Table 1. The antimicrobial sensitivity of S. intermedius isolates
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Antimicrobials
No. tested No. sensitive (%) Proportional sensitivity
isolat.
isolat.
Skin isolat. : Other site's isolat.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penicillin G
40
19
47.5%) 54.5% : 38.9%
Ampicillin + sulbactam 32
32
(100.0%) 100.0% : 100.0%
Clavulanate-amoxicillin 187
179
(95.7%) 95.3% : 97.4%
Cephalothin
226
205
(90.7%) 91.0% : 89.2%
Gentamicin
180
179
(99.4%) 97.2% : 100.0%
Doxycycline
32
28
(87.5%) 88.2% : 86.7%
Minocycline
32
20
(62.5%)
70.6% : 53.3%
Chloramphenicol
46
33
(71.7%)
79.2% : 63.6%
Erythromycin
36
22
(61.1%)
70.0% : 50.0%
Tylosin
50
24
(48.0%)
51.7% : 38.1%
Rifampicin
32
32
(100.0%) 100.0% : 100.0%
Lincomycin
32
19
(59.4%)
75.0% : 33.3%
Enrofloxacin
208
204
(98.1%)
98.2% : 97.6 %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSJETLJIVOST ANIMALNIH SOJEVA BAKTERIJE STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS
PREMA ANTIMIKROBNIM LIJEKOVIMA
Zrinka Crnić
Uvod
Bakterije roda Staphylococcus vrlo su proširene u prirodi (Krieg i sur., 1994) pa se njima ljudi i životinje lako
inficiraju. Iako se redovito nalaze na koži i sluznicama kao sudionici normalne tjelesne mikroflore, u povoljnim
uvjetima pojedine vrste uzrokuju lokalizirane gnojne upale, koje pokatkad zahvate i unutarnje organe i tkiva, ili
prijeđu u septikemijski oblik. Tvorbom vrlo jakih enterotoksina, stafilokoki se svrstavaju u skupinu bakterija
uzročnika intoksikacija hranom, posebice namirnicama koje obiluju ugljikohidratima (trovanja sladoledom,
kolačima i kremama). Posebna pozornost u suvremenoj humanoj, ali također i veterinarskoj kliničkoj praksi
pridaje se stafilokokima kao uzročnicima hospitalnih infekcija sojevima koji su otporni prema različitim
antibioticima (Brückler i sur., 1994). Među više od trideset dosada opisanih vrsta stafilokoka u novije se doba
sve češće u stručnoj i znanstvenoj literaturi spominje vrsta Staphylococcus intermedius. Tu je bakteriju prvi
opisao Hajek (1976), istraživši pomno mikrobiološke osobine animalnih izolata koji su po mnogim osobinama
bili slični vrsti S. aureus.
Po čemu se razlikuje od S. aureus
U kojih životinjskih vrsta dolazi
Što uzrokuje
Tko je kod nas pisao o tome
Rezistencija prema antimikrobnim lijekovima (detalje iznijeti u raspravi
Materijal i metode
Rezultati
Rasprava
Zaključci
Sažetak
Summary
Literatura
Brückler, J., S. Schwarz, F. Untermann: Staphylokokken-Infektionen und Enterotoxine, In: Handubuch der
bakteriellen Infektionen bei Tieren (H. Blobel, T. Schliesser ed.). Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, 1994.
Hajek, V. (1976): Staphylococcus intermedius, a new species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26,
401-408.
Holt, J. G., N. L. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, S. T. Williams: Bergey's manual of determinative
bacteriology. 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hong Kong, London, Munich, Sydney,
Tokyo, 1994.
ANTIMIKROBNE TVARI
Azitromicin AZM-15
eritromicin E-15
enrofloksacin ENO-5
(tilozinski derivat)
tilozin Ty-30
penicilin G P-10
cefalotim
KF-30
kloramfenikol C-30
gentamicin
GM-10
amoksicilin + klavulonska kiselina AMC-30
sulbaktam + ampicilin
SAM-20
rifampicin RD-30
doksicilin
DO-30
minociklin MH-30
linkomicin L-2c
Zavod za mikrobiologiju i zarazne bolesti
Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
Zagreb, 24. travnja 1998.
Predmet: odobrenje za testiranje osjetljivosti animalnih izolata bakterije Staphylococcus intermedius na probir
anitimkrobnih lijekova
PLIVA d.d., Istraživački institut
Terapijska skupina I.
Dr. Wolfgang Schoenfield, direktor
Molimo Vas da potvrdite dopuštenje Dr. Sc. Spaventija, pod brojem 1347/97, od 12 studenog 1997., o testiranju
28 animalnih izolata bakterije S. intermedius na antimikrobne lijekove dilucijskim postupkom. Svi sojevi
identificirani su i pretraženi difuzijskim postupkom na osjetljivost prema 14 antimikrobnih lijekova. Rezultate
istraživanja biokemijskih osobina i osjetljivosti prema antibioticima dostavit ćemo zajedno sa sojevima. Rezultati
zajedničkih istraživanja bit će korišteni za izradu diplomskog rada, a također će biti prikazani na simpoziju i
objavljeni u nekom znanstvenom časopisu.
Prof. dr. sc. T. Naglić
Podaci o sojevima
------------------------1. II-605/97. pas, obrisak kože
2. II 610/97 pile ,(pi), jetra
3. II-638/97 pas, obrisak oka
4. II-639/97 pas, obrisak oka
5. II-700/97 pas, obrisak kože
6. II-707/97 pas, obrisak kože
7. II-705/97 pas, obrisak kože
8. II- paraziti pas, obrisak kože
9. II-656/97 pas, obrisak kože
10. II-658/97 pas, obrisak kože
11. II-723/97 pas, obrisak zvukovoda
12. II-3/98
pas, obrisak kože
13. II-4/98
pas, obrisak oka
14. II-5/98
pas , obrisak kože
15. II-6/98
pas, obrisak njuške
16. II-13/98
pas , obrisak kože
17. II-19/98
p as, obrisak njuške
18. II-20/98
pas, obrisak kože
19. II-21/98
pas, obrisak kože
20. II-22/98
pas, obrisak oka
21. II-23/98
pas, obrisak njuške
22. II-36/98
pas, obrisak oka
23. II-37/98
pas, obrisak oka
24. II-56/98
pas, obrisak oka
25. II-62/98
pas, obrisak kože
26. II-39/98
pas, obrisak zvukovoda
27. II-104/98
pas, obrisak zvukovoda
28. II-105/98
pas, obrisak prepucija
29. II-110/98
pas, obrisak kože
30. II-117/98
pas, obrisak kože
31. II-136/98
pas, obrisak kože
32. II-137/98
pas, obrisak kože
------------------------------------------------------------------------Osobine sojeva
Morfologija
Bojenje po gramu
Koagulaza
+
Katalaza
+
Hemoliza (E ovce) beta-hemoliza
DNA-za
+
Oksidaza
VP
Kolonije - pigment
Urea + (naknadno)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Antibiogram
Antibiotik
S
1
2
AZM-15
0
3
E-15
0
3
ENO-5
3
3
TY-30
0
3
P-10
3
0
KF-30
3
3
C-30
2
3
GM-10
3
3
AMC-30
3
3
SAM-20
3
3
RD-30
3
3
DO-30
3
0
MH-30
0
0
L-2C
0
3
----------------------------------Antibiotik
S
8
AZM-15
3
E-15
3
ENO-5
3
TY-30
3
P-10
3
KF-30
3
C-30
3
GM-10
3
AMC-30
3
SAM-20
3
RD-30
3
DO-30
0
MH-30
0
L-2C
2
---------------------------Antibiotik
AZM-15
E-15
ENO-5
9
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
j
3
4
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
0
3
0
0
3
0
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
0
0
2
o
o
18
3
3
3
5
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
0
o
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
j
10
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
S
17
0
0
3
o
11
0
0
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
0
12
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
13
0
0
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
2
0
0
14
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
j
19
3
3
3
20
3
3
3
21
3
3
3
22
3
3
3
23
3
3
3
24
0
0
3
16
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
TY-30
P-10
KF-30
C-30
GM-1
AMC-30
SAM-20
RD-30
DO-30
MH-30
L-2C
--------------------------Antibiotik
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
S o
j
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
AZM-15
3
0
0
0
3
0
3
3
E-15
3
0
0
0
3
0
3
3
ENO-5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
TY-30
3
0
0
0
3
0
3
3
P-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
KF-30
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
C-30
3
3
0
0
3
0
3
3
GM-10
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
AMC-30
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
SAM-20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
RD-30
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
DO-30
0
0
2
2
3
2
2
2
MH-30
0
0
3
2
3
0
0
2
L-2C
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Broj (%) sojeva
osjetljivo
umjereno
rezistentno
Azitromicin (AZM-15):
21
11+1
erythromycin (E-15)
21 +1
11 +1
enrofloxacin (ENO-5)
tylosin (Ty-30)
penicillin G (P-10)
cephalothin
(KF-30)
CN
chloramphenicol (C-30)
gentamicin (GM-10)
32 + 170
0 +4
21
11
15 +2
32
+ 171
22 +11
17 + 6
0
21
2
8 +6
32 +144
0 +4
clavulanate-amoxicillin
(AMC-30)
32 + 142
0+7
ampicillin + sulbactam (SAM-20)
32
0
rifampicin
(RD-30)
doxycycline (DO-30)
minociklin
(MH-30)
linkomicin (L-2c)
---------------------------
32
26
11
10
0
3
3
12
9
10
12
-lactam antibiotic
penicillin G (P-10)
potentiated penicillins
ampicillin + sulbactam (SAM-20) sulbactam-potentiated
clavulanate-amoxicillin (AMC-30) clavulonate-potentiated amoxicillin
cephalothin (KF-30) (cephalosporin) first generation cephalosporins
aminoglycosides
gentamicin (GM-10)
semisyntheticalli tetracyclines
doxycycline (DO-30)
minocycline
Chloramphenicol
macrolides
Azitromycin (AZM-15):
erythromycin (E-15)
tylosin (Ty-30)
rifampicin
lincomycin (lincosamides)
quinolones
enrofloxacin (ENO-5)
Te >22 = 0sjetljivo, < 22 = 0,
Linkomicin >23 = +++, 19-23 = ++, <19 = 0
_________________________________
Rezultati redovitih pretraga AMC
Pas:
3+
koža 108
uho
7
rana
1
oko
Štakor
koža
2
AMC
2+
4
0
6
1
Mačka
koža
14
oči
1
uho
Zamorče
koža
1
---------------------------------AMC
CN
Pas:
3+
2+
0
koža 108
4
6
uho
7
1
CN
3+
121
10
1
2
2+
0
15
3
3+
118
GM
2+
0
4
1
14
2
4
1
3+
121
10
2+
GM
0
15
3
3+
118
2+
0
4
rana
oko
Štakor
koža
Mačka
koža
oči
uho
Zamorče
koža
1
1
2
2
1
14
1
14
2
4
1
1
AZM E ENO Ty
P
KF C GM AMC SAM RD DO MH L
1. II-605/97. p.kože 0
0
3
0
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
0 0
2. II 610/97pilejetra 3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
0
3
3
0
0 2
3. II-638/97 p. oko
0
0
3
0
3
3
2
3
3
3
3 0
0 2
4. II-639/97 p.oko
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
2
0 2
5. II-700/97 p.koža 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 3
6. II-707/97 p. koža 3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7. II-705/97 p.koža
0 0
3
0
3
3
0 3
3
3
3 3
2
2
8. II- p. koža
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
2
9. II-656/97 p.koža
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
10. II-658/97 p.koža
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
11. II-723/97 p.uho
0
0
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
0
12. II-3/98 p. koža
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
13. II-4/98 p. oko
0 0
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
2
0
0
14. II-5/98 p. koža
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15. II-6/98 p.nos
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
0
0
16. II-13/98 p.koža
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 0
17. II-19/98 p. nos
0
0
3
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
18. II-20/98 p.koža
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
19. II-21/98 p. koža
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
20. II-22/98 p.oko
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
21. II-23/98 p.nos
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 0
22. II-36/98 p.oko
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 0
23. II-37/98p. oko
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
24. II-56/98 p.oko
0 0 3
0
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
3 0 0
25. II-62/98p.koža
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0 2
26. II-39/98p.uho
0 0
3
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0 0
27. II-104/98 p.uho
0 0
3
0
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
2
3 0
28. II-105/98p.prepucij
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
2
2 0
29. II-110/98p.koža
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
3
3 3
3
3 2 2
30. II-117/98p. koža
0
0
3
0
0
3
3
0
3 3
3
3 0 0
31. II-136/98p.koža
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 0 2
32. II-137/98p.koža
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2 2
Pas
AZM
3+
0
koža
14
3
uho
2
1
oko
5
2
nos
2
1
prepucij 0
1
Pile j
1
-
E
3+ 0
14 3
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
-
3+
17
3
7
3
1
1
ENO
0
-
Ty
3+
13
4
2
1
0
4
3
3
1
1
-
P
3+ 2+
0
11 6
1
2
4
3
1
2
1
1
3+
17
3
7
3
1
1
KF
2+
-
0
-
Pas
koža
uho
oko
nos
prep.
Pile j
C
3+
15
1
3
3
1
koža
uho
oko
nos
prepucij
Pile j
2+ 0
1
2
2
1
2
1
-
GM
3+ 0
17 3
7
3
1
1
-
3+
6
2
-
L
0
9
1
1
AMC
3+
0
17
3
7
3
1
1
SAM
3+
17
3
7
3
1
1
3+
2
3
3
1
1
-
3+
12
1
4
2
1
-
RD
3+ 0
17 3
7
3
1
1
-
0
-
DO
2+
2
1
2
1
1
3+
7
1
3
1
-
MH
2+
0
5
5
1
1
1
4
1
1
-
0
2
1
1
1
--------------------------------------------------------------------
penicillin G
ampicillin + sulbactam
clavulanate-amoxicillin
cephalothin
gentamicin (GM-10)
doxycycline (DO-30)
minocycline
chloramphenicol
azitromycin (AZM-15):
erythromycin (E-15)
tylosin (Ty-30)
rifampicin
lincomycin
enrofloxacin (ENO-5)
penicillin G
ampicillin + sulbactam
clavulanate-amoxicillin
cephalothin
gentamicin (GM-10)
doxycycline (DO-30)
minocycline
chloramphenicol
azitromycin (AZM-15):
erythromycin (E-15)
tylosin (Ty-30)
rifampicin
lincomycin
enrofloxacin (ENO-5)
Ukupno Osjetljivo
40 19 (47.5%)
32 32 (100%)
187 179 (95.7%)
226 205 (90.7%)
180 179 (99.4%)
32
28 (87.5%)
32
20 (62.5%)
46
33 (71.7%)
33
24 (72.7%)
36
22 (61.1%)
50
23 (46.0%)
32
32 (100%)
32
19 (59.4)
208 204 (98.1%)
%osjetljvih
Rezistentno koža ostalo
21 (52.5%)
54.5 38.9
0 (0%)
100 100
8 (4.3%)
94.8 100
21 (9.3%)
81.4 85.4
1 (0.6%)
97.2 100
4 (12.5%)
87.5 87.5
2 (37.5%)
70.6 53.3
13 (28.3%)
78.2 61.9
9 (27.3%)
82.4 62.5
14 (38.9%)
70.0 62.5
27 (54.0%)
51.7 38.1
0 (0%)
100 100
13 (40.6%)
75
33.3
4 (1.9%)
98.7 97.3
%rezistentnih
koža
ostalo
45,5 :
61.1
29.4
21.8
17.6
30
48.3
25
46.7
38.1
37.5
37.5
61.9
66.7
odnos % osjetlj.
pas : mačka
95.3 : 100
90.8 : 90
96.3 : 95
98.4 : 94.7
poslano za prijavu
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANINE AND FELINE STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS STRAINS TO
DIFFERENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Tomo Naglić1, Branka Šeol1, Zrinka Crnić1, Danko Hajsig2
1
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb,
Heinzelova 55, Croatia
2
PLIVA Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Susceptibility of epidemiologically unrelated clinical canine and feline isolates of Staphylococcus (S.)
intermedius to 13 antimicrobial drugs was routinely tested by agar diffusion method over the period of two years.
The examined strains were predominately isolated from the skin of animals with clinical diagnosis of dermatitis
and in a smaller extent from other suspected body sites (nostrils, external ear, conjunctiva, prepuce). All isolates
were carefully differentiated from micrococci and other staphylococcal species by usual microbiological
methods. Sensitivity testing was performed with known antistaphylococcal agents irrespectively of their clinical
applicability for the treatment of infections caused by S. intermedius. The most active compounds tested were
potentiated penicillins combination of ampicillin and sulbactam (100% sensitive strains) and clavulanate and
amoxicillin (95.7%), aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (99.4%), rifampicin (100%) and quinolone derivate
enrofloxacin (98.1%). A good efficacy exhibited -lactam antibiotic cephalotin (90.7%) and semisintetical
tetracycline doxycycline (87.5%). Over 40% of strains were resistant to tylosin (54.0% of resistant strains),
penicillin G (52.5%), and lincomycin (40.6%), followed by minocxcline (37.5%), chloramphenicol (28.3%), and
erythromycin (38.9%). There was not essential difference in sensitivity between canine and feline isolates of S.
intermedius. However, compared to the skin isolates from these animals, the strains isolated from other sites as a
rule were more resistant.
(Tekst za poster)
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANINE AND FELINE STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS
STRAINS TO DIFFERENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Tomo Naglić1, Branka Šeol1, Zrinka Crnić1, Danko Hajsig2
1
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb,
Heinzelova 55, Croatia
2
PLIVA Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
Susceptibility of epidemiologically unrelated clinical canine and feline isolates of
Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius to 13 antimicrobial drugs was routinely tested by agar
diffusion method over the period of two years. The examined strains were predominately
isolated from the skin of animals with clinical diagnosis of dermatitis or otitis externa, and in
a smaller extent from other suspected body sites (nostrils, external ear, conjunctiva, prepuce).
All isolates were carefully differentiated from micrococci and other staphylococcal species by
usual microbiological methods. Sensitivity testing was performed with known
antistaphylococcal agents irrespectively of their clinical applicability for the treatment of
infections caused by S. intermedius. The most active compounds tested were potentiated
penicillins combination of ampicillin and sulbactam (100% sensitive strains) and clavulanate
and amoxicillin (95.7%), aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (99.4%), rifampicin (100%)
and quinolone derivate enrofloxacin (98.1%). A good efficacy exhibited -lactam antibiotic
cephalotin (90.7%) and semisintetical tetracycline doxycycline (87.5%). Over 40% of strains
were resistant to tylosin (54.0% of resistant strains), penicillin G (52.5%), and lincomycin
(40.6%), followed by minocxcline (37.5%), chloramphenicol (28.3%), and erythromycin
(38.9%). There was not essential difference in sensitivity between canine and feline isolates of
S. intermedius. However, compared to the skin isolates from these animals, the strains
isolated from other sites as a rule were more resistant.
Introduction
Coagulase-positive species Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius (Hajek, 1976) is a common
inhabitant of mucous membranes and skin of healthy and diseased dogs (Raus and Love, !983;
Berg et al., 1984; Biberstein et al., 1984; Allaker et al., 1992;) and other Carnivora as mink,
raccoons, foxes and cats (Rous and Love, 1983; Cox et al., 1985a, Biberstein et al., 1984;
Medleau and Bluee, 1988). It is also temporarily recovered from gray squirrels (Biberstein et
al., 1984), rats (cit. Pedersen and Wegener, 1995), pigeons, canary (Devriese et al., 1994)
horses (Rous and Love, 1983; Biberstein et al., 1984), goats (Biberstein et al., 1984), monkeys
(Biberstein et al., 1984), cattle (Rous and Love, 1983; Roberson et al., 1996) and human
(Talan et al., 1989; Vandenesch et al., 1995). S. intermedius is a putative causative agent of
purulent dermatitis, otitis externa, cystitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract
infections, metritis and mastitis, bacteriaemia in dogs and/or others animals and human
(Raus and Love, 1983; Talan et al., 1989; Pedersen et Wegener, 1995). Therefore the
familiarity with susceptibility of isolated strains to antimicrobials is of reasonable clinical
importance. In this article our results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical canine
and feline isolates of S. intermedius a reported.
Material and methods
During the period of last two years at the Clinics of Veterinary Faculty Zagreb numerous
specimens from dogs, and in a smaller extent from cats, were bacteriologically examined. The
animals were of different age, predominately suffering from dermatitis or otitis externa, more
rarely associated with infected wounds, osteomyelitis, conjunctivitis or posthitis. Samples
were collected with sterile cotton swabs and streaked onto Columbia agar in the laboratory.
After an overnight aerobic incubation at 37 0C typical colonies were picked and identified
according to Holt et al. (1994) and Quin et al. (1994). The strains identified as S. intermedius
were routinely tested to some or all of 13 different antimicrobial agent, i. e. penicillin G,
ampicillin + sulbactam, clavulanate-amoxicillin, cephalothin,gentamicin, doxycycline,
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tylosin, and enrofloxacin.Testing was performed by the ICS
agar diffusion method (Ericsson and Sherris, 1971) using Mueller-Hinton medium and
Oxoid's antimicrobial susceptibility test discs.
Results
All tested strains were gram-positive cocci growing in unpigmented colonies. All were hemolytic (sheep erythrocytes), catalase-, coagulase- (rabbit plasma), and DNase-positive and
oxidase-negative. Acetyl methyl carbinol was not produced, and nitrates were reduced. The
antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. intermedius isolates are presented in table 1. and Graph 1.
Table 1. The antimicrobial sensitivity of S. intermedius isolates
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Antimicrobials
No. of
Sensitive
Skin isolates
Other site's isolates
tested
n
%.
S
R
S
R
n
%
n
%
n %
n
%
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penicillin G
40
19 47.5
12 54.5 10 45.5
7
38.9 11 61.1
Ampicillin + sulbactam 32
32 100.0
17 100.0
0
0.0
15 100.0
0
0.0
Clavulanate-amoxicillin 187
179 95.7
142 95.3
7
4.7
37
97.4 1
2. 6
Cephalothin
226
205 90.7
172 91.0 17
9.0
33
89.2 4 10.8
Gentamicin
180
179 99.4
137 97.2
4
2.8
39 100.0 0
0.0
Doxycycline
32
28 87.5
15 88.2
2
11.8
13
86.7 2 13.3
Minocycline
32
20 62.5
17 70.6
5
29.4
8
53.3 7 46.7
Chloramphenicol
46
33 71.7
24 79.2
5
20.8
14
63.6
8 36.4
Erythromycin
36
22 61.1
14 70.0
6
30.0
8
50.0
8 50.0
Tylosin
50
24 48.0
15 51.7 14
48.3
8
38.1 13 61.9
Rifampicin
32
32 100.0
17 100.0 0
0.0
15 100.0 0
0.0
Lincomycin
32
19
59.4
15 75.0
5
25.0
4
33.3 8 6 6.7
Enrofloxacin
208
204
98.1
164 98.2
3
1.8
40
97.6 1 2.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S =
sensitive, R = resistant
In general, there was no demonstrably significant difference between feline and canine
isolates of S. intermedius with respect to their sensitivity to examined antimicrobial agents.
However, only a small number of tested strains were isolated from cats.
Discussion
In our study the most active compounds tested were potentiated penicillins combination of
ampicillin and sulbactam (100% sensitive strains) and clavulanate and amoxicillin (95.7%),
aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (99.4%), rifampicin (100%) and quinolone derivate
enrofloxacin (98.1%). A good efficacy exhibited also beta-lactam antibiotic cephalotin
(90.7%) and semisintetical tetracycline doxycycline (87.5%). These results are in good
agreement with others (Greene and Laemmler, 1993; Piriz et al., 1995, 1996). Over 40% of S.
intermedius strains were resistant to tylosin (54.0% of resistant strains), penicillin G (52.5%),
and lincomycin (40.6%), followed by minocycline (37.5%), chloramphenicol (28.3%), and
erythromycin (38.9%). Due to high percentage of strains that were resistant, these
antimicrobials can not be recommended for treatment of canine and feline staphylococcal
infections unless previously tested. The resistance to above mentioned therapeutics was
significantly higher (Table 1) among the strains isolated from other sites than the skin. As S.
intermedius is a common inhabitant of canine skin, it can be assumed that a number of tested
strains from that origin were less resistant apathogenic strains. Further work is necessary to
confirm such relationship.
Literature
Allaker, R. P., L. Jensen, D. H. Lloyd, A. I. Lamport (1992): Colonization of neonatal
puppies by staphylococci. Br. vet. J. 148, 523-528.
Allaker, R. P., D. H. Lloyd, A. I. Simpson (1992): Occurrence of Staphylococcus
intermedius on the hair and skin of normal dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 52, 174-176.
Berg, J. N., D. E. Wendell, C. Vogelweid, W. H. Fales (1984): Identification of the
major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 45, 1307-1309.
Biberstein, E. L., S. S. Jang, D. Hirsh (1984): Species distribution of coagulasepositive staphylococci in animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19, 610-615.
Cox, H. U., S. S. Newman, A. F. Row, J. D. Hoskins (1984): Species of
Staphylococcus isolated from animal infections. Cornell Vet. 74, 124-135.
Cox, H. U., S. S. Newman, A. F. Roy, J. D. Hoskins, C. S. Foil (1985): Comparison of
coagulase test methods for identification of Staphylococcus intermedius from dogs. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 46, 1522-1525.
Cox, H. U., J. D. Hoskins, S. S. Newman, C. S. Foil, G. H. Turnwald, A. F. Roy
(1988): Temporal study of staphylococcal species on healthy dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49, 747751.
Cox, H. U., J. D. Hoskins, S. S. Newman, G. H. Turnwald, C. S. Foil, A. F. Roy, M.
T. Kearney (1985a): Distribution of staphylococcal species on clinically healthy cats. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 46, 1824-1828.
Devriese, L. A., P. Herdt, M. Desmidt, P. Dom, R. Ducatelle, C. Godard, F.
Haesebrouck, E. Uyttebroek (1994): Pathogenic staphylococci and staphylococcal infections
in canaries. Avian Patohology 23, 159-162.
Ericsson, H. M., J. C. Sherris (1971): Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Acta Pathol.
Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B. Suppl. 217, 1-90.
Fehrer, S. L., M. D. B. Boyle, R. E. W. Halliwell (1988): Identification of protein A
from Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canine skin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49, 697-701.
Greene, R. T., C. Laemmler (1993): Staphylococcus intermedius: current knowledge
on a pathogen of veterinary importance. J. Vet . Med. B 40, 206-214.
Hajek, V., V. Horak, J. Balusek (1988): Phage typing coagulase-positive staphylococci from
rooks and gulls. Res. Vet. Sci. 44, 247-250.
Hajek, V. (1976): Staphylococcus intermedius, a new species isolated from animals.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26, 401-408.
Holt, J. G., N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, S. T. Williams: Bergey's Manual
of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hong
Kong, London, Munich, Sydney, Tokyo, 1994.
Hoie, S., K. Fossum (1989): Antibodies to staphylococcal DNases in sera from
different animal species, including humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 2444-2447.
Hoskins, J. D., S. S. Newman, A. F. Roy, C. S. Foil, H. U. Cox (1985): Detection of lactamase produced by Staphylococcus intermedius. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1526-1528.
Kelly, P. J., P. R. Mason, J. Els, L. A. Matthewman (1992): Pathogens in dog bite wounds in
dogs in Harare, Zimbabwe. Vet. Record 131, 464-466.
Medleau, L., J. L. Blue (1988): Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of
Staphylococcus spp. isolated from feline skin lesions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193, 10801081.
Pedersen, K., H. C. Wegener (1995): Antimicrobial susceptibility and rRNA gene restriction
patterns among Staphylococcus intermedius from healthy dogs and from dogs suffering from
pyoderma or otitis externa. Acta vet. scand. 36, 335-342.
Phillips, W. E., W. E. Kloos (1981): Identification of coagulase-positive
Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolates from veterinary
clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14, 671-673.
Phillips, W. E., B. J. Williams (1984): Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine
Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from veterinary clinical specimens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45,
2376-2379.
Piriz, S., R. de la Fuente, J. Valle, E. Mateos, M. A. Hurtado, D. Cid, J. A. RuizSantaquiteria, S. Vadillo (1995): Comparative in vitro activity of -lactam antibiotics against
91 Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from staphylococcal dermatitis in dogs. J. Vet.
Med. B 42, 293-300.
Piriz, S., J. Valle, E. M. Mateos, R. Fuente de la, D. Cid, J. A. Ruiz-Santaquiteria, S.
Vadillo (1996): In vitro activity of fifteen antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant
and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus intermedius. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 19,
118-123.
Quinn, P. J., M. E. Carter, B. K. Markey, G. R. Carter: Clinical Veterinary
Microbiology. Wolfe Publishing. London,1994.
Raus, J., D. N. Love (1983): Characterization of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus
intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from veterinary clinical specimens. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 18, 789-792.
Roberson, J. R., L. K. Fox, D. D. Hancock, J. M. Gay, T. E. Besser (1996): Prevalence
of coagulase-positive staphylococci, other than Staphylococcus aureus, in bovine mastitis.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, 34-58.
Roy, A. F., S. S. Newman, H. U. Cox, J. D. Hoskins (1984): Effect of beta-lactamase
of Staphylococcus intermedius on disk agar diffusion susceptibility tests. Cornell Vet. 74,
354-360.
Talan, D. A., D. Staatz, A. Staatz, E. J. C. Goldstein, K. Singer, G. D. Overturf (1989):
Staphylococcus intermedius in canine gingiva and canine-inflicted human wound infections:
laboratory characterization of a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27,
78-81.
Vandenesch, F., M. Celard, D. Arpin, M. Bes, T. Greenland, J. Etienne (1995):
Catheter-related bacteremia associated with coagulase positive Staphylococcus intermedius. J.
Clin. Microbiol. 33, 2508-2510.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANINE AND FELINE STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS
STRAINS TO DIFFERENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Tomo Naglić1, Branka Šeol1, Zrinka Crnić1, Danko Hajsig2
1
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb,
Heinzelova 55, Croatia
2
PLIVA Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
Susceptibility of epidemiologically unrelated clinical canine and feline isolates of
Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius was routinely tested by agar diffusion method over the period
of two years. The strains were tested against 13 known antistaphylococcal agents
irrespectively of their clinical applicability for the treatment of infections caused by S.
intermedius.
Introduction
Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius is a common inhabitant of mucous membranes and skin of
healthy and diseased dogs and other Carnivora as mink, raccoons, foxes and cats. It is also
temporarily recovered from gray squirrels, rats, pigeons, canary horses, goats, monkeys, cattle
and human. S. intermedius is a putative causative agent of purulent dermatitis, otitis externa,
cystitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infections, metritis and mastitis,
bacteriaemia in dogs and/or others animals and human (Hajek, 1976; Biberstein et al., 1984;
Holt et al.,1994; Pedersen and Wegener, 1995). In this article our results of antimicrobial
susceptibility testing of clinical canine and feline isolates of S. intermedius are reported.
Material and methods
During the period of last two years at the Clinics of Veterinary Faculty Zagreb numerous
specimens from dogs, and in a smaller extent from cats, were bacteriologically examined. The
animals were of different age, predominantly suffering from dermatitis, or otitis externa, more
rarely associated with infected wounds, ostemyelitis, conjunctivitis or posthitis. Samples were
collected with sterile cotton swabs and streaked onto Columbia agar in the laboratory. After
an overnight aerobic incubation at 37 0C typical colonies were picked and identified according
to Holt et al. (1994). The strains identified as S. intermedius were routinely tested to some or
all of 13 different antimicrobial agents (Table 1).Testing was performed by agar diffusion
method using Mueller-Hinton medium and Oxoid's antimicrobial susceptibility test discs.
Results and Discussion
All tested strains were gram-positive cocci growing in unpigmented colonies. All were hemolytic (sheep erythrocytes), catalase-, coagulase- (rabbit plasma) and DNase-positive and
oxidase-negative. Acetyl methyl carbinol was not produced, and nitrates were reduced. The
antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. intermedius isolates are presented in Table 1. In general,
there was no demonstrably significant difference between feline and canine isolates of S.
intermedius with respect to their sensitivity to examined antimicrobial agents. However, only
a small number of tested strains were isolated from cats.
Table 1. The antimicrobial sensitivity of S. intermedius isolates
Antimicrobials
Penicillin G
Ampicillin + sulbactam
Clavulanate-amoxicillin
Cephalothin
Gentamicin
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tylosin
Rifampicin
Lincomycin
Enrofloxacin
S=sensitive, R= resistant
No. of
tested
strains
40
32
187
226
180
32
32
46
36
50
32
32
208
Sensitive
n
%
19
32
179
205
179
28
20
33
22
24
32
19
204
47.5
100.0
95.7
90.7
99.4
87.5
62.5
71.7
61.1
48.0
100.0
59.4
98.1
S
n
12
17
142
172
137
15
12
19
14
15
17
15
164
Skin isolates
R
%
n
54.5 10
100.0 0
95.3 7
91.0 17
97.2 4
88.2 2
70.6 5
79.2 5
70.0 6
51.7 14
100.0 0
75.0 5
98.2 3
%
45.5
0.0
4.7
9.0
2.8
11.8
29.4
20.8
30.0
48.3
0.0
25.0
1.8
Other site's isolates
S
R
n
%
n
%
7
38.9 11
61.1
15 100.0 0
0.0
37
97.4 1
2.6
33
89.2 4
10.8
39 100.0 0
0.0
13
86.7 2
13.3
8
53.3 7
46.7
14
63.6 8
36.4
8
50.0 8
50.0
8
38.1 13
61.9
15 100.0 0
0.0
4
33.3 8
66.7
40
97.6 1
2.4
In our study the most active compounds tested were potentiated penicillins, combination of
ampicillin and sulbactam and clavulanate and amoxicillin, aminoglycoside antibiotic
gentamicin, rifampicin and quinolone derivate enrofloxacin. A good efficacy exhibited also
cephalotin and doxycycline. These results are in good agreement with others (Piriz et al.,
1996). Over 40% of S. intermedius strains were resistant to tylosin, penicillin G, and
lincomycin, followed by erythromycin, minocycline, and chloramphenicol. Due to high
percentage of strains that were resistant, these antimicrobials cannot be recommended for
treatment of canine and feline staphylococcal infections unless previously tested. The
resistance to above mentioned therapeutics was higher among the strains isolated from other
sites than the skin. As S. intermedius is a common inhabitant of canine skin, it can be assumed
that a number of tested strains from that origin were less resistant apathogenic strains.
Because of statistically insufficient number of examined strains further work is necessary to
confirm this relationship.
References
Hajek, V. Staphylococcus intermedius, a new species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
1976; 26, 401-408. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsh D. Species distribution of coagulase-positive
staphylococci in animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 19: 610-615. Holt, J. G., N. R. Krieg, P. H. A.
Sneath, J. T. Staley, S. T. Williams: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Williams
& Wilkins. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hong Kong, London, Munich, Sydney, Tokyo, 1994. Pedersen
K, Wegener HC. Antimicrobial susceptibility and rRNA gene restriction patterns among
Staphylococcus intermedius from healthy dogs and from dogs suffering from pyoderma or otitis
externa. Acta vet. scand. 1995; 36: 335-342. Piriz S., Valle J, Mateos EM, Fuente dela R, Cid D,
Ruiz-Santaquiteria JA, Vadillo S. In vitro activity of fifteen antimicrobial agents against methicillinresistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus intermedius. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therapeutics
1996; 19: 118-123.
Clavulonate + ampicillin
Pretraženo ukupno 187 soja
Koža
ukupno 149
osjetljivo 142
rezistentno 7
Ostalo
ukupno 38
osjetljivo 37
rezistentno 1
-------------------------------------------------------Enrofloksacin Ukupno 208
Koža ukupno 167
osjetljivo 164
rezistentno 3
Ostalo ukupno 41
osjetljivo 40
rezistentno 1
.---------------------------------------Gentamicin
Ukupno 180
Koža ukupno 141
osjetljivo 137
rezistentno 4
Ostalo ukupno 39
osjetljivo 39
resistentno
---------------------------------------------------ampicillin + sulbactam ukupno 32
Koža ukupno 17
osjetljivo 17
rezistentno 0
Ostalo ukupno 15
osjetljivo 15
resistentno 0
--------------------------------------------
Rifampicin
Ukupno 32
Koža ukupno 17
osjetljivo 17
rezistentno 0
Ostalo ukupno 15
osjetljivo 15
resistentno 0
----------------------------------------------Penicillin ukupno 40
Koža ukupno 22
osjetljivo 12
rezistentno 10
Ostalo ukupno 18
osjetljivo 7
rezistentno 11
--------------------------------------------------
Cephalotim ukupno 226
Koža ukupno 189
osjetljivo 172
rezistentno 17
Ostalo ukupno 37
osjetljivo 33
rezistentno 4
----------------------------------------------------Doxycycline ukupno 32
Koža ukupno 17
osjetljivo 15
rezistentno 2
Ostalo ukupno 15
osjetljivo 13
rezistentno 2
------------------------------------------------------------
Minocycline
ukupno 32
Koža ukupno 17
osjetljivo 12
rezistentno 5
Ostalo ukupno 15
osjetljivo 8
rezistentno 7
-------------------------------------------Chloramphenicol ukupno 46
Koža ukupno 24
osjetljivo 19
rezistentno 5
Ostalo ukupno 22
osjetljivo 14
rezistentno 8
-----------------------------------------------------Eritromicin
ukupno 36
Koža ukupno 20
osjetljivo 14
rezistentno 6
Ostalo ukupno 16
osjetljivo 8
rezistentno 8
-------------------------------------------------
Tylosin
ukupno 50
Koža ukupno 29
osjetljivo 15
rezistentno 14
Ostalo ukupno 21
osjetljivo 8
rezistentno 13
--------------------Lincomycin
Ukupno 32
Koža ukupno 20
osjetljivo 15
rezistentno 5
Ostalo ukupno 12
osjetljivo 4
rezistentno 8
:
(Tekst za poster)
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANINE AND FELINE STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS
STRAINS TO DIFFERENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Tomo Naglić1, Branka Šeol1, Zrinka Crnić1, Danko Hajsig2
1
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb,
Heinzelova 55, Croatia
2
PLIVA Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
Susceptibility of epidemiologically unrelated clinical canine and feline isolates of
Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius to 13 antimicrobial drugs was routinely tested by agar
diffusion method over the period of two years. The examined strains were predominately
isolated from the skin of animals with clinical diagnosis of dermatitis or otitis externa, and in
a smaller extent from other suspected body sites (nostrils, external ear, conjunctiva, prepuce).
All isolates were carefully differentiated from micrococci and other staphylococcal species by
usual microbiological methods. Sensitivity testing was performed with known
antistaphylococcal agents irrespectively of their clinical applicability for the treatment of
infections caused by S. intermedius. The most active compounds tested were potentiated
penicillins combination of ampicillin and sulbactam (100% sensitive strains) and clavulanate
and amoxicillin (95.7%), aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (99.4%), rifampicin (100%)
and quinolone derivate enrofloxacin (98.1%). A good efficacy exhibited -lactam antibiotic
cephalotin (90.7%) and semisintetical tetracycline doxycycline (87.5%). Over 40% of strains
were resistant to tylosin (52.0% of resistant strains), penicillin G (52.5%), and lincomycin
(40.6%), followed by erythromycin (38.9%), minocycline (37.5%) and chloramphenicol
(28.3%). There was not essential difference in sensitivity between canine and feline isolates of
S. intermedius. However, compared to the skin isolates from these animals, the strains
isolated from other sites as a rule were more resistant.
Introduction
Coagulase-positive species Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius (Hajek, 1976) is a common
inhabitant of mucous membranes and skin of healthy and diseased dogs (Raus and Love,
1983; Berg et al., 1984; Biberstein et al., 1984; Allaker et al., 1992) and other Carnivora as
mink, raccoons, foxes and cats (Rous and Love, 1983; Cox et al., 1984, 1985; Biberstein et
al., 1984; Medleau and Bluee, 1988). It is also temporarily recovered from gray squirrels
(Biberstein et al., 1984), rats (Pedersen and Wegener, 1995), pigeons, canary (Devriese et al.,
1994) horses (Rous and Love, 1983; Biberstein et al., 1984), goats (Biberstein et al., 1984),
monkeys (Biberstein et al., 1984), cattle (Rous and Love, 1983; Roberson et al., 1996) and
human (Talan et al., 1989; Vandenesch et al., 1995). S. intermedius is a putative causative
agent of purulent dermatitis, otitis externa, cystitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract
infections, metritis and mastitis, bacteriaemia in dogs and/or others animals and human
(Raus and Love, 1983; Talan et al., 1989; Pedersen et Wegener, 1995). In this article our
results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical canine and feline isolates of S.
intermedius are reported.
Material and methods
During the period of last two years at the Clinics of Veterinary Faculty Zagreb numerous
specimens from dogs, and in a smaller extent from cats, were bacteriologically examined. The
animals were of different age, predominantly suffering from dermatitis or otitis externa, more
rarely associated with infected wounds, osteomyelitis, conjunctivitis or posthitis. Samples
were collected with sterile cotton swabs and streaked onto Columbia agar in the laboratory.
After an overnight aerobic incubation at 37 0C typical colonies were picked and identified
according to Holt et al. (1994) and Quin et al. (1994). The strains identified as S. intermedius
were routinely tested to some or all of 13 different antimicrobial agents, i. e. penicillin G,
ampicillin-sulbactam, clavulanate-amoxicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, doxycycline,
minocycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tylosin, rifampicin, lincomycin and
enrofloxacin.Testing was performed by agar diffusion method (Ericsson and Sherris, 1971)
using Mueller-Hinton medium and Oxoid's antimicrobial susceptibility test discs.
Results
All tested strains were gram-positive cocci growing in unpigmented colonies. All were hemolytic (sheep erythrocytes), catalase-, coagulase- (rabbit plasma), and DNase-positive and
oxidase-negative. Acetyl methyl carbinol was not produced, and nitrates were reduced. The
antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. intermedius isolates are presented in table 1. and Graph 1.
Table 1. The antimicrobial sensitivity of S. intermedius isolates
Antimicrobials
Penicillin G
Ampicillin + sulbactam
Clavulanate-amoxicillin
Cephalothin
Gentamicin
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tylosin
Rifampicin
Lincomycin
Enrofloxacin
S=sensitive, R= resistant
No. of
tested
strains
40
32
187
226
180
32
32
46
36
50
32
32
208
Sensitive
n
%
19
32
179
205
179
28
20
33
22
24
32
19
204
47.5
100.0
95.7
90.7
99.4
87.5
62.5
71.7
61.1
48.0
100.0
59.4
98.1
n
12
17
142
172
137
15
12
19
14
15
17
15
164
Skin isolates
S
R
%
n
54.5 10
100.0 0
95.3 7
91.0 17
97.2 4
88.2 2
70.6 5
79.2 5
70.0 6
51.7 14
100.0 0
75.0 5
98.2 3
%
45.5
0.0
4.7
9.0
2.8
11.8
29.4
20.8
30.0
48.3
0.0
25.0
1.8
Other site's isolates
S
R
n
%
n
%
7
38.9 11
61.1
15 100.0 0
0.0
37
97.4 1
2.6
33
89.2 4
10.8
39 100.0 0
0.0
13
86.7 2
13.3
8
53.3 7
46.7
14
63.6 8
36.4
8
50.0 8
50.0
8
38.1 13
61.9
15 100.0 0
0.0
4
33.3 8
66.7
40
97.6 1
2.4
Graph 1. Resistance (%) of canine and feline isolates of S. intermedius to antimicrobial agents
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
P
SAM
AMC
KF
GM
DO
MH
C
E
Ty
RD
L
ENRO
P-penicillin G; SAM-ampicillin + sulbactam; AMC-clavulanate-amoxicillin; KF-cephalothin; GM-gentamicin;
DO-doxycycline; MH- minocycline; C-chloramphenicol; E-erythromycin; Ty-tylosin; RD-rifampicin; Llincomycin; ENO-enrofloxacin
In general, there was no demonstrably significant difference between feline and canine
isolates of S. intermedius with respect to their sensitivity to examined antimicrobial agents.
However, only a small number of tested strains were isolated from cats.
Discussion and Conclusions
In our study the most active compounds tested were potentiated penicillins, combination of
ampicillin and sulbactam (100% sensitive strains) and clavulanate and amoxicillin (95.7%),
aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (99.4%), rifampicin (100%) and quinolone derivate
enrofloxacin (98.1%). A good efficacy exhibited also beta-lactam antibiotic cephalotin
(90.7%) and semisintetical tetracycline doxycycline (87.5%). These results are in good
agreement with others (Greene and Laemmler, 1993; Piriz et al., 1995, 1996). Over 40% of S.
intermedius strains were resistant to tylosin (52.0% of resistant strains), penicillin G (52.5%),
and lincomycin (40.6%), followed by erythromycin (38.9%), minocycline (37.5%) and
chloramphenicol (28.3%). Due to high percentage of strains that were resistant, these
antimicrobials can not be recommended for treatment of canine and feline staphylococcal
infections unless previously tested. The resistance to above mentioned therapeutics was higher
(Table 1, Graph 1) among the strains isolated from other sites than the skin. As S. intermedius
is a common inhabitant of canine skin, it can be assumed that a number of tested strains from
that origin were less resistant apathogenic strains. Because of statistically insufficient number
of examined strains further work is necessary to confirm this relationship.
References
Allaker, R. P., D. H. Lloyd, A. I. Simpson (1992): Occurrence of Staphylococcus intermedius
on the hair and skin of normal dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 52, 174-176.
Berg, J. N., D. E. Wendell, C. Vogelweid, W. H. Fales (1984): Identification of the major
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius. Am. J. Vet.
Res. 45, 1307-1309.
Biberstein, E. L., S. S. Jang, D. Hirsh (1984): Species distribution of coagulase-positive
staphylococci in animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19, 610-615.
Cox, H. U., S. S. Newman, A. F. Row, J. D. Hoskins (1984): Species of Staphylococcus
isolated from animal infections. Cornell Vet. 74, 124-135.
Cox, H. U., J. D. Hoskins, S. S. Newman, G. H. Turnwald, C. S. Foil, A. F. Roy, M. T.
Kearney (1985): Distribution of staphylococcal species on clinically healthy cats. Am. J. Vet.
Res. 46, 1824-1828.
Devriese, L. A., P. Herdt, M. Desmidt, P. Dom, R. Ducatelle, C. Godard, F. Haesebrouck, E.
Uyttebroek (1994): Pathogenic staphylococci and staphylococcal infections in canaries. Avian
Patohology 23, 159-162.
Ericsson, H. M., J. C. Sherris (1971): Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Acta Pathol. Microbiol.
Scand. Sect. B. Suppl. 217, 1-90.
Greene, R. T., C. Laemmler (1993): Staphylococcus intermedius: current knowledge on a
pathogen of veterinary importance. J. Vet . Med. B 40, 206-214.
Hajek, V., V. Horak, J. Balusek (1988): Phage typing coagulase-positive staphylococci from
rooks and gulls. Res. Vet. Sci. 44, 247-250.
Hajek, V. (1976): Staphylococcus intermedius, a new species isolated from animals. Int. J.
Syst. Bacteriol. 26, 401-408.
Holt, J. G., N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, S. T. Williams: Bergey's Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hong
Kong, London, Munich, Sydney, Tokyo, 1994.
Medleau, L., J. L. Blue (1988): Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus
spp. isolated from feline skin lesions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193, 1080-1081.
Pedersen, K., H. C. Wegener (1995): Antimicrobial susceptibility and rRNA gene restriction
patterns among Staphylococcus intermedius from healthy dogs and from dogs suffering from
pyoderma or otitis externa. Acta vet. scand. 36, 335-342.
Phillips, W. E., B. J. Williams (1984): Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine
Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from veterinary clinical specimens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45,
2376-2379.
Piriz, S., J. Valle, E. M. Mateos, R. Fuente de la, D. Cid, J. A. Ruiz-Santaquiteria, S. Vadillo
(1996): In vitro activity of fifteen antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant and
methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus intermedius. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 19, 118123.
Quinn, P. J., M. E. Carter, B. K. Markey, G. R. Carter: Clinical Veterinary Microbiology.
Wolfe Publishing. London,1994.
Raus, J., D. N. Love (1983): Characterization of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus
intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from veterinary clinical specimens. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 18, 789-792.
Roberson, J. R., L. K. Fox, D. D. Hancock, J. M. Gay, T. E. Besser (1996): Prevalence of
coagulase-positive staphylococci, other than Staphylococcus aureus, in bovine mastitis. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 57, 34-58.
Talan, D. A., D. Staatz, A. Staatz, E. J. C. Goldstein, K. Singer, G. D. Overturf (1989):
Staphylococcus intermedius in canine gingiva and canine-inflicted human wound infections:
laboratory characterization of a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27,
78-81.
Vandenesch, F., M. Celard, D. Arpin, M. Bes, T. Greenland, J. Etienne (1995): Catheterrelated bacteremia associated with coagulase positive Staphylococcus intermedius. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 33, 2508-2510.
97
Pas
+
-
Mačka
+
-
Koža
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Uho
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Oko
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Usta
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nos
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vagina
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prepucij
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rana
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ždrijelo
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. The antimicrobial sensitivity of S. intermedius isolates
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Antimicrobials
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penicillin G
-laktamski
Ampicillin + sulbactam
Clavulanate-amoxicillin
Cephalothin -laktamski, cefalosporinski
Gentamicin aminoglikozidni
Doxycycline tetraciklinski
Minocycline
Chloramphenicol posebni
Erythromycin makrolidni
Tylosin
makrolidni
Rifampicin
posebni
Lincomycin
posebni
Enrofloxacin
kinolon