. Caves, karst and groundwater. Fourteenth
Annual Southwestern Association of Student Geological Societies Field Conference,
April 6-8, 1973. Hosted by the St. Mary’s University of Texas Student Geological
Society, San Antonio, Texas, Spring 1973, 140 pp.
Clement, K. 1973. Cascade Caverns gone wild! Texas Caver, 18:267.
Clement, K. 1973. Trip reports: October 28, 1973. Bexar Caver, 3(11):91.
Clement, K. 1973. Trips: August 12, 19, 26, 1973. Bexar Caver, 3(9):81-82.
Clement, K. 1973. Trips: August 12, 19, 26, 1973. Texas Caver, 18:311.
Clement, K. 1974. Trip reports: October 28, 1973. Texas Caver, 19:13.
Clergue-Gazeau, M. 1975. Urodèles cavernicoles d'Amérique du Nord. II. Analyse des
travaux effectués sur les troglobies. Annales de Spéléologie, 30:365-378.
Cokendolpher, James C., and James R. Reddell. 2001. New and rare nesticid spiders from
Texas caves (Araneae: Nesticidae). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological
Monographs, 5:25-34.
Collins, Edward W. 2000. Geologic map of the New Braunfels, Texas, 30 x 60 minute
quadrangle: Geologic framework of an urban-growth corridor along the Edwards
Aquifer, south-central Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas
at Austin, . Miscellaneous Map No. 39, 28 pp. + 1 pl.
Conant, R. 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the United States and
Canada east of the 100th meridian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. xv + 366 pp., 40
pls.
Cooper, J.E. 1979. American cave fishes and salamanders. Pp. 75-81 In: E. Werner, (ed.),
Proceedings of the 1977 NSS Annual Convention, 1-5 August 1977, Alpena,
Michigan..
Copeland, Pat. 1982. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns, Boerne, TX. Jan. 30-31, 1982.
Southwestern Cavers, 20(2):17.
Copeland, Pat. 1991. Making new friends from afar. Texas Caver, 36(3):63-64.
Cowan, W. 1967. Trip report. U.T. Grotto Newsletter, V(III):4-5.
Craun, Victor S. 1948. Commercial caves of Texas. Bulletin of the National
Speleological Society, 10:33-45.
Cross, J. 1977. S.A.G. projects: Cascade Sink. Texas Caver, 22:126-127.
Curtis, L. 1951. Physiographic influences of the Edwards Plateau on its endemic
amphibian fauna--a resume. Field and Laboratory, 19:119-124.
Darilek, G. 1971. Trips: 1 May 1971. Texas Caver, 16:124.
Darilek, G. 1973. [Editor's note]. Texas Caver, 18:256.
Davis, Norris G. 1966. Inside Texas. Texas Co-Op Power, 1966(July):1, 5-7.
Dearolf, K. 1953. The invertebrates of 75 caves in the United States. Proceedings of the
Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 27:225-241.
DeLuna, J. 1994. Minutes of Bexar Grotto meeting August 8, 1994. Bexar Facts, 94(7):3.
DeLuna, J. 1994. Minutes of Bexar Grotto meeting August 22, 1994. Bexar Facts,
94(8):13.
Denny, P. 1976. Caving--a sport for scientist, adventurer. Fourth Write, 9(2):26-29.
Dimmock, P.E. 1986. Regional geomorphology, geology, and hydrogeology of the
Edwards Limestone outcrop belt of Texas and their influence on cave formation. B.S.
Thesis. Waco: Baylor University. xiii + 143 pp., 2 pls.
Douglas, John Scott. 1957. Caves of mystery. The story of cave exploration. New York:
Dodd, Mead & Co. xiv + 273 pp.
D[oyle], M.D. 1961. News of the grottos: Alamo Grotto. Texas Caver, 6:20.
Durand, Jacques Pierre. 1998. Amphibia. Pp. 1215-1243 In: Christian Juberthie and
Vasile Decu, (eds.), Encyclopaedia Biospeologica, 2. Bucurest: Société de
Biospéologie.
Durand, Jacques P. 2004. Salamanders. In: Encyclopedia of caves, David C. Culver and
William B. White, (eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts, pp.
485-491.
Elliott, Jim. 1989. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns. Robber Barons Cave. SWT Grotto
Spring 89 Newsletter, 1(3):7.
Elliott, William R. n.d. Caves. Handbook of Texas Online,
www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/CC/rqc3.html [Accessed 11
February 2004].
Elliott, [W.R.] (=B.). 1971. Trips: August 1970. Texas Caver, 16:58.
Elliott, W.[R.]. 1975. Cavernicole corner. Texas Caver, 20:188-189.
Elliott, W.R. 1976. Morphometrics and evolution of Speodesmus in Central Texas caves
(Diplopoda, Polydesmida). PhD, Diss. Lubbock: Texas Tech University. xi + 155 pp.
Elliott, W.R., (ed.). 1985. A field guide to the caves of Kendall County. Austin: Texas
Speleological Survey, 143 pp.
Elliott, W.R. 1985. Geology of Kendall County. Pp. 4-7 In: W.R. Elliott, (ed.), A field
guide to the caves of Kendall County. Austin: Texas Speleological Survey.
Elliott, W.R. 1985. Introduction. Pp. 1-3 in: W.R. Elliott, (ed.) A field guide to the caves
of Kendall County. Austin: Texas Speleological Survey.
Elliott, W.R. 1986. Grotto reports: U.T. Grotto. Texas Caver, 31:44-45.
Elliott, W.R. 1989. Texas caves interesting, valuable. Texas Almanac, 1988-1989:492.
Elliott, W.R. 1991. Texas Speleological Survey report on the 60 longest & deepest caves.
Texas Caver, 36(6):122.
Elliott, W.R. 1994. Texas’ caves. Texas Almanac, 1994-1995, p. 109.
Elliott, William R. 1996. Cave resources in Texas. Texas Caver, 41(1):4, 11.
Elliott, William R., and George Veni, (eds.). 1994. The caves and karst of Texas.
National Speleological Society 1994 convention guidebook, Brackettville, Texas, vii
+ 342 p. + 13 pls.
Estes, J.[H.]. 1966. Old constitution ratified at TSA convention. Texas Caver, 11:45-47.
Estes, J.H. 1966. Region activities. TSA annual convention "greatest". National
Speleological Society News, 24:203.
Estes, J.[H.]. 1967. TSA convention highlights. Texas Caver, 12:55.
Ewing, Thomas E. 1996. Interesting places to view geology in the San Antonio area. In:
Rocks, landscapes and man: urban geology of the San Antonio area, Thomas E.
Ewing, (ed.), South Texas Geological Society, Guidebook 96-2, pp. 89-133.
Ewing, Thomas E. 1996. Summary of the geology of the San Antonio area. In: Rocks,
landscapes and man: urban geology of the San Antonio area, Thomas E. Ewing, (ed.),
South Texas Geological Society, Guidebook 96-2, pp. 7-54.
Faust, Larry. 1973. Cascade Caverns. Pp. 47a-54a In: R. Michael Clark and Jackie Black,
(eds.), Caves, karst and groundwater. Fourteenth Annual Southwestern Association of
Student Geological Societies Field Conference, April 6-8, 1973. Hosted by the St.
Mary’s University of Texas Student Geological Society, San Antonio, Texas, Spring
1973.
Fieseler, Ronald G., James Jasek, and Mimi Jasek, (eds.). 1978. An introduction to the
caves of Texas. Austin: Texas Speleological Survey. NSS Convention Guidebook, 19.
117 pp.
Fieseler, Ronald G., James Jasek, and Mimi Jasek. 1978. Selected cave descriptions. Pp.
73-117 In: Ronald G. Fieseler, James Jasek, and Mimi Jasek, (eds.), An introduction
to the caves of Texas. Austin: Texas Speleological Survey. NSS Convention
Guidebook, 19.
Fleming, S. 1974. Rescue. Texas Caver, 19:168-169.
Folsom, F. 1962. Exploring American caves. New revised ed. New York: Collier Books.
319 pp.
Frantz, Peri. 1993. Down through the decades. NSS News, 51(1):26-27.
Frantz, Peri. 1994. Down through the decades. NSS News, 52(4):134.
Fuqua, Wendell, and Virgil Johnson. 1962. Subterranean wonderlands. Go, September
1962, p. 2-3.
George, Marjorie. 1978. Subterranean samaritans. Southwest Airlines Magazine, 8(1):4849, 51-54.
Gertsch, W.J. 1984. The spider family Nesticidae (Araneae) in North America, Central
America, and the West Indies. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin, 31. viii + 91 pp.
Gillette, J. 1966. Ageless dripping formed Texas caves. San Angelo Standard- Times, 13
March 1966, p. B9.
Goodbar, K. 1966. News: Dallas-Fort Worth Grotto: N.S.S. Texas Caver, 11:26-27.
Gough, B. 1990. Uncommon ground. Spelunkers find earthly delights deep in the heart of
Texas. Spirit. The Magazine of Southwest Airlines, 1990(March):66-68, 70-71.
Gray, [W.R.] (=B.). 1965. News: Alamo, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 10:21.
Grayless, J. 1973. Trips: January 6, 1973. Texas Caver, 18:92.
Grethen, Wendy. 1993. Trip reports. Speleospace, 1993(December):[6-7].
Grubbs, Andy G. 1976. Texas subterranean amphipods. The Texas Caver, 21(5):82-84.
Grubbs, Andy G. 1983. Texas subterranean amphipods. Speleo Digest, 1976:247-248.
Gurnee, Jeanne. 1994. Management of some unusual features in the show caves of the
United States. International Journal of Speleology, 23(1-2):13-17.
Gurnee, Russell [H.], and Jeanne Gurnee. 1980. Gurnee guide to American caves: A
comprehensive guide to the caves in the United States open to the public. Zephyrus
Press, Inc., Teaneck, New Jersey, 252 pp.
Halliday, William R. 1976. Depths of the earth [revised edition]. New York: Harper &
Row. xvi + 432 pp.
Hammond, Weldon W., Jr. 1984. Hydrogeology of the Lower Glen Rose Aquifer, southcentral Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, xiv+242 pp., 9
pls.
Harden, S.[J.]. 1971. Trips: ? July 1971. Texas Caver, 16:183.
Harden, S.[J.]. 1980. Water caves of the Guadalupe and Cibolo basins. Texas Caver,
25:95-99.
Harmon, Russ [=Russell] [S.]. 1969. TSA project and summer activities. NSS News,
27:132.
H[armon], R. [=Russell] S. 1970. A step toward better cave owner-caver relations. Texas
Caver, 15:27.
Haworth, Kathy. 1978. He spends weekends in caves. Student measures underground
radiation for thesis. Austin American-Statesman, 20 February 1978, p. B4.
Haygood, John R. 1979. Radon-222 and daughters in Texas commercial caves. Masters
thesis, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, x + 107 pp.
Heaton, Bob. 1971. South Texas: Spelunker's paradise. San Antonio Light, South Texas
Today, 21 March 1971, pp. 2-3.
Henderson, Jeff W. 1977. Natural Bridge Caverns offer wealth of sights. Lubbock
Avalanche-Journal, 5 September 1977, p. E1.
Herman, L.J., Jr. 1970. The ecology, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Stilicolina (Coleoptera,
Staphylinidae, Paederinae). American Museum Novitates, 2412. 26 pp.
Herrigan, Steve. 1972. Some caves. Texas Observer, 64(24):14-17.
Heuss, K. 1976. Trip reports: November 22-23, 1975. Southwest Texas Grotto
Newsletter, 1974-1975:15.
Holsinger, J.R. 1966. Subterranean amphipods of the genus Stygonectes (Gammaridae)
from Texas. American Midland Naturalist, 76:100-124.
Holsinger, J.R. 1967. Systematics, speciation, and distribution of the subterranean
amphipod genus Stygonectes (Gammaridae). United States National Museum
Bulletin, 259. vi + 176 pp.
Holsinger, J.R. 1972. The freshwater amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridae) of North
America. Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems Identification Manual, 5. 89 pp. Reprinted:
1976.
Holsinger, J.R. 1986. Holarctic crangonyctid amphipods. Pp. 535-549 In: L. Botosaneanu,
(ed.), Stygofauna mundi. A faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the
world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters (including the marine interstitial). Leiden:
E.J. Brill.
Hooper, J. [Jocie]. 1983. Minutes TSA BOG January 30, 1983. Texas Caver, 28:33-34.
Howard, Rex Z. 1958. Texas guidebook. Authentic information about the wonders of
Texas. Grand Prairie, Texas: Lo-Ray Co.
Hubricht, L. 1943. Studies on the nearctic freshwater Amphipoda, III. Notes on the
freshwater Amphipoda of eastern United States, with descriptions of ten new species.
American Midland Naturalist, 29:683-712.
Irvin, Joe. 1978. Subterranean thrills. Lower Colorado River Review, 3(1):1, 27-32.
Jasek, J.[F.]. 1975. Multiple flash. Texas Caver, 20:206.
Jasek, James [F.]. 1976. Cascade Caverns. The Texas Caver, 21(8):146-147.
Jasek, James [F.]. 1983. Cascade Caverns. Speleo Digest, 1976:134-135.
Jasek, James [F.], and M. Jasek. 1978. Introduction to Texas caving and the 1978 NSS
convention. Pp. 7-9 In: R.G. Fieseler, J. Jasek, and M. Jasek, (eds.), An introduction
to the caves of Texas. NSS Convention Guidebook, 19. Austin: Texas Speleological
Survey.
Jasinski, Laurie E. 2001. Hill Country backroads: Showing the way in Comal County.
Texas Christian University Press, Fort Worth, Texas, xiv + 199 pp.
Johnson, J. 1982. Trip reports: TSA caving. Texas Caver, 27:43.
Johnson, Meredith Hall, Mary S. Socky, and Tom Spina, (eds.). 2004. Dr. Ernst H.
Kastning, Jr., (8696LF), Karen Lois (Mason) Kastning (12164LF). In: History of the
Virginia Region, Part 2: 1971-2000, Virginia Region of the National Speleological
Society, pp. 81-83.
Johnson, Meredith Hall, Mary S. Socky, and Tom Spina, (eds.). 2004. Ernst H. “Kass”
Kastning, III (16885L). In: History of the Virginia Region, Part 2: 1971-2000,
Virginia Region of the National Speleological Society, pp. 84-85.
Jorden, Jay [R.]. 1984. TSA Spring Board of Governors. Habla de Abuela del Oztotl,
2(3):7-8.
Jorns, A.C. 1965. Deep in a cave, Texans hear music underground. Houston Chronicle
Rotogravure Magazine, 12 June 1955, p. 14.
Kastning, E.[H.]. 1974. Trip reports: June 29 and 30, 1974. Texas Caver, 19:126.
Kastning, E.H. 1978. Caves and karst hydrogeology of the southeastern Edwards Plateau,
Texas. Guidebook, Geology Field Excursion, National Speleological Society Annual
Convention, New Braunfels, Texas, June 18-23, 1978. iv + 46 pp., 2 pls.
Kastning, Ernst H. 1978. General information program, abstracts. National Speleological
Society Convention, New Braunfels, Texas, 74 pp.
Kastning, Ernst H. [Jr.]. 1978. Geomorphology and hydrogeology of the Edwards Plateau
karst, Texas. Cave Research Foundation 1977 Annual Report, pp. 19-21.
Kastning, Ernst H. 1983. Geomorphology and hydrogeology of the Edwards Plateau
karst, central Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, xxxi + 656
pp, + 6 pls.
Kastning, Ernst H. 1985. Speleogenetic response to abrupt change in baselevel, Balcones
Fault Zone, central Texas. Program for the 1985 National Speleological Society
Convention, Frankfort, Kentucky, pp. 42.
Kastning, E.[H.], and K. Kastning. 1978. Texas '78 update. NSS News, 36:80-81.
Kastning, E.[H.], K. Kastning, and R.[G.] Fieseler. 1978. Texas '78. NSS News, 36:9598.
Keimling, Christopher. 2001. Texas’ underground explorers. Texas Co-Op Power,
58(1):1, 3, 6-10 (July).
Kelly, F.G., Jr. 1971. Subterranean showcases. Texas Highways, 18(3):10-21.
Kenk, R. 1977. Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America, IX: The genus
Sphalloplana. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 246. 38 pp.
Kimball, Allan C. 1989. State’s underground offers a life of its own. Houston Post, 4 July
1989, p. A-18.
Kimball, Allan C. [1989]. State’s underground offers a life of its own. GHG News,
[1989(July):4].
Kirkwood, Jim. 1983. Trip report: January Rescue and Safety Seminar. GHG News,
1983[(April):2-3].
Klimack, Bill. 1993. In the media. NSS News, 51(7):199-201.
Knapp, R. 1987. Natural Bridge Caverns. Cleve-O-Grotto News, 33(10-12):7.
Kooi, Cynthia. 1982. Underground fantasy worlds: Central Texas caverns can be explored
in any weather any time of year. Austin American-Statesman, 23 January 1982, pp. 1,
23. (Time Out section).
Kreidler, J.[W.]. 1969. 1969 TSA project--Boerne, Texas. Oztotl, 3(2):15.
Kuhn, Brandon. 2004. Cascade Caverns under new management. The Maverick Bull,
17(7):9.
Kunath, Carl [E.]. 1965. Ye olde history. 60 pp.
Kunath, Carl [E.]. 1966. Texas talk. Western Cave Quarterly, 1(1):42.
Kunath, C.E. 1971. Cascade Caverns. Texas Caver, 16(7):136-138. Reprinted in: Speleo
Digest 1971, National Speleological Society, pp. 158-159. (1978).
Kunath, Carl [E.]. 1980. Exploring new worlds below the Texas sun. What's down there?
Texas Highways, 27(7):12-19.
Kyser, D. [1956]. The fauna of Centex caves. Texas Caver, [1956(June)]:2.
Lago, F. 1988. Memorable day trips. Kaleidoscope. The guide to Austin,
1988(Summer):16.
Laird, Cheryl. 1990. Deep in the caves of Texas: The show caves of Texas. Houston
Chronicle, Texas Magazine, 26 August 1990, pp. 1-2, 10-16.
Lee[-Kaler], Rebecca. 1996. “Show me your cave.” CTG Update, 1(9):6, 8.
Lee[-Kaler], Rebecca. 1996. Trip reports: And other lies and stories: “Show we[sic] your
cave” trip. The Hole News, 12(11)[=1]:3. (November).
Leist, P.W. 1985. Let's be honest. Texas Caver, 30:33.
Liebrum, M. 1976. Great escapes. If you crave caves, Texas has 1,700 of them. Houston
Chronicle, 16 January 1976.
Locklear, David. [1989]. Trip report. GHG News, [1989(June):6].
Longley, Glenn L. 1981. The Edwards Aquifer: Earth's most diverse groundwater
ecosystem? International Journal of Speleology, 11:123-128.
Loomis, H.F. 1939. The millipeds collected in Appalachian caves by Mr. Kenneth
Dearolf. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 86:165-193.
Lugo, Fred. 1987. From caverns to Hill Country lakes: Memorable day trips.
Kaleidoscope, the Guide to Austin, 1987(Summer):17.
MacCormack, Zeke. 1999. Two claim sale of Boerne cave misrepresented. San Antonio
Express-News, 8 July 1999, p. 3B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Cavern owner’s death reexamined. San Antonio ExpressNews, 31 March 2005, pp. 5B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Cavern worker rejects murder plea deal. San Antonio ExpressNews, 5 October 2005, pp. 2B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Caverns worker convicted: life term is sought in Kendall
murder case blamed on meth use. San Antonio Express-News, 7 October 2005, pp.
5B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Kendall caves slaying stuns other workers. San Antonio
Express-News, 22 March 2005, pp. 2B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Plea deal expected in Kendall death: The shooting in March at
Cascade Caverns killed a worker. San Antonio Express-News, 4 October 2005, pp.
2B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Silent about motive, caverns murderer is given life: The 27year-old also is accused of slashing the throat of a relative, 74. San Antonio ExpressNews, 6 October 2005, pp. 4B.
MacCormack, Zeke. 2005. Testimony wraps up in cave murder trail: Defense rests
quickly after efforts to cast doubt on state’s case. San Antonio Express-News, 6
October 2005, pp. 5B.
McGee, Kenny. [1988]. Trip report. GHG News, [1988(February):2-3].
McKenzie, David. 1966. Post-convention field trip. UTG Newsletter, III(2):6.
McLane, Ivy. [1988]. As experienced by Ivy McLane. GHG News, [1988(February):1].
McLeod, Gerald E. 1992. Day trips. Austin Chronicle, 24 January 1992, p. 46.
Menking, Kurt [L.]. 1985. Johnny Gass. Texas Caver, 30:120.
Milstead, W.W. 1951. A new locality record for the Texas neotenic salamander, Eurycea
latitans. Herpetologica, 7:57-58.
Mitchell, Robert W. 1968. New species of Sphalloplana (Turbellaria; Paludicola) from
the caves of Texas and a reexamination of the genus Speophila and the family
Kenkiidae. Annales de Spéléologie, 23:597-620.
Mitchell, Robert W. 1970. The cave adapted flatworms of Texas: systematics, natural
history, and responses to light and temperature. (Abstract). American Zoologist,
10(4):547.
Mitchell, Robert W. 1974. The cave-adapted flatworms of Texas: Systematics, natural
history, and responses to light and temperature. Pp. 402-430 in: N.W. Riser and M.P.
Morse, eds. Libbie H. Hyman MemorialVolume: Biology of the Turbellaria. New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Mitchell, Robert W., and M. Kawakatsu. 1971. The ecology of freshwater planarians in
Texas caves (color slides). Zoological Society of Japan, Program of 42th Annual
Meeting, 1971:15.
Mitchell, Robert W., and James R. Reddell. 1965. Eurycea tridentifera, a new species of
troglobitic salamander from Texas and a reclassification of Typhlomolge rathbuni.
Texas Journal of Science, 17:12-27.
Mitchell, Robert W., and James R. Reddell. 1971. The invertebrate fauna of Texas caves.
Pp. 35-90 in: E.L. Lundelius, Jr., and B.H. Slaughter, eds. Natural history of Texas
caves. Dallas: Gulf Natural History.
Mitchell, Robert W., and Richard E. Smith. 1972. Some aspects of the osteology and
evolution of the neotenic spring and cave salamanders (Eurycea, Plethodontidae) of
central Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 23:343-362.
Mixon, Bill. 1999. Book review: Texas caves by Blair Pittman. The Texas Caver,
44(4):65.
Mohr, C.E. 1948. Unique animals inhabit subterranean Texas. Bulletin of the National
Speleological Society, 10:15-21, 88.
Montgomery, [R.] (=D.). [1975]. The raffle. taco supper club trip. Bexar Caver, 5(11):71.
Moore, George W., and Brother G. Nicholas [Sullivan]. 1964. Speleology: The study of
caves. D.C. Heath and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 120 pp.
Moore, George W., and G. Nicholas Sullivan. 1978. Speleology. The study of caves. Rev.
2nd ed. Teaneck, New Jersey: Zephyrus Press. xiii + 150 pp.
Moore, George W., and [Brother G.] Nicholas Sullivan. 1997. Speleology: Caves and the
cave environment. Cave Books, St. Louis, Missouri, 176 pp.
Morgan, R.E. 1944. Additions to "Index of all the known caves of the world." Bulletin of
the National Speleological Society, 6:28-33.
Morris, Eleanor. 1996. Underground wonders: discover beauty of central Texas caves.
San Antonio Express-News, 6 October, pp. 6K.
Mulet, Jose, and Joe Sanchez. 1973. Water analysis report. Pp. 55a-64a in: R. Michael
Clark and Jackie Black, eds., Caves, karst and groundwater. Fourteenth Annual
Southwestern Association of Student Geological Societies Field Conference, April 68, 1973. Hosted by the St. Mary’s University of Texas Student Geological Society,
San Antonio, Texas, Spring 1973.
Nash, D. 1984. Inside front cover photograph. Texas Caver, 29(5):2.
National Speleological Society, comp. 1951. Palaces under the earth. A directory of
commercially operated caves. New York: Corlies, Macy & Co. 19 pp.
Neck, Raymond W. 1988. Invertebrates of special concern. Austin, Texas: Texas
Organization for Endangered Species. 17 pp.
Needham, Jerry. 2007. Recent rains transform Natural Bridge Caverns. San Antonio
Express-News, 14 July 2007.
Nicholas, G. 1960. Checklist of macroscopic troglobitic organisms of the United States.
American Midland Naturalist, 64:123-160.
Nicholson, F.E. 1948. A celebrated cave exploration. Bulletin of the National
Speleological Society, 10:23-26. Reprinted with notes by C.E. Mohr and P.J. White
from article entitled, "Nature discloses more queer life," Philadelphia Public Ledger,
30 October 1932.
Nymeyer, R., and W.R. Halliday. 1991. Carlsbad Cavern: The early years. Carlsbad, New
Mexico, Guadalupe Mountains Association, Carlsbad Caverns. vii + 136 pp.
Oliver, Frank. 1970. Texas! Discovering the Lone Star State with Frank Oliver. Buried
treasure. San Antonio Express-News, 20 December 1970.
Owens, T. 1966. News: Alamo Grotto, N.S.S. Texas Caver, 11:26.
Palit, L. 1984. The Bexar Grotto lives. Texas Caver, 29(5):27-28.
Parks, Louis B. 1980. Deep in the heart of Texas caverns. Houston Chronicle, 21 Aug.
1980, sec. 7, pp. 1, 8.
Parvin, B. 1977. The wonder down under. Texas Highways, 24(3):15-22.
Passmore, [C.]G. [1975]. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns. Bexar Caver, 5(11):74-75.
Passmore, [C.]G. 1975. Trip reports: Cave hunting. Texas Caver, 20:81.
Passmore, [C.]G. 1978. The development of Cascade Caverns in a tabular reef. Range of
Darkness, 1(9):[2].
Pate, Dale [L.]. 1976. Trip reports: October 17-19, 1975. Southwest Texas Grotto
Newsletter, 1974-1975:13.
Paulson, Michael. 1992. High water swallow caverns. San Antonio Light, 1 January
1992, pp. A1, A14.
Permenter, Paris, and John Bigley. 1993. Underground: Hill country cave tour goes deep.
Austin American-Statesman, Project Earth, 7 December 1993, pp. F1, F4.
Perry, Karen. 1998. Grotto report — Maverick Grotto. Texas Caver, 43(3):46.
Petrie, J.S. 1942. Commercial caves . . . Bulletin of the National Speleological Society,
4:58-63.
Phelon, Craig. 1982. How to keep cool despite the heat, hint: take an underground
excursion. San Antonio Express-News, 30 July, pp. 12-W.
Pittman, Blair. 1972. Texas underground. The caves of Texas. Houston Chronicle, Texas
Magazine, 7 May 1972, pp. 16-20.
Pittman, Blair. 1998. “The photo spread…” Texas Caver, 43(1):8-9.
Pittman, Blair. 1999. Texas caves. Louise Lindsley Merrick Natural History
Environmental Series No. 31, Texas A&M University Press, 122 pp.
Poole, G.A., and C.G. Passmore. 1978. Bexar County speleology. Volume One. San
Antonio, Texas: Ream and a Prayer Press. 55 pp.
Price, Jorjanna. 1982. For a cool change, explore the caves of Central Texas. Houston
Post, 16 September 1982, pp. E1, 4.
Raun, G.G. 1971. Herpetology of Texas caves. Frontispiece, pp. 100-107 in: E.L.
Lundelius, Jr., and B.H. Slaughter, eds., Natural history of Texas caves. Dallas: Gulf
Natural History. Excerpt reprinted under title, "Herpetology of north Texas caves," in:
Southern Plains Region Fall Regional, 1(2):47-48. 1986.
Reddell, James R. [1961]. A preliminary checklist of the caves of Texas. Texas Cave
Survey. 13 pp.
Reddell, James [R.]. 1961. Texas Speleological Survey. Texas Caver, 6:53-54.
Reddell, James R., (ed.). 1964. A guide to the caves of Texas and 1964 N.S.S. convention
field trips. Abilene: R. & R. Reproduction Co. 63 pp.
Reddell, James R. 1965. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. I. The Invertebrata
(exclusive of Insecta). Texas Journal of Science, 17:143-187.
Reddell, James R. 1966. The cave-associated salamanders of Texas. Texas Caver,
11:147-149, 161. Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1966(2):37-40. 1969.
Reddell, James R. 1966. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. II. Insecta. Texas Journal
of Science, 18:25-56.
Reddell, James R. 1967. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. III. Vertebrata. Texas
Journal of Science, 19:184-226.
Reddell, James R. 1970. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. IV. Additional records of
Invertebrata (exclusive of Insecta). Texas Journal of Science, 21:389-415.
Reddell, James R. 1970. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. V. Additional records of
Insecta. Texas Journal of Science, 22:47-65.
Reddell, James R. 1985. A preliminary checklist of the cave fauna of Kendall County,
Texas. Pp. 66-76 In: W.R. Elliott, (ed.), A field guide to the caves of Kendall County.
Austin: Texas Speleological Survey.
Reddell, James R., and Robert W. Mitchell. 1969. A checklist and annotated bibliography
of the subterranean aquatic fauna of Texas. International Center for Arid and SemiArid Land Studies Special Report, 24. 48 pp.
Reddell, James R., and William H. Russell. 1962. A checklist of the caves of Texas.
Texas Speleological Survey, 1(5). 27 pp. Reprinted in part under title, "A note on the
distribution of caves in Texas," in: Speleo Digest, 1962(1):81-86. 1964.
Reddell, James R., and A. Richard Smith. 1966. A revised checklist of Texas caves.
Texas Speleological Survey, 2(8). 37 pp.
Russell, W.[=Wayne], [Jr.]. 1971. Trips: 31 July 1971. Texas Caver, 16:184.
Russell, [William H.] (=Bill). [1966]. TSA BOG. UTG Newsletter, III(4):[3-4].
Russell, [William H.] (=Bill). 1966. TSA convention in San Marcos. UTG Newsletter,
III(2):5-6.
Salter, Bill. 1969. Caverns of Sonora called most beautiful in world. San Antonio
Express. News, 4 May 1969, p. B2.
Salter, Bill. 1970. Cavern development planned. San Antonio Express. News, 2 August
1970, pp. A18-19.
Salter, Bill. 1971. Cavern country. San Antonio Express-News Sunday One, 30 May
1971, p. 31.
Schmidly, D.J. 1991. The bats of Texas. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
xvii + 188 pp.
Schmidt, K.P. 1953. A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. 6th ed.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. vii + 280 pp.
Schmude, K.L., and H.P. Brown. 1991. A new species of Stenelmis (Coleoptera:
Elmidae) found west of the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Washington, 93(1):51-61.
Sharpe, Patricia. 1988. Notes from the underground. Texas Monthly, 16(7):84- 87.
Shelton, Troy. 1993. Whirlpool Cave trip. The Oztotl Caver, 11(2):7.
Sherley, Connie. 1977. Deep in the heart of Texas. San Antonio Express-News, 25
September 1977, pp. 7-H.
Sherley, Connie. 1978. Hot weather good time to visit 'underworld'. Austin AmericanStatesman, Time Out, 24 June 1978): pp. 1, 5.
Sinise, Jerry, and Dorthy Sinise. 1983. Texas show caves. Austin: Texas: Eakins Press. x
+ 86 pp.
Sloane, Howard N., and Russell H. Gurnee. 1966. Visiting American caves: A
comprehensive guide to all of the American caves open to the public. New York:
Crown Publishers, Inc., 246 pp.
Smith, A.R. 1967. Distribution of caves in Texas. UTG Newsletter, 6(1- 2):12-17.
Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1967(2):7-12. 1974.
Smith, A.R. 1968. Distribution of caves in Texas. Texas Caver, 13:3-6. Reprinted in:
Speleo Digest, 1968(2):15-20. 1974.
Smith, A.R. [1969]. Distribution of Texas caves (taken mainly from comrade A. Richard
Smith's papers). Southwest Texas State Grotto Newsletter, 3(1):10-12.
Smith, A.R. [1969?]. Distribution of caves in Texas (taken mainly from the wisdom of A.
Richard Smith and comrades). First Annual Newsletter and General BS Sheet of the
Southwest Texas Grotto of the National Speleological Society, 1:10-11.
Smith, A.R. 1970. On my way out... Texas Caver, 15:12.
Smith, A. Richard, and George Veni. 1994. Karst regions of Texas. In: The caves and
karst of Texas, National Speleological Society 1994 convention guidebook, William
R. Elliott and George Veni, (eds.), Brackettville, Texas, pp. 7-12.
Smith, G. 1991. Are you a card-carrying member? NCA show caves will help NSS
celebrate 50th anniversary. NSS News, 49(6):177.
Smith, H.M. 1948. Neoteny in Texas salamanders. (Abstract). Proceedings and
Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, 30:59-60.
Smith, H.M., and F.E. Potter, Jr. 1946. A third neotenic salamander of the genus Eurycea
from Texas. Herpetologica, 3:105-109.
Smith-Rodgers, Sheryl. 1999. History and nature only a day away. San Antonio ExpressNews, 21 February 1999, pp. 38K.
Soule, Gary K. 1976. America's commercial caves. NSS News, 34:88-91.
Soule, Gary [K.]. 1977. “On a recent trip out west…” Windy City Speleonews, 17(2):27.
Soule, Gary K. 1985. Detailed photo history of the "NSS News". Wisconsin Speleologist,
19(2):1-98.
Soule, Gary K. 1985. Show cave report. NSS News, 43:159.
Soule, Gary K. 1989. Complete and comprehensive listing: Show caves of Canada and
the United States of America. The Journal of Spelean History, 23(1-2):3-33.
Soule, Gary K. 1996. 1995 National Caves Association convention hosted by Caverns of
Sonora held in San Angelo, Texas. The Hollow Earth News, 3(2):13-15.
Spearing, Darwin. 1991. Roadside geology of Texas. Mountain Press Publishing
Company, Missoula, Montana, 418 pp.
Stoker, Kimberly R. 1992. Hydrogeology and geochemistry of the lower Smithson Valley
and upper Bat Cave quadrangles, south-central Comal and northeastern Bexar
counties, Texas. Masters thesis, The University of Texas at San Antonio, xii + 177 pp.
Stricklin, F.L., Jr., C.I. Smith, and F.E. Lozo. 1971. Stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous
Trinity deposits of central Texas. Report of Investigations No. 71, Bureau of
Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin: vi + 63 pp., 15 pls.
Student Geological Society. 1977. Guidebook to the geology of Travis County. The
University of Texas Student Geological Society, 171 pp.
Stuehm, C. [1974]. "Cheers for the safety & rescue prooject". Bexar Caver, 4(8):72-73.
Swanson, Eric R. 1995. Geo-Texas: A guide to the Earth sciences. College Station: Texas
A&M University Press, xiii + 208 pp.
Sweet, Samuel S. 1984. Secondary contact and hybridization in the Texas cave
salamanders Eurycea neotenes and E. tridentifera. Copeia, 1984:428-441.
Sweet, Samuel S. 1986. Caudata. Pp. 734-740 In: L. Botosaneanu, (ed.), Stygofauna
mundi. A faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the world fauna
inhabiting subterranean waters (including the marine interstitial). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Dr. W. Backhuys.
Syers, E. 1962. Bombers in a cave. Austin American-Statesman, 11 February 1962.
Tarkington, Melissa. 1992. Rising water in caves doesn’t dampen tours. Austin
American-Statesman, 9 March 1991, p. B1.
Texas Natural Areas Survey. n.d. The natural areas of Texas (preliminary listing): Student
Council on Pollution and Environment.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Resource Protection Division. 1991. Endangered
resources annual status report (E.R.A.S.R.). 45 pp. + 11 pages unnumbered
appendices A-K.
Thomas, R.A. 1974. A checklist of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Texas Parks &
Wildlife Department, Technical Series, 17. a-b + 15 pp.
Thomas, R.A. 1976. A checklist of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Texas Parks &
Wildlife Department, Technical Series, 17. Revised. a-b + 16 pp.
T[ranbarger], O[ren]. 1995. Cascade Caverns cleanup and vertical training February 1112, 1995. The Bexar Facts, 95(1):7.
Tranbarger, Oren. 1995. Editor's note. The Bexar Facts, 95(1):3.
Valent, G. 1978. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns Sinkhole, Cascade Caverns, Kendall
County, Texas, June 21,22, 1978. Windy City Speleonews, 18:78-79.
Veni, George. 1981. Sump dumps. Cave divin' Texas style. NSS News, 39:88-89.
Veni, George. 1982. Caver of the month. Texas Caver, 27:3.
Veni, George. 1987. TSA meeting & project 30-31 January 1988. Texas Caver, 32:115116.
Veni, George. 1988. January '88 TSA project: Comal and Kendall County. Texas Caver,
33:10-12.
Veni, George. [1988]. TSA meeting & project 30-31 January 1988. GHG News,
[1988(January):3].
Veni, George. 1994. Cascade Caverns. In: The caves and karst of Texas, National
Speleological Society 1994 convention guidebook, William R. Elliott and George
Veni, (eds.), Brackettville, Texas, pp. 133-135.
Veni, George. 1994. Geomorphology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and evolution of the
karstic Lower Glen Rose Aquifer, south-central Texas. Ph.D. dissertation,
Pennsylvania State University, xxvii + 747 pp. Published in 1997 as Texas
Speleological Survey Monographs, 1, Austin: Texas, xi + 409 pp.
Veni, George, William R. Elliott, Ann Scott, Rickard S. Toomey, III, and James R.
Reddell. 1998. Hydrogeologic, biological, and archeological surveys of Lower Glen
Rose caves, and continued biological monitoring of four Edwards Limestone caves,
Camp Bullis, Texas. Report for Prewitt and Associates, George Veni and Associates,
San Antonio, Texas, 209 pp.
Veni, George, and James R. Reddell. 1999. Management plan for the conservation of rare
and endangered species, Camp Bullis, Bexar and Comal counties, Texas. Report for
Garrison Public Works, Environmental Division, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, George
Veni and Associates, San Antonio, Texas, 143 pp. + 4 pls.
Veni, George, James R. Reddell, and James C. Cokendolpher. 2002. Management plan
for the conservation of rare and endangered species, Camp Bullis, Bexar and Comal
counties, Texas. Report for Directorate of Safety, Environment, and Fire, Natural and
Cultural Resources Branch, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, George Veni and Associates,
San Antonio, Texas, 165 pp.
Veni, George, Ann Scott, Rickard S. Toomey, III, James R. Reddell, and James C.
Cokendolpher. 1999. Continued hydrogeologic, biological, and archeological
investigations of selected caves at Camp Bullis, Texas. Report for Prewitt and
Associates, George Veni and Associates, San Antonio, Texas, 199 pp.
Vinson, B. 1975. TSA convention. Texas Caver, 20:122.
Vinson, B., and B. Sherborne. 1974. TSA survives BOG (and vice versa). Texas Caver,
19:66-69.
Waddell, Richard K. 1977. Environmental geology of the Helotes Quadrangle, Bexar
County, Texas. Master's thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, 161 pp., 3 pls. (33)
Walker, Jimmy. 1955. I fell into the lost cavern. Men, 1955(October):30-33, 68.
Walker, Jimmy. 1957. Wild caves of Texas. An underground wonderland. Texas Parade,
1957(April):16-18.
Warden, Tom [B., Jr.]. 1966. Letter to the editor. For K-9 cavers. National Speleological
Society News, 24:161-162.
Waters, Randy [M.]. 1976. Trip reports: January 18, 1976. Bexar Caver, 6(2):15.
Waters, Randy [M.]. 1976. Trip reports: 20-21 December 1975. Bexar Caver, 6(2):15-16.
Waters, Randy [M.]. 1981. Regions. Texas. NSS News, 39(4):84.
Waters, R.[M.]. 1981. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns, Comal County, Texas. Texas
Caver, 26:16.
Waters, R.M. 1982. Regions. Texas. NSS News, 40:118.
Waters, R.M. 1982. Regions. Texas. NSS News, 40:235, 246.
Wattereus, Peter A. 1992. Hydrogeology of the Camp Bullis area, northern Bexar County,
Texas. Masters thesis, The University of Texas at San Antonio, viii + 186 pp., 2 pls.
Weisman, Dale. 1985. The magnificent seven. An insider's guide to the show caves of
Central Texas. City Tour, 1985(September-October):Cover, 1, 20-22.
Weisman, Dale. 1994. Subterranean passages in Texas caves lead to splendors down
under. Texas Highways, 41(2):2, 4-13, back cover.
Wertheim, P. 1968. Cover. Texas Caver, 13:27-28.
White, Patrick J., A.T. Jackson, E.C. Vinther, and C.E. Mohr. 1948. Caves of Central
Texas. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society, 10:46-64, map.
Widener, D.L., (ed.). [1958]. Kendall County. Texas Cave Survey, 1(5):38-47. Reprinted
in part under title, "Texas Cave Survey," in: Speleo Digest, 1958(1):307-310. (1959).
Widener, D.L., (ed.). [1959]. Texas Cave Survey. Speleo Digest, 1959(1):296-320. Partial
reprinting, with added index, of: D.L. Widener, (ed.), [1958], Texas Cave Survey,
1(1-7).
Wiley, S. 1969. T.S.A.--Minutes of B.O.G. meeting on April 19, 1969. Texas Caver,
14:63-64.
Williamson, Peggy. 1977. A quick visit to the commercial caves of Texas. Mississippi
Underground Dispatch, 4(1):8-9.
Wilson, Janet. 1990. Caverns of Sonora teem with exquisite formations. Austin
American-Statesman, 3 June 1990, p. E15.
Wisener, A. 1974. Trip reports: September 21-22, 1974. Texas Caver, 19:183-184.
Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright. 1938. Amphibians of Texas. Transactions of the Texas
Academy of Science, 21:5-35, pls. I-III.
Zarazua, Jorge. 2002. New natural wonders. San Antonio Express-News, 18 July 2002,
pp. 1B, 8B.
1943. Bulletin 5, National Speleological Society, pp. 37.
1992. tourist attractions book. State of Texas. anonymous.
1934. Geologic notes of interest about Texas. Compass, 14(2): 75©82. anonymous.
1948. untitled note. The caves of Texas, Bulletin Ten, National Speleological Society, pp.
100. anonymous.
1978. More News. Range of Darkness, 1(5): 1. anonymous.
1978. News. Range of Darkness, 1(9): 1. anonymous.
1979. News: 10 March 1979. Range of Darkness, 2(3): 4. anonymous.
1986. New stewards sought for caves. American Caves, 1(3): 29. anonymous.
1987. 1987-88 visitor's guide to Boerne. Greater Boerne Chamber of Commerce. 48 pp.
anonymous.
1990. Upcoming grotto activities: January 13, 1990. Bexar Facts, January 8, no. 90©1: 1.
anonymous.
1990. Upcoming grotto activities: practice rappelling session, February 4, 1990. Bexar
Facts, January 22, no. 90©2: 1. anonymous.
1990. Upcoming grotto activities: Cascade Caverns cleanup, March 30, 1990 © April 1,
1990. Bexar Facts, January 22, no. 90©2: 3 (reprinted in Bexar Facts, February 12, no.
90©3: 3; February 26, no. 90©4: 2). anonymous.
1990. Trip reports: vertical training at Cascade Caverns, February 4, 1990. Bexar Facts,
February 12, no. 90©3: 4. anonymous.
1990. Upcoming grotto activities: Cascade Caverns cleanup & vertical training session,
March 30, 1990 © April 1, 1990. Bexar Facts, March 12, no. 90©5: 2 (reprinted in Bexar
Facts, March 26, no. 90©6: 1). anonymous.
1990. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns cleanup and vertical training session, March 30,
1990 © April 1, 1990. Bexar Facts, April 9, no. 90©7: 9. anonymous.
1991. Trip reports: Cascade Caverns vertical practice, February 3, 1991. Bexar Facts,
February 11, no. 91©3: 4. anonymous.
1993. Upcoming grotto activities: Vertical training, October 30, 1993. Bexar Facts,
October 25, no. 93©10: 1.
Revision: 2009-11-10