Authors/Publication/Title
Banfield, Pendry, Mewse, & Edwards (2003), “The
Effects of an Elderly Stereotype Prime on Reaching
and Grasping Actions,” Social Cognition, 21 (4), 299319.
Type of priming/manipulation
Exp. 1 – scrambled sentence task using words related
to the elderly stereotype
Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996), “Automaticity of
Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and
Stereotype Activation on Action,” JPSP, 71 (2), 230244.
Exp. 2a and 2b – scrambled sentence task using words
related to the elderly stereotype
Brewer, Dull, & Lui (1981), “Perceptions of the
Elderly: Stereotypes as Prototypes,” JPSP, 41 (4),
656-670.
Examined the subtypes of “grandmother,” “elder
statesman,” and “senior citizen”
Exp. 1 and 2 – had Ps sort photos/adjectives/statements
into groups
Exp. 3 – Ps shown photos of women in the categories
of “grandmother,” “elderly woman,” or young woman
and given statements that were consistent or
inconsistent with the prototype
Brewer & Lui (1984), “Categorization of the Elderly
by the Elderly: Effects of Perceiver’s Category
Membership,” PSPB, 10 (4), 585-595.
Examined the subtypes of “grandmother,” “elder
statesman,” and “senior citizen”
Exp. 1 and 2 – had Ps sort photos and statements into
groups
Chasteen & Pratt (1999) “The Effect of Age-Related
Stereotypes on Response Initiation and Execution,”
Journal of General Psychology, 126 (1), 17-36.
Exp. 1 and 2 – flashed (above threshold so it wasn’t
subliminal) the words “young” or “old”
Chasteen, Schwarz, & Park (2002), “The Activation
of Aging Stereotypes in Younger and Older Adults,”
The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences,
57B (6), P540-P547.
Exp. 1 – subliminal priming using words related to the
positive or negative aspects of the elderly stereotype
Cuddy & Fiske (2002) “Doddering but Dear: Process,
Content, and Function in Stereotyping of Older
Persons” in Todd D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism:
Stereotyping and Prejudice against Older Persons (pp.
3-26), Cambridge: Bradford Press.
Argues that stereotype content falls along the
dimensions of warmth and competence and that the
stereotype of the elderly is generally one of warmth
and incompetence although the sub-types may differ
somewhat on those dimensions
Cuddy, Norton, and Fiske (in press), “This Old
Stereotype: The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the
Elderly Stereotype” Journal of Social Issues.
Argues for a pervasive and persistent stereotype that is
evaluatively mixed with elements of warmth and
incompetence
Dasgupta & Greenwald (2001), “On the Malleability
of Automatic Attitudes: Combating Automatic
Prejudice With Images of Admired and Disliked
Individuals,” JPSP, 81 (5), 800-814.
Exp. 2 – Showed Ps photos of admired or disliked
younger and older persons. Also used “old” versus
“young” names in the IAT part of the study
Dijksterhuis, Aarts, Bargh, & van Knippenberg
(2000), “On the Relation Between Associative
Strength and Automatic Behavior,” JESP, 36, 531544,
Exp. 1 – subliminal priming using words related to the
elderly stereotype
Exp. 2 – measured associative strength by priming
with the word “elderly,” and subliminally primed the
elderly stereotype in same manner as in Exp. 1
Guo, Erber, & Szuchman (1999), “Age and
Forgetfulness: Can Stereotypes be Modified?”
Educational Gerontology, 25, 457-466.
Exp. 1 – manipulated whether Ps read a “news article”
stating that memory declines with age or that memory
is constant across the adult years
Hense, Penner, & Nelson (1995), “Implicit Memory
for Age Stereotypes,” Social Cognition, 13 (4), 399415.
Exp. 1 – presented Ps with words that were either
negative but stereotype consistent or inconsistent
Hummert, Garstka, & Shaner (1997), “Stereotyping of
Older Adults: The Role of Target Facial Cues and
Perceiver Characteristics,” Psychology & Aging, 12
(1), 107-114.
Exp.1 - manipulated whether Ps saw photographs of
people perceived to be 60-69, 70-79, or 80+ years old
and manipulated whether the person in the photo was
smiling or had a neutral expression
Hummert, Garstka, Shaner, & Strahm (1994),
“Stereotypes of the Elderly Held by Young, MiddleAged, and Elderly Adults,” Journal of Gerontology:
Psychological Sciences, 49 (5), P240-P249.
Trait generation and sorting task to assess subtypes of
the elderly stereotype
Similar to Hummert (1990) in Psychology & Aging
Levy (1996), “Improving Memory in Old Age
Through Implicit Self-Stereotyping,” JPSP, 71 (6),
1092-1107
Exp. 1 and 2 – subliminal priming using words related
to the positive or negative aspects of the elderly
stereotype
The DV involved interpretation of an ambiguous story
about a 73 year old woman.
Levy, Hausdorff, Hencke, & Wei (2000), “Reducing
Cardiovascular Stress with Positive Self-Stereotypes
of Aging”, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological
Sciences, 55B (4), P205-P213.
Exp. 1 – same subliminal priming as in Levy (1996)
Lichtenstein et al. (2003), “Sentence Completion to
Assess Children’s Views about Aging,” The
Gerontologist, 43, 839-848.
Exp. 1 – Sentence completion for the following
prompts: “Old is…,” “You know you are old when…,”
“You know your parents are old when…,” “When I
am, I…,” “Most old people…,” “Most old people
can’t…,” and “Old people always act…”
Perdue & Gurtman (1990), “Evidence for the
Automaticity of Ageism,” JESP, 26, 199-216.
Exp. 1 – Had Ps indicate whether positive or negative
traits were characteristic of the elderly
Exp. 2 – Subliminally primed the words “young” or
“old” prior to having Ps indicate whether traits were
positive or negative
Rothbaum (1983), “Aging and Age Stereotypes,”
Social Cognition, 2 (2), 171-184.
Had Ps rate 100 characteristics on how characteristic
of the elderly the words were and on how admirable
the characteristics were