1.
http://www4.cord.edu/CCAngel/
2.
User Name: your Concordia user name
3.
Password: your password
4.
Math May Seminar, Lessons
5.
2005 Travelog, Password: Euclid05
6.
OK button, May Photo Journal
7.
Choose the appropriate day’s folder
8.
Do photos first. Add a File (photo): Browse to find, give it a title
9.
Add a Page (text)
For family members and friends to access the student photo journal during the trip, start at
Concordia College’s homepage, go to Quick Links and pull down CCAngel login, or type in directly the address http://www4.cord.edu/CCAngel/frameIndex.htm
Once there go to the top of the second column and click on Course Search. In the long vertical list find
MATH, then click on Math May Seminar. Click on the Lessons tab, then on 2005 travelog. You should see a Password field. Type Euclid05 and then click on the OK button. The May Photo
Journal contains folders for each country, and a folder for additional student photos.
Sandra Kane
National Cultural Center (Oppera House): Located at the
Gezira Exhibition Grounds this 7-storey opera house is an architectural masterpiece of Islamic design. It comprises of 3 theaters, with state of the art audiovisual systems, rehearsal halls, a library and a museum.
Cairo Tower (Gezirah): Enjoy a panoramic view of Cairo from the rotating restaurant and cafeteria, over 590ft. in the air.
Sound and Light Show @ the pyramids : Relive the ancient times of the pyramids and pharaohs, in an enchanting atmosphere with lights, sound and music. (Show is presented in English)
Pharaonic Village: This place located on an island in the middle of Cairo. Observe the daily activities and life style of the ancient Egyptians. The village contains a papyrus museum. The visit lasts 2 hours and costs about 50 LE.
Khan Al-Khalili Bazaar and Sagh : An array of shops dating to the 14 th
Century AD. Khalili is known for its indigenous character and variety of gold and silver works, embroidered clothing, leather goods and handcarved woodwork.
Kerdasa and Harraneya: Famous for embroidered cotton and sild dresses hand-made carpets and other handmade products.
1

Citadel: A highly visible landmark on the eastern sky line of
Cairo it is one of the world’s most greatest monuments to medieval warfare. Most of the building was built after the rule of Salah ad-Din, with each conqueror adding to the monument. This building acted as a defense for Cairo. It contains the military, police and carriage museums as well as 4 mosques. It costs around 35 LE.
The Military Museum (in the Citadel): Collection of ancient and modern weapons, statues, and uniforms. It is designed to show the ancient art of warfare in Egypt.
Egyptian Antiquities Museum :(cost 40 LE)
Ground floor: History of Egypt
Entrance: security check
Turn left: Small statues from the Old Kingdom
Moving in a clockwise direction allows you to move forward through time, as you different rooms. duck in and out of the
Far end of building: There is a material from the time of the heretic pharaoh, Akhenaten.
(Graeco-Roman period)
First floor:
Tutankhamun: Many things from his tomb, including the 4 shrines that enclosed the stone sarcophagus. (Crowded exhibit)
Mummy Room: Come face to face with some of the great rulers of Egypt.
Coffins, amulets, ushabtis, household items, etc.
Middle Kingdom: tomb models of armies, boats and landowners surveying their livestock.
Mosque of Amr Ibn Al-Aas (Al-Fustat): First mosque built in Egypt and Africa, contains architecture from different periods.
Mosque of Ahmed Ibn Tulun: A spacious hall characterized by its unique spiral minaret and gypsum decorations.
Al-Azhar Mosque: this mosque is considered the oldest
Ilsamic University, having the its first lecture presented in 975 AD. It is named after the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
Mosque of Sultan Hassan: Located at the end of Citadel
Street; it serves as a mosque and a school accommodating the four main sects of Sunnism. It was founded by Al-Nasser Hassan Bin-Muhammed.
Al-Refai Mosque: Nicely decorated mosque, located near the
Citadel of Salah El-Din ( Saladin) resting place of several Royal Family members.
The Blue Mosque: A Mosque located on Tibbanah street.
Prince Aqsunqur Al-Massery founded it in 1347. It is most notable for the impressive blue mosaics on the inside walls.
The Alabaster Mosque of Mohammed Ali: A mosque in the northern elevated part of the Citadel. It is visible from most everywhere in Cairo.
Fortress of Salah-Al-Din: Also known as Al-Qalaa (The
Citadel) was built in 1183 AD by Al-Din. It over looks the city of Cairo from its perch on top of the
Mupattam Hills. It houses 4 mosques, a 90m. well
(Joseph’s well), Al-Gawhara Palace and the Military museum.
2

Museum of Islamic Art (Bab Al-Khalq): houses over 80,000 rare objects dating from early Islam to the Ottoman period.
A few
there are many more!
Church of Sitt Barbara (St. Barbara): It was founded in the
5 th
century and rebuilt in the 10 th
. Its wooden door still remains showing a magnificent example of the fine Coptic art.
Church of Abu Defein (St. Macarius): This church is located in one of the most ancient areas of Old Cairo dating back to the 6 th
century. One of its prominent relics is the crypt of St. Barsoum Al-Arian, in addition to a well-preserved collection of Coptic icons
The Cathedral of Al-Qiddis Morcos (St. Mark): This is the largest church in Africa. It reflects the evolution of the art of architecture in Egypt. St. Mark, who was the first to preach Christianity in Egypt is buried there.
Coptic Museum (Old Cairo): A museum containing a rare collection of ancient Christian relics including remains of architectural works, textiles, and old manuscripts reflecting the history of Coptic civilization.
Note: Most attraction info. Is brought to you by: http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharohs/cairo/tourist/coptic.htm
The weekend is Fri. and Sat. Some streets close on Fri. due to Moslem’s prayer. Women are required to cover their hair before entering a mosque.
Be sure your camera is able to take pictures without a flash. Bargaining is done most everywhere except most supermarkets, coffee shops, and restaurants, most other places will designate whether it is appropriate or not.
There are fast food places around if you do not prefer to eat egyption food.
Kofta (ground meatballs)
,
Kebab (grilled meat), Mulukhia
(green soup), Tahina/tahini(salad), Hamam Mahshi (stuffed pigeon), Baba Ghannoug (tahini and eggplant), Kusheri (rice and lentils mix)
Yes : naam, aywa I Speak English : ana batkallem englizi
No : la ; Do You Speak English?
: int betetkalem inglizi?
Pleas e: men fadlak (m.) men fadlik (f.) I Don't
Understand : ana mish fahem
Thank you : shukran How Much?
: bekam?
Sorry/Excuse Me : assef Price : el-taman
How Much Is This?
: bi kam da It's Too Expensive : ghali awi
That's Fine/Perfect : tamam
Arrival : wussul
Departure
Delay : taakhear
: zehab
Numbers: 1: wahed ; 2 : etnein ; 3 : talata ; 4 : arbaa ; 5 : khamsa; 6 : sitta ; 7 : sabaa ; 8 : tamania ; 9 : tesaa ; 10 : ashaara ; 50 : khamsin ; 100 : mia ; 500 : khams mia ;
1,000 : alf
3

4

Map of Northern Egypt showing the location of Saqqara ( Sakkara) and
Giza in relation to Cairo and Memphis
.
Saqqara is the location of the burial grounds used by the ancient residents of Memphis. The name of this place may be derived from the god of funerals, Sokar. The most visible of structures located at Saqqara is the Step pyramid of Djoser.
The pyramid of Unas is historically important because it is the first to have Pyramid texts inscribed on the walls of the funerary chamber. Saqqara is also the location of many Old and New Kingdom pyramids. Many of the private Old
Kingdome tombs are famous for the beautiful scenes on their walls. Underground galleries that were used for the burial of sacred animals including baboons, ibises, hawks, jackals, dogs, cats, and bulls are located at Saqqara. The Serapeum is one of the most famous of the galleries and was used for the burial of the Apis bulls. Also Abwab el-Qotat, or “the Doors of the
Cats” contains hundreds of cat mummies.

The oldest of Egypt’s 97 pyramids

Built for King Djoser by Imhotep, a great architect and genius

3rd dynasty, ca. 2800 B.C.
 Major advancement in technology
Map of Step pyramid and associated structures
5

In modern times, Giza is a suburb of Cairo, the fifth largest city in the world. In ancient times, it was the location of the royal burial site for the capital city of Memphis. King
Khufu choose this site when he was in need a new necropolis after the burial of Sneferu had taken the last convenient space left at the more southern location of Dahshur. Giza is the location of the three “great pyramids” and the Sphinx with their associated temples and other buildings, the private mastabas of nobility, and in a separate area, the private tombs of citizen of various classes.
Side view of Giza
Cheop’s Pyramid at Giza
Built for : King Khufu (Cheops)
Dates Built : c.2589-2566 B.C.
Base : 13 square acres (7 city blocks),
754 ft. on each side
Map of Giza
6

Khufu’s Pyramid
Khufu, or Cheops in greek, was the son of King Sneferu and Queen Hetpeheres. His pyramid was the first of the the three great pyramids to be built and is considered The Great
Pyramid. It remained the world’s tallest building until the beginning of the 20 th Century and was amazingly built in less than 20 years.

Dates Built: ca. 2589-2566 B.C.E.

Base: originally 754 ft. on each side, 13 sq. acres or 7 city blocks

Average Weight of Individual Blocks: 2.5 tons, the largest were 9 tons

Original Height: 481 feet
 Made of: Limestone and granite
An inside view of Khufu’s pyramid.
Khafre’s Pyramid
Khafre, also known as Chephren or Rakfaef, was the son of Khufu. His pyramid is the second largest pyramid and
7 its complex includes the Sphinx, a Mortuary Temple, and a
Valley Temple. Khafre’s pyramid is the only pyramid at Giza to have any of the outer casing stones remaining.

Dates Built : ca.2558-2532 B.C.E.
 Base : 11 square acres, 704 ft. on each side

Average Weight of Individual Blocks : 2.5 tons, the largest were 7 tons

Original Height : 471 feet
 Made of : Limestone and red granite
An inside view of Khafre’s pyramid

The Sphinx at Giza
The Sphinx was built by King Khafre and it is his head that is believed to be the head of a pharaoh that was built on the lion body. This structure is supposedly the guardian spirit for the entire burial complex of Khafre. It was built out of the soft limestone found at Giza and is not known to have any inner chambers like the pyramids. Unfortunately, portions of the
Sphinx have disintegrated over time, some pieces even dropping off to the ground below. The date it was built is undetermined.
Map of the Sphinx at Giza
Menkaure’s Pyramid
Menkaure, or Mycerinus in greek, is believed to be
Khufu’s grandson. His pyramid is the smallest of the three great pyramids at Giza.
 Dates Built : undetermined

Base : 344 feet on each side

Original Height : 215 feet

Made of : Limestone and red granite, the sarcophagus is made of basalt
And inside view of Menkaure’s pyramid
8

In Greek, “nelios” means “river valley,” which describes the Nile well because the Nile delta represents 63% of the inhabited area of Egypt. At about 4,000 miles long, the
Niles is the longest river in the world. It flows in a northern direction from East Africa to the Mediterranean. This direction of flow is contrary to most rivers and when traveling, ancient
Egyptians would comment on the “wrong” direction of flow of the rivers in other lands. As its sources, the Nile has the Blue
Nile, the White Nile and the Arbara and contains a series of six cataracts, which act as a natural boundary. Historically, these cataracts are important because they helped to protect Egypt from invasion from the south.
Every year, the Nile flooded between the months of
June and September due to monsoon rains in Ethiopia. The ancient Egyptians based their seasons of this cycle of flooding.
The three seasons were akhet , Inundation, peret , the growing season, and shemu , the drought or harvest season. It was during Inundation that 4 million tons of fertile sediment was deposited in the river valley by the floodwaters, helping Egypt become the prosperous society that it was.
The first Aswan dam, built to help regulate the flooding of the Nile, was finished in 1889 and then later added on to in
1912 and 1933. These two additions seemed to not be sufficient for in 1946 the flood water peaked near the top of the dam, so they decided to built a new dam about 4 miles upstream. This new Aswan High Dam was finished in 1970 after 18 years of work and almost US$ 1 billion. The Aswan
High Dam forms Lake Nasser, which was named after the
9
Egyptian president who died in 1970, and is the world’s third largest reservoir.
The benefits of the dam are that it has helped to prevent damage by regulating the annual floodwaters, has been used to generate electrical energy, and has improved navigation on the
Nile. It has also had its negative impacts as well. It has disrupted an ecosystem that has evolved around the annual flooding, lowered the average annual temperature in the region surrounding the reservoir, and farmers are forced to use chemical fertilizers due to a lack of sediment deposited in the river valley.
The Mohammad Ali (Alabaster) Mosque
The Mohammad Ali Mosque is located in The Citadel, overlooking Cairo. It was built during 1830-1848 and was designed in an Ottoman style by the Greek architect Yussuf
Bushnaq. Mohammad Ali Pasha, the ruler of Egypt at the time, who was born in Albanian, and founded the country’s last dynasty of Khedives and Kings, started the building of the mosque. His tomb is located in the mosque. Originally, the mosque was covered in oriental alabaster or marble, lending it the name the Alabaster Mosque. Currently, only the bottom 40 feet of the façade is alabaster, the rest having been stripped off and used for the palaces of Abbas I.
Some features of the Mohammad Ali Mosque include a
170-foot ottoman-style dome, which is situated over the prayer hall, two 270-foot minarets, which are unusual for the city of
Cairo, and a French clock given to Mohammad Ali Pasha by
Louis Philippe in 1845. In return, Louis Philippe was gifted an
Egyptian obelisk by Mohammad Ali, which currently stands in the Place de la Concorde In Paris.

10

http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~ancient/luxor.htm
The Luxor area of Upper Egypt was the Thebes of the ancient Egyptians – the capital of Egypt during the Middle
(2040-1759 BC) and New Kingdoms (1539-1075 BC). Today it is famous for its temples and the nearby Valley of the Kings.
On the east bank is the modern town of Luxor. Running alongside part of the riverbank and separated from it by the corniche is the Luxor Temple. Modified over many centuries, its main pylons, or gates, are on the northern end. In front of them is one obelisk – it companion was given to France and taken to Paris were it was erected in Place de la Concorde on
October 25, 1863.
Just south of the temple is the Old Winter Palace Hotelused early this century by Lord Carnavon as work proceeded on the West Bank excavations and preliminary work on the tomb of Tutankhamun .
At the northern end of town is the sprawling Karnak complex of temples built over a span of about 1500 years. It is famous for its main Hypostyle Hall with 134 massive columns.
Starting at the first pylon, one walks back through time to the earlier constructions to the rear.
Located about halfway between Luxor and Karnak temples is one of the best museums in Egypt – the Luxor museums.
The West bank was the domain of the deceased and mortuary temples and hundreds of tombs dominate it.
The major temples include Ramesseum – the famous mortuary temple of the 19 th
-dynasty pharaoh Ramesses II. This was the site from which Belzoni removed the famous bust now in the British Museum. Belzoni’s signature can still be seen carved into the stone in a couple of places within the
11
Ramesseum, along with those of other well-known personalities of 19 th
-century Egypt.
Medinet Habu was Ramesses III ’s attempt to copy his ancestor. The complex was added to over the centuries following, but it is most impressive. The artisans from the nearby town of Deir el-Medina moved into the compound when things got unsafe and the construction of Royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings came to a halt.
The mortuary temple of 18 th
-dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is a masterpiece of design and has been under restoration for about a century. It is built into a natural amphitheater in the cliffs and doesn’t look out of place in the 20 th
century, even though it was constructed during the early 15 th century BC.

12

http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~ancient/luxor1.htm
On the east bank of the Nile at Luxor lies the magnificent Luxor temple which was dedicated to the great god Amun-Re , his wife Mut , and their son Khonsu (the moon god) – together representing the Theban triad. The temple was built on the side of a probable smaller Middle Kingdom (2040-
1759 BC) structure for the god Amun, while the earliest parts of the temple seen today date from the 14 th
century BC and the time of Amenhotep III .
His son, Akhenaten ( Amenhotep IV ), overthrew the existing order of Amun and replaced it with cult of the sun god
Aten . Consequently, Luxor temple suffered under his reign.
Restoration work was undertaken later during the time of
Tutankhamun and Horemheb .
Ramesses II ( Ramesses the Great ) of the 19 th
dynasty oversaw the addition of a new entrance pylon and a court at the northeast end of the complex. Two obelisks were erected in the front of the temple by Ramesses II in the 13 th
century BC. The western obelisk was given to France in the 1830’s and now stands in Paris at the Palace de la Concorde . Ramesses II also erected in front of his pylon six granite statues of himself – two sitting and four standing. A 3-kilometer-long avenue of sphinxes connected Luxor temple with the southern end of
Karnak temple complex to the north.
During much of the 19 th
century, much of the temple was still buried and houses stood well above current ground level encountered by modern-day visitors. An idea of the 19 th century ground level can be gained from the Mosque of Abu el
Hagag which, despite early French efforts to remove it remains inside the great pylon.
Passing through the pylon entrance, the visitor enters the court of Ramesses II with numerous statues of the pharaoh and surrounding papyrus-type columns with lotus-bud capitals.
Beyond the court lies the impressive Colonnade erected by Amenhotep III . The inside of the walls on either side of the
Colonnade were carved during the time of Tutankhamun and depict the important Opet festival during which the god Amun visited his southern harem. The reliefs show the sacred barges being brought to Karnak to Luxor. Unfortunately, the reliefs have suffered greatly over time, while a high water table has led salt encrustation. The desire of some tourists to touch the reliefs has and continued to damage the scenes for future visitors.
Next is the court of Amenhotep III surrounded by a double row of columns. It was in this court that numerous statues were found buried in the late 1980s.
Beyond the court is the Hypostyle Hall containing 32 columns in four rows. At the rear is an area that was converted into a Roman shrine with Amenhotep III
’s reliefs plastered over and painted with Christian themes. Around the beginning of the third century AD, Luxor Temple became the focus of a surrounding Roman military camp for perhaps 1500 men.
At the southern end of the temple complex is the sanctuary which is surrounded by various chambers including so-called Birth Room in which the birth of Amenhotep III id depicted in reliefs.
13

14

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/karnak.htm
Karnak describes a vast conglomerate of ruined temples, chapels and other buildings of various dates. The name Karnak comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak.
Karnak was ancient Ipet-isut
, meaning “The Most Select (or
Sacred) of Places.” Theban kings and the god
Amun came to prominence at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. From that time, the temples of Karnak were built, enlarged, torn down, added to, and restored for more than 2000 years.
The ancient Egyptians considered Ipet-isut as the place of the majestic rising of the first time, where Amun-Ra made the first mound of earth rise from Nun. At Karnak, the high priests recognized a king as the beloved son of Amun , king of all of the gods. The coronation and jubilees were also held here. Staffed by more than 80,000 people under Ramesses III , the temple was also the administrative center of enormous holdings of agricultural land.
The largest and most important group in the site is the central enclosure, the Great Temple of Amun proper. The layout of the Great Temple consists of a series of pylons of various dates. The earliest are Pylons 4 and 5, built by
Tutmosis I , and from then on the temple was enlarged by building in a westerly and southerly direction. Courts or halls run between the pylons, leading to the main sanctuary.
The temple is built along two axes, with a number of smaller temples and chapels and a sacred lake. The northern enclosure belongs to Montu , the original god of the Theban area, while the enclosure of Mut lies to the couth and is connected with Amun
’s precinct by an alley of ram-headed sphinxes. An avenue bordered by sphinxes linked Karnak with the Luxor temple, and canals connected the temples of Amun and Montu with the Nile.
15
Amenhotep IV , who changed his name to Akhenaten , erected several temples for his new state deity to the east of the central enclosure of Amun . The most conspicuous features of these temples were open courts surrounded by pillars and colossal statues of the king. The temples were dismantled in the post-Amarna period and the stone blocks reused in later structures, especially the pylons built by Horemheb .
“The Sound and Light Show at Karnak starts with a historical introduction covering the birth of the great city of
Thebes and erection of the Karnak temple. The show also narrates the glorious achievements of some great Pharaohs.
The spectators listen to a magnificent and poetic description of the artistic treasures and great legacy which the Karnak temple encloses.” The first show at 8pm on Friday and the second show at 9:15pm on Saturday are in English.

http://www.touregypt.net
16

http://www.touregypt.net/queens.htm
The Valley of the Queens is located on the West Bank at Luxor. There are between 75 and 80 tombs in the Valley of the Queens, or Biban al-Harim . These belong to Queens of the
18 th
, 19 th
and 20 th
dynasties. These include:
* Khaemwese (Tomb 44): Scenes in K haemwese’s tomb show him being presented to the guardians of the gates to the afterlife along with his father. He is making an offering in this scene, and is dressed in a robe, necklace and the sidelocks of youth.
* Queen Titi (Tomb 52): She is probably the queen of the 20 th
dynasty. She is depicted with the sidelocks common to the Egyptian young of the period and in the presence of the gods Thoth , Atum , Isis and Nephthys . In the next chamber the queen is shown making offerings to Hathor the cow, and in the last chamber the gods Neith, Osiris, Selquit, Nephthys and
Thoth .
* Amenhikhopeshef (Tomb 55): Amenhikhopeshef was the son of Ramesses III and scenes show him with his father and the gods Thoth, Ptah and others. He was probably nine years old when he died. Scenes show him being presented to various gods, including Anubis , the jackal-headed god of the dead, by his farther. A premature baby was also found I the tomb. This belonged to his mother, who aborted upon learning of
Amenhikhopeshef’s
death.
* Nefertar i (Tomb 66): One of the five wives of
Ramesses II , Nefertari was his favorite and the tomb here has said to be one of the most beautiful in Egypt. The tomb is completely painted with scenes throughout. In most of these,
Nefertari
, known as “the most beautiful,” is accompanied by gods. She is usually wearing a golden crown with two feathers
17 extended from the back of a vulture and clothed in a white, gossamer gown. Be sure not to miss the side room where one scene depicts the queen worshipping the mummified body of
Osiris . Near the stairs to the burial chamber is another wonderful scene with Nefertari offering milk to the goddess
Hathor .

http://www.touregypt.net/kingtomb.htm
The Egyptian belief that “To speak the name of the dead is to make him live again” is certainly carried out in the building of the tombs. The king’s formal names and titles are inscribed in his tomb along with his images and statues.
Beginning with the 18 th
dynasty and ending with the 20 th
, the kings abandoned the Memphis area and built their tombs in
Thebes. Also abandoned was the pyramid style of building.
Most of the tombs were cut into limestone and built in a similar manner: three corridors, an antechamber and a sunken sarcophagus chamber. These catacombs were harder to rob and were more easily concealed. Construction usually lasted six years, beginning with new reign. The texts in the tombs are from the Book of the Dead , the Book of the Gates and the Book of the Underworld .
The Valley of the Kings is divided into two sections: the West Valley and the East Valley. The East Valley is the area that is most visited by tourists. The West Valley contains only one tomb open to the public, Ay , the successor of
Tutankhamun .
* Ramesses IV – Three white corridors descend into the sarcophagus chamber in this tomb. The chamber’s ceilings depict the goddess Nut . The lid of the pink granite sarcophagus is decorated with Isis and Nephthys , which were meant to serve as guardians over the body. Their duties fell short, however, as the tomb was robbed in ancient times. Originally, the priests placed the sarcophagus in Amenhotep II
’s tomb in order to hide the body, which was a common practice.
* Ramesses IX – Two sets lead down to the tomb door that is decorated with the Pharaoh worshipping the solar disc.
Isis and Nephthys stand behind him on either side. Three
18 corridors lead into the antechamber that opens into a pillared hall. The passage beyond leads to the sarcophagus chamber.
* Merneptah – the steep descent into the tomb is typical of the 19 th
dynasty. The entrance id decorated Isis and
Nephthys worshipping the solar disc. Text from the Book of the
Dead is located in the pillared chamber, along with scenes of the sky goddess, Nut .
* Ramesses VI – Originally built for Ramesses V, this tomb has three chambers and a fourth pillared chamber was added by Ramesses VI . Complete texts of the Book of the
Gates , the Book of the Caverns and the Book of Day and Night line the chambers. Portions if the Book of the Dead are located in the pillared chamber, along with scenes of the sky goddess,
Nut .
* Ramesses III – The tomb is sometimes referred to as the “Harpers Tomb” due to the two harpers praying to the gods in the four chambers. Ten small chambers branch off of the main corridors. These were for the placement of tomb furniture.
* Seti I – The longest tomb in the valley, 100 meters, contains very well preserved reliefs in all of its eleven chambers and side rooms. One of the back chambers is decorated with the Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth , which stated that mummy’s eating and drinking organs were functioning properly. Believing in the need for these functions the afterlife, this was a very important ritual. The sarcophagus is now in the Sir John Sloane Museum in London.
* Tuthmosis III – The approach to this unusual tomb is an ascent up wooden steps, crossing over a pit, and then a steep descent down into the tomb. The pit was probably as a deterrent to tomb robbers. Two small chambers, decorated with stars and a larger vestibule are in front of the sarcophagus chamber, which is uniquely rounded and decorated with only red and black.

KV 3
KV 4
KV 5
KV 6
KV 7
KV 8
KV 9
KV 10
KV 11
KV 12
TOMB
KV 13
KV 14
* Amenhotep II – In this tomb, a steep flight of stairs and a long unadorned lead to the sarcophagus chamber. Three mummies, Tuthmosis IV , Amenhotep II and III , and Seti II were found in one side of the room and nine mummies were found on in another.
* Horenheb – The construction is identical to Seti I ’s except for some of the inner decorations.
* Tutankhamun – The royal seal on the door was found intact. The first three chambers were unadorned with evidence of early entrance through one of the outside walls. The next chamber contained most of the funerary objects. The sarcophagus was four gilded wooden shrines, one inside the other, within which lay the stone sarcophagus, three mummified coffins, the inner one being solid gold, and then the mummy. Haste can be seen in the relief and the sarcophagus, due to the fact that Tutankhamun died at age 19 years of age following a brief reign.
TOMB
KV 1
KV 2
OWNER
Ramesses VII
Ramesses IV
Constructed for a son of Ramesses III
Ramesses XI
Sons of Ramesses II
Ramesses IX
Ramesses II
Merenptah
Ramesses V/VI
Amenmeses
Ramesses III
Unknown
OWNER
Bay
Tausert/Setnakht
19
KV 15
KV 16
KV 17
KV 18
KV 19
KV 20
KV 21
WV 22
WV 23
WV 24
WV 25
KV 26– 33
KV 34
KV 35
KV 36
KV 38
KV 39 – 42
KV 43
KV 44
KV 45
KV 46
KV 47
KV 48
KV 49 – 52
KV 53 – 54
KV 55
KV 56
KV 57
KV 58 – 61
KV 62
Seti II
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses X
Mentuherkhepshef
Thutmoses I/Hatshepsut
Two queens
Amenhotep III
Ay
Unknown
Akhenaten (?)
Unknown
Tuthmosis III
Amenhotep II
Maiherperi
Tuthmosis I
Unknown
Tuthmosis IV
Anen (?)
Userhet
Yuya and Thuya
Siptah
Amenemopet
Animals
Unknown
Amarna Cache
Unknown
Horemheb
Unknown
Tutankhamun

20

http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~ancient/saqqara.htm
Saqqara is an immense necropolis (cemetery) just south of Cairo and west of the ancient city of Memphis of which very little remains. Used as a burial ground for thousands of years,
Saqqara hides its secrets well under desert sands. Despite virtually continuous excavations for some two centuries, much of the area remains to be excavated. The site stretches six kilometers from north to south and more than 1.5 kilometers across at it’s widest point.
The site's best-known feature is the Step Pyramid , the world's oldest major stone structure. It was built in the 3rd
Dynasty (around 2630 BC) for King Djoser and its construction was overseen by his vizier Imhotep. officials, some of who had marvelous reliefs created for themselves.
One of Saqqara's most famous archaeological sites is the Serapeum , which was discovered by Auguste Mariette in
1851. Its rock cut corridors and burial chambers were excavated for the Apis bulls, which were sacred to god Ptah .
The corridors form a virtual underground extending for hundreds of meters. The stone sarcophagi weigh as much as 70 tons and average some 4 meters in length and 3.3 meters in height. Twenty chambers still contain sarcophagi. The
Serapeum was in use from the New Kingdom down to the
Greco-Roman period.
Most people visiting Saqqara see only the surrounds of the Step Pyramid (its interior is off limits) and perhaps one tomb or pyramid depending on what is open. If time permits, include the pyramid of Unas , which contains the first hieroglyphs to appear in pyramids, the Serapeum, and the mastabas belonging to Mereruka and Ti . There are of course, many other attractions for the enthusiastic person with plenty of time. Remember that the authorities occasionally close particular tombs.
All over Saqqara can be found tombs of different periods. Those open to the public date to the Old Kingdom.
Around the northern-most of Saqqara's pyramids is that of the
6th Dynasty pharaoh Teti . Adjacent to the pyramid are the mastabas (free-standing tombs of earlier periods) of his
21

http://www.touregypt.net/memphis.htm
The Name we use today derives from the Pyramid of
Pepy I at Saqqara, which is Mennufer (the good place), or
Coptic Menfe. Memphis is the Greek translation. But the City was originally Ineb-Hedj, meaning "The White Wall". Some sources indicate that other versions of the name may have even translated to our modern name for the country, Egypt. During the Middle Kingdom, it was Ankh-Tawy, or "That Which
Binds the Two Lands". In fact, its location lies approximately between Upper and Lower Egypt, and the importance of the area is demonstrated by its persistent tendency to be the Capital of Egypt, as Cairo just to the North is today.
Memphis, founded around 3,100 BC, is the legendary city of Menes, the King who united Upper and Lower Egypt.
Early on, Memphis was more likely a fortress from which
Menes controlled the land and water routes between Upper
Egypt and the Delta. Having probably originated in Upper
Egypt, from Memphis he could control the conquered people of
Lower Egypt. However, by the Third Dynasty, the building at
Saqqara suggests that Memphis had become a sizable city.
Tradition tells us that Menes founded the city by creating dikes to protect the area from Nile floods. Afterwards, this great city of the Old Kingdom became the administrative and religious center of Egypt. In fact, so dominating is the city during this era that we refer to it as the Memphite period. It became a cosmopolitan community and was probably one of the largest and most important cities in the ancient world.
When Herodotus visited the city in the 5th century BC, a period when Persians ruled Egypt, he found many Greeks,
Jews, Phoenicians and Libyans among the population.
Frankly, our concept of Memphis today is very artificial. The city must have been huge, judging from the size
22 of its necropolises, which extend for some 19 miles along the west bank of the Nile. These include Dahshure, Saqqara,
Abusir, Zawyet el-Aryan, Giza and Abu Rawash, whose names derive not from their origins, but from modern nearby communities. Very few people can imagine the age of this city, as no European cities have yet to attain the span of Memphis' existence, and it is completely outside the comprehension of people in the Americas. Rome may eventually outlast
Memphis, but as with any city that remains active for thousands of years, the city center, and various areas of the city shifted over the years, so today, what we think of, as Memphis is rather artificial. Some scholars believe that the city may have shifted first north, and then back south though its threemillennium history.
But there is little left of the City today, at least that can be seen. Originally, the city had many fine temples, palaces and gardens. But today, other than the scattered ruins, most of the city is gone, or lies beneath cultivated fields, Nile silt and local villages. What we do know of Memphis comes to us from its necropolises, mentioned above, text and papyrus from other parts of Egypt and Herodotus, who visited the city.
For example, we have a number of papyruses from the time of the mysterious Akhenaten concerning Memphis on such mundane matters as bread baking. And we know that the royal decree rejecting the Cult of Akhenaten issued by
Tutankhamun after the earlier king's death originated in
Memphis, indicating the cities importance, even over Thebes, in the New Kingdom.
What happened to the city to cause its complete demise is somewhat unclear. In later Dynasties Thebes became the capital of Egypt, but we know that Memphis retained much of its religious significance and continued to prosper during this period. Actually, Thebes was never exactly the administrative center of Egypt, which Memphis was, its significance being

more religious. In fact, by the 18th Dynasty, the Egyptian
Kings had apparently moved back into the Palaces of
Memphis. But when the Greeks arrived, and moved the
Egyptian capital to Alexandria, Memphis suffered, and with the entrance of Christianity and the decline of Egyptian religion,
Memphis became a mere shadow of the former great city. But the actual demise of Memphis probably occurred with the invasion of the Muslim conquerors in 641 when they established their new capital not at Memphis, but a short distance north of the city at Fustat, which is now a part of Cairo called Old Cairo, or Coptic Cairo.
Still, in the 12th Century AD, one traveler wrote, "the ruins still offer, to those who contemplate them, a collection of such marvelous beauty that the intelligence is confounded, and the most eloquent man would be unable to describe them adequately". But during the Mameluke period of Egypt, the dikes, which held back the Nile floods, fell into disrepair, after which Memphis was apparently and slowly covered in silt. who was identified with Hephaistos and Vulcan. The remains of the god's temple bordering the village of Mit Rahina was at one time probably one of the grandest temples in Egypt. Today, only a fraction of the temple remains, which was originally excavated by the famous Egyptologist, W.M. Flinders Petrie between 1908and 1913. Ramses II is well represented here, with a colossus of himself near the Alabaster Sphinx along the southern enclosure wall.
Other remains include an enclosure with a ruined palace of Apries to the north of the Temple of Ptah.
The fraction we can see of Memphis today is located principally around the small village of Mit Rahina. We believe that Ptah was the principle pagan god worshipped in Memphis,
23

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert...Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal these words appear:
“My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!”
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.
1.
There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His prophet.
2.
Prayer five times daily, facing Mecca.
3.
Alms-giving to the poor and needy.
4.
Fasting sun-up to sun-down during Ramadan (ninth month of lunar calendar).
5.
Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.
24
ATHENS Kevin Olson and Lindsey Kuehl
Athens was first settled during the Neolithic Age (before 3000
BC) on the Acropolis because of its security. Athens got its name from a myth about Athena and Poseidon fighting to win the title of protector of this city. Athena sprung an olive tree from the ground where she struck her spear, and Poseidon made a spring of salt water rise from where he struck the ground with his trident. The olive tree withstood the waters, and Athena was judged the winner, and the city was named after her. The peak of Athens world power was in the 5 th century BC. It was then overcome by the dominant growth of
Rome, and then was attacked by the Slavs. In 1204, Crusaders occupied it and Athens was under Western rule until 1456 when the Turks captured it. Greece gained it’s independence from Turkey in the war of 1821-1832, and Athens became the capital of Greece in 1833. By this year, Athens was a small city of only about 4,000 people, located to the north of the
Acropolis. Since then, Athens has grown to a modern city of about 5,000,000 people.
The Olympic Temple of Zeus
This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. This is the temple where the first Olympic athletes competed. They walked through the archways into the competitive arena. To the left was the wall of shame where statues of athletes that had been caught cheating in the Olympic Games were placed in order to send a message to the athletes just before they entered the competition.

Panathinaikon Stadium
This stadium is also known as 'Kallimarmaron’ or beautiful marble. They believe that this stadium was constructed as early as 329
BC, one of the best stadiums of the period. During the middle ages the stadium was torn down and the marble was used for other buildings. The purpose of the stadiums was for the first modern Olympics. The building accomodated 45,000 people. It’s construction is still admired today. In
1997 The World Track and Field Championships were held there.
2004 Olympic Stadium
You can tour the stadium where the last summer
Olympics took place. See where more than 11,099 athletes competed in the birthplace of the Olympic Games. That is the largest number of competitors ever and also the first time women ever competed in the Olympic Games in Athens
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Acropolis
This is where the original settlement was because of strategic placement. It was high in the air, providing protection on three sides from invaders. The Acropolis became a worship place with many temples and shrines to honor the gods of their day.
Propylaia
Started in 437 BC by the architect Mnesicles, and finished in 432 BC. This is a grandeur entrance to the sacred grounds on the Acropolis. Propylon means a gate. This entrance was to prepare the people to worship the gods beyond the entrance.
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Temple of Athena Nike
Building of this temple started in 427 BC by the architect Kallikrates and finished in 425-424 BC. This temple is rather small, but it is still beautiful. Athenians would pray here for victory against their enemies. The frieze around this temple depicted the battle of Plataiai, which is when the Greeks unfalteringly beat the
Persians.

Erechtheion
The construction of this temple began in 421 BC by an unknown architect and finished in 403 BC. Some speculate that it was Mnesicles who was the architect because it resembles his work. This temple was built to worship Athena, Poseidon, and Erechtheus. It also marked the spot where Poseidon’s trident hit the
Acropolis, called Hephaestus. Other shrines include the sacred olive tree and a well containing sea water, representing the Erechtheian Sea. This temple was built to replace the Old Temple. around the Parthenon represents the Panathenaic procession, which was a celebration during classical times in Athens. This is the pinnacle of Greek buildings in the Acropolis and is the main temple that is honored on this sacred hill.
Parthenon
This building was started in 447 BC by the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates and finished in 438
BC. The temple was built to honor Athena. Cost of building this wonder was 469 silver talents. To put this into perspective, the gross annual income of Athens was 1000 silver talents, and its treasury consisted of
6000 silver talents. Inside the Parthenon was a 12 m gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athena. The frieze
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Theatre of Herodes Atticus
This theatre seats 5,000 people and is still used for events today. It was build between 161 and 174 AD by
Herodes Atticus dedicated to the memory of his wife.
Originally the theatre had a roof that gave the stadium better acoustics and allowed performances to take place no matter what the weather.

Relief Parapet from the Nike Temple (a young Nike is shown with her wings semi spread out and she is bending down to adjust her sandals).
Museums
Acropolis Museum
This museum only contains stone artifacts from the Acropolis. A list of the most important pieces on display here includes: The Parthenon frieze, the
Erechtheion frieze, and the frieze from the Temple of
Athena Nike, Moschophoros (statue of man with a calf on his shoulders), Peplos Kore (young woman wearing chiton and peplos), Kore with almond-shaped eyes
(young woman wearing chiton and a short himation),
Pediment of the Ancient Temple (Athena fighting a giant), Kritios boy (boy with long hair rolled up), relief of Mourning Athena (Athena is bending her head toward the stele in front of her), Metope from the
Parthenon (a centaur is capturing a Lapith woman),
Caryatids (statues of young women which held up the roof of the southern porch of the Erechtheion), and the
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National Archeological Museum of Athens
This museum contains many various artifacts from throughout Greece’s history, as well as some
Egyptian history. Some pieces here cover prehistoric times (figurines, frescos, various metal works), sculptures (typical Greek sculptures), pottery and minor art (tablets, vases, urns), bronzes (metal figures), and
Egyptian art (statues and sculptures).

Lycabetous Hill
Located in Athens this magnificent hill overlooks the city. At the top of the steep climb to the top is the small church of St. George. More pictures of this can be seen on the website from when the 2003 may-semmers climbed to the top.
Ancient Agora Temple of Hephestus & Stoa of
Attalus Museum
This museum contains many different artifacts from the ancient market place (agora). Upstairs you will find miniature figures of how the Acropolis and
Agora looked in ancient times. Around 65,000 artifacts are on display in this museum.
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The National Gardens
The National Gardens are like New York City’s Central
Park. It is the place in Athens where Athenians and tourists go to relax and enjoy the little bit of nature in the midst of all the

concrete of the city. The gardens used to belong to a king but are now for everyone to enjoy. There are hundreds of trees from all over the world in the gardens as well as a botanical museum. Unfortuneately the gardens have been taken over by the hundreds of ducks and turtles that live there. Though it may be tempting to pick one of these animals up, don’t do it.
They are the property of the state and you just might get arrested. Also in the park is the camp of the Evzones who guard the tomb of the unknown solider. Across the street was once the palace of the king but is now the home of the Prime
Minister. weather is nice. It is mostly used as an exhibition hall and for official events so you might want to see what is scheduled to take place in the Zappion while we are there.
Zappion
Down the street from the National Gardens is the
Zappion built in 1878. Here you can see different forms of entertainment such as puppet shows in the summer at the large outdoor café. This is a popular spot in Athens when the
30
Monastriaki
This is the old shopping district in Athens that is located under the Acropolis. This is a very popular and busy area in Athens. There is a large assortment of products to buy here.
Ermou Street
This is one of the best places for shopping in the capital. They sell many things here but claim that the atmosphere is what is most exciting.
Kolonaki
Athens.
This area has the trendy more expensive shops of
Athenas Street
Here you can find household items, clothes, and accessories. There is also a food market here.
The Plaka

One of the oldest parts of modern Athens filled with restaurants, cafés, nightclubs, and places to shop.
Here you can get authentic Greek merchandise such as jewelry and other souvenirs.
United States Embassy
Night Life
Athens is filled with café’s where tourists and
Athenians can sit under umbrellas and drink coffee. Athenians like to spend late nights out at restaurants and pubs which generally don’t close until the last customer is ready to leave.
Most of the taverns have live music and many belly dancing.
The bouzoukia clubs are where you can dance on the tables and break as many plates as you want as it is the most recognized
Greek tradition (but you do have to pay for them).
91 Vassilisis Sophias Avenue, Athens 10160, Greece
Telephone: 30-210-721-2951
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33

Mandy Berggren
Athens has been a city for about 3,500 years, giving it history and artifacts that attract many tourists to the area every year. The greatest glory time for Athens was during the classical period of ancient Greece, when many of the well-known artifacts were under construction (Hall). Today Athens is the capital of Greece, and when including Piraeus, is home to approximately four million people. With the great amount of inhabitants, Athens is filled with industrialism and pollution. Many tourists only think about the attractions within Athens before going to the city. They do not know how urbanized the area is, and are therefore discouraged when they first arrive in
Athens. To get the greatest appreciation for the city, explore it with an adventurous spirit and think of the history that lies within the city. Athens is one of the few capitals that can be characterized by having a glory period, a decline in the city, nearly complete destruction and then recovering in the nineteenth century (Hall). Surrounded by three mountains, Athens is truly a great city to explore and visit. To get the best understanding of the city, go to the streets of
Athens where the people often hangout late into the night dancing and enjoying life.
The history of Athens dates back many years, through many prosperous and difficult periods. It would be extremely difficult and long to touch on all the important events that have occurred within Athens, but I chose what I thought was most important and helpful to get an appropriate understanding of the extended history of the city. In comprehending the ancient history of
Athens, it is important to also look at the history of
Attica. The first known inhabitants of Athens were the
Pelasgions. Today, the oldest walls of the Acropolis are named after them. Next, the Ionians settled in
Attica, splitting the city into separate, independent small towns. The two sides only engaged in diplomacy during times of war when they met with Kekrops, the first king of Athens. Around 1200 BC, the Dorians settled in Southern Greece. This group of settlers brought an end to the Mycennean civilization and also
34 invaded Attica (greekislands). The city of Athens was beginning to encounter many social and political disturbances during this time and control was needed.
In 594 BC Solon organized the state on a basis of citizens’ income. This was one of the first stages of democracy, but did not rid the area of all social conflict. Democracy was in effect until 508 BC when the politician Kleisthenis introduced equilibrium, which is a state of balance between social classes
(greekislands). Up until this time, problems that the city of Athens encountered were usually within the city or occurred nearby.
At the beginning of the fifth century BC, the
Persians campaigned against the Greeks. The Persians wanted to defeat the Athenians and Greeks and tried to do so numerous times. The first battle took place at
Marathon and the second attempt was a naval battle at
Salamis. The Athenians made their final defeat of the
Persians at the Battle of Plataies. Pericles then took control of the city and contributed many things to help improve its condition. First, he strengthened democracy within Athens. Then, he strengthened the army and the naval fleet. He also began the construction of the
Parthenon and of the Propylaia of the Acropolis. Then the Peloponnesian Wars, from 431-404 BC, took place between Athens and Sparta and destroyed the city of
Athens. Fortunately, the Athenian people were able to regroup and reorganize making Athens a dominant city again. The city appeared to be moving in the right direction. The greatest philosophers at the time lived in Athens, which included Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
(greekislands). Not long after the improvements of
Athens, the Athenian democracy killed Socrates, which continues to be a tragedy discussed in Principia courses at Concordia today. Alexander the Great was the next significant ruler in Athens. His death marked the ending of the great classical period in Greece. For the next five hundred years, through the beginning of the
Christian era, Athens was subject to the power of Rome
(athens-today).
The Greeks were subject to other countries until the 1800’s. After being under the power of Rome, the
Greeks were subject to Turkish rule for approximately four hundred years. Then on March 25, 1821, Greece began to fight for their independence as a nation. In

1829 Greece was declared an independent nation, and they celebrate their independence every March 25. Today,
Greece is a republic country with a democratically elected parliament (athens-today). It is evident that
Athens and the country of Greece have a history that dates back many years. When touring in Athens and
Greece it is important to remember the history and the events the country has endured.
With the history of Athens dating back so many years, it is difficult to know the exact records of all that really occurred. Many mythological stories have been made to describe some of the early events of the city. One story accounts on how the city got the name of Athens. The story starts in Olympus, when a council of 12 gods met to decide who was going to lay claim to
Attica. The candidates were Poseidon, the god of the sea, and Athena, the goddess of wisdom. When the showdown arouse, Poseidon struck the rock of the
Acropolis with his trident and a horse and rushing water sprang forth, out of the rock. Next, it was Athena’s turn to show her power. This goddess struck the rock next to her with her spear and the first olive tree sprang forth. The gods claimed Athena the winner and protector of the city, which then took her name
(greekislands).
Another historical issue that deals with Athens that continues to be controversial today is the dispute about the Elgin Marbles. The marbles were a part of a sculpture that was in the Acropolis, but were taken by the British ambassador named Lord Elgin. He negotiated with someone to remove some objects of Greek antiquity from Greece around 1799, and in doing so, took part of the sculpture. The Greeks say that the sculpture is “a symbol of our nationhood” and want it back in Greece
(Zenell). The “Elgin Marbles” continue to be in a
British Museum today, but the fight over who should really have the marbles is ongoing.
Athens has numerous tourist attractions that make the city remarkable to visit. Some of the most popular ones are the Acropolis, the Parthenon and the Agora, which were researched more in depth by fellow classmates. Besides these famous sites, there are various other attractions that Athens offers to visitors. First, there are a variety of different museums found within the city. The most popular one is the National Archaeological Museum. This museum is divided up into many different halls, each significant for a certain form of art or time period. The Hall of
Mycenaean Antiquities is the best one to see. It includes the Mask of Agamemnon, a golden mask of an ancient king. Another hall is dedicated to the Cycladic
Collection, which is devoted to Cycladic art (Hall).
This museum draws people interested in a variety of different areas. The National Art Gallery is another museum found in Athens. This gallery gives emphasis to
Greek painting and sculpture. There are works form
Picasso, Marquet and Utrillo here (Hall). Other wellknown museums within Athens include the National
Historical Museum, the Acropolis Museum and the Agora
Museum. These are only a few of the many museums in
Athens, if interested in this area, there are many more possible museums to visit.
The Plaka is a favorite place for many tourists when visiting Athens. It is in the oldest section of
Athens and most of the streets here are closed off to automobiles. The Plaka is known to be one of the nicest areas in central Athens. It contains many outdoor restaurants and cafés, which are a great way to people watch and get a feel of how the people of Athens live.
Generally the restaurants are a little more expensive, but the food is known to be very good. There are also many tourist shops found in the Plaka. These shops are stocked with native and historical items to purchase, and provide many souvenirs to bring home. The Plaka is located on the streets right below the Acropolis and is not difficult to find (athensguide).
Other attractions to see include Plateía
Syntágmatos and the National Gardens. The Plateía
Syntágmatos is also known as the Syntágma Square. It is the home of the Greek Parliament and contains the “Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.” The National Guard is on continuous watch of the tomb and the changing of the guards can be seen every Sunday at eleven in the morning. Behind the parliament building is the National
Gardens. It is formally known as the “Royal Gardens,” and is one of the most peaceful spots found within the city of Athens (athensguide). The many tourist attractions found in Athens provide adventures to suit everyone’s desires. Ranging from the popularly visited
Acropolis, to a small museum about Greek art, to sitting
35

at a corner café, the magnificence of Athens can be found almost anywhere.
Along with the spectacular attractions, the entertainment found within Athens keeps many people up late into the night. Every night on the Hill of the
Pynx is a light show played on the Acropolis. The lights are accompanied with music and sound effects, which provide entertainment for all ages. Bars and music is also very popular in Athens. Almost all the bars within Athens have a dance floor. The majority of the bars play good music, not heavy metal or hard rock, under the age of twenty-five, discos are another place where many people go to dance. The most popular disco is Easy Way ; here they play Western Rock music under an open roofed dance floor (Eyewitness). The natives from
Athens enjoy staying up late into the night dancing, talking and having a good time.
If late nights are not ones style, there are many other forms of entertainment that the natives partake in during the day as well. Football, or soccer to
Americans, is the most popular sport in Greece. There are a total of eighteen teams in Greece, and six are within Athens. Usually games are played on Wednesdays and Sundays, but they will be in play-offs in mid-May and could be playing on other days as well (Eyewitness).
Shopping is also very popular. There are many low prices, but it is advised to look around before buying because many vendors will take advantage of tourists.
Compare prices between stores and a little bargaining can also be done. Greece is known for their well-made sandals. The best brand to buy is Stavros Melissinos ; these are the most popular sandals in Greece. Flea markets are very common within Athens as well. It is possible to find many good deals and souvenirs at these places. Jewelry is often sold at flea markets and high quality gold and silver can be purchased at a fairly low price. Greece is one of the cheapest European countries to buy jewelry (Eyewitness). The entertainment and tourist attractions keep visitors very busy while in
Athens, but other important information is needed to make the stay successful.
Transportation within Athens can be very hectic, as it is in all large cities. Staying patient and knowing your destination will be very helpful. Watch for traffic at all times in Athens, with the busy streets, drivers get rude and reckless. Taxis are probably the quickest form of transportation. They are difficult to get during rush hour, and knowing your destination is necessary. Taxi rates change during the day, so be aware of how much you are actually paying the driver (athens-today). They will recognize that you are a foreigner and may try to take advantage of you and your money. Buses are also very common in Athens. They are useful in getting to the major tourist spots such as the Acropolis and the Parthenon. Sometimes to get to the destination point, you may need to ride a few different buses. It is the helpful to map out the route beforehand or talk to someone at the hotel or bus service that can help you. Along with the buses, there are trolleys in Athens that go to the major tourist attractions. Motorcycles and bicycles can be rented for reasonable prices too. This allows freedom to move about the city without depending on other modes of transportation. The rental place will probably put restrictions as to how far you can travel (athenstoday). There are many forms of transportation within
Athens, except for during rush hour, getting to destination points should be fairly easy.
After a day of sightseeing, eating the unique
Greek foods will be a delightful experience. Breakfast is usually a light meal and lunch is eaten in midafternoon. Dinner does not usually start until ten at night (athens-today). This is a social time for the people, where they sit and talk late into the evening.
Eating out is a way of life in Greece. The majority of the time a good-sized meal is reasonably priced.
Assortments of Greek wines accompany the different courses and foods at restaurants as well. It is helpful to keep in mind that a service charge is already added to the bill when you get it. If the service is good, it is right to leave a small tip in recognition of good work. In Greece, restaurants are places to go before going out for evening entertainment (athens-today). Not all restaurants are the same. There are Greek Taverns, where it is custom to go into the kitchen and choose the meal of your choice. Small cafés are often found on street corners and typical sit-down restaurants are also common (athens-today). Many of the restaurants are outdoors because of the year round good weather in
Greece.
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To make the stay in Athens the best possible, I wanted to include some miscellaneous information that will be useful when traveling. First, Athens is the capital of Greece and one of the southern most European cities. Second, the most popular religion is the Greek
Orthodox and the currency is the drachma. It is also useful to understand that instead of celebrating birthdays in Greece, they celebrate name days. Each name has a specific day and on that day everyone with the name celebrates. The climate in Greece is nice all year. Many tourists get sunburned each year, so it is helpful to carry along sun-block and long sleeves if out for the entire day. Lastly, wearing the appropriate clothing and shoes will make Athens much more enjoyable.
Sandals are almost always suitable and having rubber soles is recommended for climbing the rocky terrain around and within Athens. If visiting a church is included in the day’s agenda, bring the necessary clothing to cover the body (Zenell). This should be done out of respect and courtesy towards the people of
Athens and their beliefs. Knowing more about the city of Athens, I hope that our visit here is complete and fulfilling. Keep in mind that remembering the history and how the artifacts began is important to know when exploring the great city of Athens.
Eyewitness Travel Guides, Greece. London: Dorling
Kindersley, 1996.
Hall, Rosemary. Greece. Lonely Planet Publications.
1994. http://www.athensguide.com/ http://www.athens-today.gr/ http://www.greekislands.com/athens/
Zenell, Martha E. ed. Insight Guides, Athens. Houghton
Mifflin Co. 1996.
The Ancient Greeks are well known for their designing and constructing extraordinary buildings. The
Acropolis is generally considered one of the most popular areas of Greek landscape, with the Parthenon as the focal point. The image of the Acropolis and its contents (specifically the Parthenon), as it rises up above the city of Athens, summarizes what Athenian and
Greek tradition and culture represent.
The Acropolis is a rock with the dimensions 155 meters high, 300 meters long and 150 meters wide that elevates out of the Attica Basin. The original purpose of the Acropolis was for military purposes. It protected the king and his company by providing a great view in every direction. The Pelasgians, who constructed large slabs of rock to form Cyclopean or
Pelasgian walls that are reach up to six meters wide, did the original building of the Acropolis. However, over time the Acropolis was destroyed twice and then rebuilt again. Besides the popular Parthenon, other buildings on the Acropolis include the Propylaia, which is the entrance to the Acropolis, the Temple of Nike, and the Erechteheum. Also, members of the community would donate works to the Acropolis to be shown on the hill. Before destroyed in a war, the most famous donation was a sculpture of the goddess Athena, made of bronze, which was nine feet tall.
The Parthenon is the most visible of all buildings on the Acropolis and dominates the view of the
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Acropolis as one of the world’s most incredible sights.
The original reason for the Parthenon was to honor the
Goddess Athena, however it wasn’t actually known as the
Parthenon until the fourth century during the
Panathenaic Games. The final building began in 447 BC, led by Iktinos and Kallikratis to celebrate Athena and
Panathenaic Games. After being destroyed earlier by the
Persians and then rebuilt again, the final construction is made of marble, except for the roof made of wood and the foundation made of limestone.
Architecturally the Parthenon is considered perfect. The building is 30.88 meters wide and 69.51 meters long. There are eight columns on each of the short sides and 17 on each of the long sides. As a result of careful planning by the architects, the
Parthenon is considered perfect because of its proportions, harmonic look, and the balance of power and refinement it contains. Unfortunately, part of the
Parthenon was damaged in 1687 when a Venetian bomb hit the Acropolis and caused a large explosion. Also in the
19 th Century Lord Elgin stole decorations (marbles) out of the Parthenon and transferred them to England, where they are still preserved today. The event is known today as the Elgin Marble Controversy.
There are nearly 40 museums in the city of
Athens. However, few compare to the National
Archaeological Museum, as it is ranked in the top ten
38 museums in the world. Found in central Athens, this museum was the first large museum of archaeological finds and contains a variety of ancient Greek art and other objects. It is said it would take weeks for a visitor to properly observe the objects.
The two-story museum was built by the architect
Ludwig Lange, modified by Ernst Ziller, and finished in
1889. It contains Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean, and
Classical Greek Art. The museum is divided into three divisions. They are the Prehistoric Division, Sculpture from the Archaic to Hellenistic Periods, and the Pottery from Geometric to the end of the 4 th Century AD.
Although there are many exhibits in the museum, there are a few there are considered the most popular.
These include the Kouros (rooms 8,11,13), or the “nude man-boys,” the bronze statue of Poseidon (or Zeus of
Artemisios, room 15), which was found about 65 years ago off the Evian coast, and the Thera frescoes (room 48), which is a collection of diverse vases and frescoes that ornamented the houses of prehistoric Thera (Akrotiri).
The first main room is room 4, the Mycenaean Collection, much of which was discovered by H. Schliemann in 1876.
Some of the most celebrated pieces include the gold death masks and diadems, inaccurately linked to King
Agamemnon.
References
1. National Archaeological Museum , “Dilos: Holiday
World.” February 27, 2001. http://www.dilos.com/region/attica/nat_mus.html.

2. The National Archaeological Museum . April, 29,
2001. http://www.greekislands.com/athens/nat_mus.htm.
3. The Acropolis. April, 29, 2001. http://www.greekislands.com/athens/acr_area.htm.
4. The Parthenon. April, 29, 2001. http://www.greekislands.com/athens/parthen.htm.
5. The Acropolis of Athens.
April 29, 2001. http://cal044202.student.utwente.nl/~marsares/acr o/parth/index.html.
6. The Acropolis of Athens.
February, 2001. http://www.dragonridge.com/greece/Acropolis.htm.
7. Athens and the Attica Basin. April, 29, 2001. http://www.greekislands.com/athens/info.htm.
8. The Atmosphere. April, 29, 2001. http://www.greekislands.com/athens/atmosphr.htm.
Bruce Holmgren
Greece is one of the most visited European countries, yet at the same time it is one of the most unknown. Though a relatively small country (with less than 51,000 square miles), Greece has an extensive history and a strong tradition that still lives on today. Much of this tradition stems from the earlier
39 days and from ancient structures. The ancient Agora in
Athens, ancient Corinth, and ancient Mycenae all play a role in the development of Greek culture.
First, we’ll discuss the Agora, in Athens. The word Agora actually means marketplace—however this marketplace wasn’t just a spot to buy a fish, it was the heart of ancient Athens. Political, commercial, religious, and social activities all took place in the
Agora. There were schools, shops, and a theater to keep people busy. It was also the home of the city mint—all of Athens’ silver coins were made here. This was even the site where the famous Socrates was indicted and executed in 399 BC.
Today, the Agora claims many different historical artifacts. We’ll go over a few of the main attractions.
One such aspect was the Panathenaic Way. This route of travel was named after the Panathemaia Festival’s grand procession. The route ran through the Agora, as well as the main entrance, from the Acropolis in southeast
Athens to the Kerameikos in the northwest.
Another important monument is the Temple of
Hephaistos. This temple, also known as the Theseion, stands on the hill of Kolonos Agoraios and is the most prominent and best-preserved building on the site. The temple was dedicated to the gods Hephaistos and Athena— both of which were displayed on bronze statues in the interior.
A significant statue was that of a triton (half god, half fish—a pretty sweet combination) by the Odeion of Agrippa. The statue was made of marble and dates

from AD 150. Today it is in the Agora museum. The
Odeion of Agrippa (mentioned above), was an auditorium with a seating capacity of about 1,000 people. It was later destroyed by fire in AD 267.
Another interesting complex was the jail. Though the Agora was fairly large, the prison was not. It only had eight cells and one entrance (for security reasons).
It was in one of these cells that Socrates was imprisoned and executed.
The Agora was also famous for its numerous stoas.
A stoa, in ancient Greek architecture, is a large open area at the heart of the city whose boundaries are defined by the public buildings that surround it. The
Agora was host to the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, the
Painted Stoa, the Royal Stoa, the Stoa of Attalos, the
Middle Stoa, and finally the South Stoa. These various stoas served all functions—from victory celebrations, to headquarters, to shops, to displaying artwork. They varied in size but all played an important role in the development of the Agora.
Ancient Corinth is our next topic of interest.
Corinth was a city of ancient Greece, famous for its position on a narrow isthmus between the Saronic and
Corinthian gulfs. Transporting goods across this isthmus was the shortest route from the eastern
Mediterranean to the Adriatic Sea. As Corinth grew, it became one of the largest cities of ancient Greece and a rival of Athens. Despite its progress, in 146 BC the
Roman army destroyed Corinth. Julius Caesar later rebuilt the city and it became the capital of Achaea, a
Roman province. Under Roman rule, ancient Corinth was known for its luxury and elegance.
As the town grew, eventually attaining a population of nearly 750,000, it gained an immoral reputation for lust, greed, deceit and many other sins to terrible to mention. This opportunity attracted St.
Paul in AD 52 where he fought to straighten out the city. While doing so, he made his money working as a tent-maker.
Today, though the modern-day Corinth is a busy tourist attraction, the ancient city of Corinth lies in ruins—most of the damage due to earthquakes. Like
Athens though, some of the history still stands. One of these amazing artifacts is the famous Temple of Apollo.
This structure was one of the few buildings preserved by the Romans when they rebuilt the city. Made of stucco and limestone, little besides the seven columns stand today. Even from these columns it is easy to see the size and magnitude that people of the time period were working with.
Another interesting aspect of Corinth was that of the theater. Originally a common theater, it was modified in the third century AD so water could be piped in for the purpose of staging mock sea battles. I thought that was what bathtubs were for. The people of that time certainly had some interesting ideas.
Ancient Mycenae brings up still more significant history. The significance of this complex is the example of sophisticated citadel architecture. Mycenae was a palace on top of a hill—many called it a fortress.
40

Artisans and merchants lived just outside the city walls for access and availability to those that inhabited the great structure. Unfortunately, turmoil was everywhere during the time period and in 1100 BC it was abandoned.
Ancient Mycenae was famous not only for its durability and rigidity, but also for use in Homer’s famous poem the Iliad. Using various archaeological evidence, comparisons have been made between Mycenae and
Homer’s “myths.” Many of the ancient sites in Homer’s works are thought to be the cities of some of the heroes of the Trojan War. With this information and further, deeper analysis, many believe that Homer’s works were indeed more than myths.
As mentioned above, Mycenae was thought of as a fortress. One such reason was due to the “Cyclopean” walls. These walls, up to 46 feet wide, were completely indestructible. The Greeks later imagined that giants had built them. Part of this great wall included the
Lion Gate. The name is derived from the two sculpted lions that are standing up on an alter (all carved from the stone) above the entry way. The symbolization of the lions leaning on the altar was intended to show the power and domination held by the Mycenaean people.
Today, the structure of Mycenae is still standing. One of the more notable constructions was that of a secret stairway. Located at the far corner of the compound, the stairway contains 99 steps dropping to a cistern deep beneath the citadel. The purpose of this cistern was to ensure a water supply in times of attack.
Even more amazing are certain grave circles.
These grave circles were quite large and built out of the same material the fortress was. Grave Circle A, for example, held six royal family shaft-graves. These graves combined contained 19 bodies and over 30 pounds of gold! The golden artifacts are now on display in
Athens.
One more structure worthy of mention is the Royal
Palace. This was located at the highest point of the compound. Today only the floors are left, but it is interesting to note the burn-marks that are still visible from its destruction in 1200 BC.
Bibliography
Browsing Ancient Coinage of Corinth. < http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/corinth/i.html
> 22
Apr
01.
Camp, John M. The Athenian Agora, Excavations in the heart of classical Athens. London: Thames and
Hudson Ltd., 1998.
Cities of Ancient Greece on the Spartathlon Route. < http://spartathlon.webvista.net/ACities.htm
> 22
Apr 01.
Dubin, Marc. Greece: Athens & the Mainland. New York:
Dorling Kindersley, Inc., 2000.
Freeman, Kathleen. Greek City-States. New York: The
Norton Library, 1950.
Mycenae.
< http://www.virtualpilgrim.com/VPWherePages/iris.html
>
22 Apr 01.
41

The Roman Agora of Athens. < www.vacationcyclades.com/athens/roman-agora.htm
> 22 Apr 01.
Tanner Schulz
Rumored to be the location of the center of the world, this was determined by Zeus when he released two eagles from the edges of the world and met at Delphi at the Archaic omphalos (navel-stone). The site is also the home of the temple to Apollo, and most importantly the location of the ancient Oracle.
Delphi is not a very large community, even in ancient times; it became an important site due to the importance of the Oracle and the power that it provided to the visitors. The prophecies were foretold by women who would undergo a trance that was induced by drugs, afterwards they would answer the question with a vague answer. Because the answer was vague it was open to a variety of interpretations.
Important sites in Delphi
 The Sacred Way: The path we take up to see the location of the oracle and the other ruins.
 The Sacred Spring: Visitors would need to bathe in the spring before they went to see the oracle.
 The Treasury of the Athenians: Third treasury, well survived, built around 508 BC after democracy was established in Delphi. The building has reliefs of the exploits of Theseus (the founder of democracy), and The Ten Labors of Herakles.
 The sanctuary of Athena Pronaia: Circular building of the Doric order (380 BC), the building has been carefully built, with many details. The function of the building has remained a mystery. A little way outside of the main site.
 The Stadion: a large arena/stadium used for foot races, and other games.
 Temple to Apollo: The most important building in the sanctuary, it was the center of the cult of Apollo and the oracle. Today the temple consists of a flat base with pillars on the perimeter. The temple contained statues to Apollo, the omphalos, and was the location of the oracle.
 Theater of Delphi: A well preserved theater built out of limestone, because of its location and high slope, it provides a good view of the landscape.
Nafplio has been a major Greek port since the Bronze
Age, and was even the first capital city of Greece after the Greek war for independence, 1821-1828. Now Nafplio is a peaceful seaside resort, dominated by the imposing
Palamidi Fortress. The castle of Palamidi lies on a high
216m hill to the east of Akronafplia. It was constructed between 1711-1714 during the second Venetian occupation of the area (1686-1715), but was captured just a year later by the Turks. This citadel’s gates are all adorned by the Lion of Saint Mark, the Venetian emblem. Under the leadership of klepht (guerrilla) chief Theodoros
Kolokotronis, the Greeks besieged the fortress for 15 months during the war for independence before the Turks finally capitulated. It is a typical baroque fortress, based on the plans of the engineers Giaxich and Lasalle.
Currently small-scale restorations on the walls and the south end fortifications are under way. The 5th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities is carrying out the restoration.
The Castle Venetian defensive structure dated to the beginning of the 18th century. It consists of eight bastions (projections from the fortification) surrounded by walls. A long stairway reinforced with small battlements starts at the foot of the NW slope and leads up to the fortress on the top of the hill.
Church of St. Andrew built in one of the bastions of the fortress. It is a barrel-vaulted church with the eastern
42

half built underneath one of the arches supporting the walls.
The prison of Kolokotronis.
One of the bastions, the socalled "Miltiades" was used as the prison cell of
Kolokotronis, a hero of the Greek Revolution and known as the Grand Old Man of Morea.
The Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus was the most celebrated healing center of the ancient world.
The cult was known to exist in the 6th century BC when the hilltop sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas was no longer spacious enough for the public worship of the Epidaurus city-state. The authority and radiance of Asklepios as the most important healer god of antiquity, brought to the sanctuary great financial prosperity, which in the
4th and 3rd centuries BC enabled the implementation of an ambitious building program for the construction of monumental buildings for worship (the temple and the altar of Asklepios, the Tholos, the Abaton, etc.), and later, of buildings mainly secular in character (the
Theatre, the Ceremonial Hestiatoreion, the Baths, the
Palaestra, etc.). The Asklepieion survived until the end of antiquity, having experienced a second heyday in the
2nd century AD
The Asklepieion have been brought to light through excavations carried out by the Greek Archaeological
Society (1879-1926). Since 1985, the Committee has undertaken complementary archaeological research for the
Preservation of the Epidaurus Monuments.
The theatre of the Asklepieion of Epidaurus is the ideal specimen of the achievements and experience of the ancient Greeks on theatre construction. Pausanias already praised it in antiquity for its symmetry and beauty.
 Designed by Polyclitus the Younger, this theatre is based on a fully circular orchestra.
 Typical Hellenistic structure with the three basic parts:
 The cavea, the orchestra and the stage building (skene). The longest radius of the cavea is 58 m. while the diameter of the orchestra is about 20 m.
 The lower of the two diazomata (sections) is divided with 13 stairways into 12 cunei (with 34 rows of benches) and the upper with 23 stairways into 22 cunei (with 21 rows of benches).
 The stage building included a main room with four pillars along the central axis, and one square room at each end. The proskenium had a facade with 14 half-columns against pillars. Two ramps on either side led to the stage while monumental double gates stood at the two entrances.
 The theatre was built in two stages. During the first, at the end of the 4th century BC, the orchestra, the lower diazoma and the stage building
(in its "pre-Hellenistic" phase) were constructed.
 The theatre was used for musical and poetical contests and theatrical performances.
 The acoustics are exceptional and it is true that a penny dropped in the center of the arena can be heard on the back row.
During the second, at the middle of the 2nd century
BC, the cavea was enlarged at the top, and the stage building was given its "late-Hellenistic" shape.
Sources
THEATRE, accessed on 4/26/2001 from the World
Wide Web,
43

< http://www.tulane.edu/~hughl/Period.Styles/Greece/Epida urus.theatre.html
>
Epidaurus, accessed on 4/25/2001 from the World
Wide Web < http://www.weaversuk.com/epidaurus.htm
>
Andronicos, Manolis. The Greek Museums Delphi,
Ekdotike Hellados S.A. Athens, Greece 1975
The theatre of The Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus,
Hellenistic Ministry of Culture, accessed on 4/23/2001 from the World Wide Web,
<http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104n/e211dn02.html>
The Castle of Palamidi at Nauplion, Hellenistic
Ministry of Culture, accessed on 3/23/2001 from the
World Wide Web,
<http://www.culture.gr/2/21/212/21205a/e212ea09.html>
Matt Palmen
I.
What are myths and where did they originate
A.
Definition and Etymology
1.
myths are traditional tales
2.
mythos was a “word” or “story”
3.
logos and epos was a “teller” of
“explainer”
4.
so mythologos was a “storyteller”
B.
Origin
1.
in the West
2.
Greek connotations
II.
The gods and goddesses of Olympus
A.
Zeus
1.
supreme ruler of Mount Olympus
2.
sixth child of Cronus and Rhea a.
Cronus was the ruler of the Titans b.
was warned by oracle that his child would overthrow him c.
after first five were swallowed, Rhea tricked Cronus and saved Zeus d.
Zeus lived with Mother Earth in Crete e.
Zeus began to work for Cronus and tricked him into drinking something that caused him to spew his siblings
44 f.
Zeus along with Poseidon and Hades killed Cronus
3.
after drawing lots, Zeus became ruler of the heavens, Poseidon was ruler of the sea, and Hades ruler of the Underworld
4.
was noble, mighty, glorious and wise, although gullible in the face of love
5.
could be vengeful (story of Prometheus- fire to earth, tied to rock, eagle to pick at liver for eternity, Hercules freed him)
6.
his bird was the eagle
7.
tree was the oak
8.
had a flying horse named Pegasus
9.
throw thunderbolts
B.
Poseidon
1.
ruler of the sea, and god of earthquakes
2.
powerful, second only to Zeus
3.
wife was Aphritite, granddaughter to the titan Oceanus
4.
gave the first horse to man
5.
he is depicted carrying the trident, a three-pronged spear
6.
he is always accompanied by his son,
Triton, who is half man, half fish
C.
Demeter
1.
goddess of fertility and the goddess of the harvest
2.
portrayed as serious and dignified
3.
dressed in a plain long robe
4.
in art, often depicted carrying a bundle of grain
5.
she is daughter of Cronus and Rhea, Zeus’ sister
D.
Hera
1.
was the sister and one of the wives of Zeus
2.
nicknamed “cow-faced” but was very beautiful
3.
spent most of her time administering revenge on Zeus’ lovers
4.
was not a loyal spouse a.
convinced the gods to revolt b.
when it failed she was seized by Zeus c.
hung from the sky with golden chains d.
with anvils around her feet to weigh her down

5.
her animal is the cow
6.
her bird is the peacock and sometimes the cuckoo
E.
Athena
1.
daughter of Zeus
2.
his favorite child
3.
she is said to have no mother, but rather she sprang full-grown and in full armor form her fathers head (Metis was her mother, Hermes realized what was wrong,
Hephaestus used the az)
4.
has two representations a.
in Iliad, she is a fierce and ruthless warrior b.
in Odyssey and other poetry, she is very powerful, but only fights to defend the State
5.
gave a bridle to man to allow them to tame the horse
6.
invented the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot
7.
of the three virgin goddess, she was chief a.
called the Maiden Parthenos b.
temple in Athens is called the
Parthenon
8.
is depicted with a helmet, shield, and a spear
9.
was able to use Zeus’ weapons, even his thunderbolts
10.
shield had Medusa’s head on the front
11.
her tree is the olive
12.
her bird is the owl
F.
Aphrodite
1.
goddess of beauty and love, and fertility and desire
2.
two accounts of her birth a.
in Iliad, she was the daughter of Zeus and Dione b.
in later myths, she rose from the sea, this is because aphros means foam-risen
3.
when she first arrived to Olympus, all the gods were struck by her beauty
4.
Zeus arranged a marriage for her
5.
she married Hephaestus
45
6.
she had a magic girdle, made by Hephaestus, that made anyone she wished desire her
7.
her tree was myrtle along with the rose, lily, crocus, and narcissus
8.
her animal was the swan, dove, sparrow, and dolphin
G.
Hephaestus
1.
god of forge and fire, or a blacksmith
2.
son of Zeus and Hera
3.
of the gods he was the most physically ugly
4.
he was also lame, there are two accounts a.
Hera was upset at having an ugly child and threw him off Olympus and into the sea, breaking his legs b.
Zeus caught Hephaestus trying to free
Hera from the chains and in anger Zeus throw him off Olympus himself.
5.
made dwellings and furnishings for the gods
6.
made their weapons and armor
7.
was a kind and peace-loving
8.
god of the ceremony, where he formally admits children into the city
9.
worshipped by all blacksmiths
H.
Ares
1.
god of war
2.
Homer called him murderous, bloodstained, the incarnated curse of mortals
3.
was also a coward
4.
took delight in sacking towns and slaughtering humans
5.
no real personality, just a symbol of war
6.
is generally represented with a suit of armor, a helmet, a poised spear, and a shield
7.
his bird was the vulture
8.
his animal was the dog
I.
Artemis
1.
Was the goddess of the forest and all the wild things, also the Huntsman-in-chief to the gods
2.
was the twin sister to Apollo
3.
daughter to Zeus and Leto
4.
hunted with silver arrows
5.
one of the three virgin goddesses
6.
presides over childbirth

7.
her dark side is a fierce and vengeful warrior
8.
associated with the moon
9.
is also called Hecate and Selene, the three names make of the goddess of three forms:
Selene in the sky, Artemis on earth and
Hecate in the lower world.
10.
Temple of Ephesus was one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World
J.
Apollo
1.
god of light, and truth
2.
the only god with almost no darkness
3.
oracle at Delphi is a link between man and god
4.
was the Healer-god a.
first taught men medicine b.
and art of healing
5.
important job to pull the sun across the sky in his golden chariot
6.
depicted beardless with a head crowned with laurel leaves and either a bow or lyre in his hand
7.
his animals where the dolphin and crow
8.
a statue of him, called the Colossus of
Rhodes, is one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World
K.
Dionysus
1.
god of the vine
2.
invented wine and spread the art of tending grapes
3.
dual natured: a.
brought joy and divine ecstasy b.
brought brutality, thoughtlessness and rage
4.
son of Zeus and Semele
5.
only god to have a mortal parent
6.
Semele was burnt when she saw the true glory of Zeus
7.
Zeus rescued Dionysus and stitched him into his thigh until he was ready to be born
8.
Dionysus followers worshipped him in the woods, because that was where he grew up
9.
was one of the few that was able to bring the dead out of the Underworld
10.
brought his mother back from the Underworld and up to Mount Olympus
L.
Hermes
1.
son of Zeus and Maia, daughter of Atlas
2.
appears more often then any other god or goddess
3.
was the messenger of Zeus
4.
was the bringer of dreams, the governor of tongue, and the guide of intelligent speech
5.
shrewdest and most cunning of all the gods, called the Master Thief
6.
god of Commerce and market, patron of traders, merchants and thieves
7.
also the Divine Herald, who was the guide of the dead to the underworld
8.
his appearance is one with winged sandals and winged cap
9.
had a magic wand, Caduceus, which was given to him by Apollo
10.
invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy, weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees
III.
Questions
A.
Of the god and goddesses, which one most
IV.
resembles you and which one would you want to be like?
B.
Which god or goddesses would you not want to be?
C.
Do you really believe the idea of Greek
Mythology?
Work Cited
A. Graf, Fritz. “Greek Mythology: an introduction.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1993.
B. Graves, Robert. “The Greek Myths.” New York:
Penguin Books, 1992.
C. Mythography. Loggia.com April 20, 2000. http://www.loggia.com/myth/gods.html
Mythweb. Fleet Gazelle. April 14, 2000. April 20,
2000. http://www.mythweb.com/index.html
46

A Quick History

Over 3000 years of history

Rome started as a tiny village in central village.

Now a top ranking city in arts, fashion and cuisine.

According to Legend o Rome was founded in 753 BC o Romulus and twin brother Remus were abandoned on the
Palatine Hill and suckled by a she-wolf. Romulus, thereafter founded Rome atop the Palatine Hill, naming it after himself. o Today the she-wolf remains the symbol of Rome

Historic Account o
Hilly regions around the Tiber were inhabited by various hill tribes as early as the 8 th century BC. o Hill dwellers were eventually dominated by the Etruscans, who built the settlement that would one day be Rome. o Frustrated with the Estruscans’ dominance over their affairs, in 510 BC, the Romans rose up and overcame their oppressors to establish a republic.

Rome emphasizes and is really proud of her history.

Class System o Slaves

Owned by other people. They had no rights at all o Plebeians

They were free people. But they had little say at all. o Equestrians(sometimes called knights)

Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for
Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich. o Nobles of Rome

They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them.
Quick Facts

The Roman Republic was a very successful government. It lasted from 510 BC until 23 BC - almost 500 years. In comparison the
United States of America only exist since 1776 - less than 250 years.

This is why they emphasize history!
47
 One of Rome’s biggest challenges was the battle against Carthage which was destroyed in 146 BC

Most famous Emporer was Julius Caesar o 49BC Caesar conquered Rome itself which he then ruled as a dictator o Murdered in the Senate in Rome o July is named after him. o Shakespeare’s
Julius Caesar was written about his famous death

Augustus Rome's first emperor. He also added many territories to the empire.

Claudius He conquered Britain.

Nero He was insane. He murdered his mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions.

Titus Before he was emperor he destroyed the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.

Trajan He was a great conqueror. Under his rule the empire reached its greatest extent.

Hadrian He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians.

Diocletian He split the empire into two pieces - a western and an eastern empire.

Constantine He was the first Christian emperor. He united the empire again chose his capital to be the small town Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.

Romulus Augustus He was the last emperor of Rome, nicknamed Augustulus which means 'little Augustus'.

Justinian He was the last 'great' emperor. He conquered many territories, created the 'Justinian Code' and built the fantastic church Santa Sophia.

Constantine XI The last emperor of Constantinople. He died defending his great city against the Turks.

Five Empires o From City to Empire
(755 BC to 27 BC) o
Imperial Regime
(27 BC to 102 AD) o Imperial Peace
(102 AD to 192 AD) o
Troubled Century
(192 AD to 280 AD)

o Restoration and Fall
(280 AD to 476 AD)
Roman Forum

Built: -100 to 300

Building Type: city center

Construction System: bearing masonry, cut stone

Climate: Mediterranean

Context: urban

Style: Ancient Roman

Notes: The assembly of buildings at the core of ancient Rome, from the time of Augustus.

Contents o Augustan: o The Temples o
Saturn, o Concord, o Castor and o Pollux, o
Divine Julius o Basilicas of o Julia

Aemilia

The Curia

The Rostra
Colosseum

Begun by order of Vespasiano in 72 A.D.

Finished by his son Titus, eight years later

It was called Colosseum because of the gigantic statue of Nero that was erected nearby

Elliptical in shape

Circumference of 527 meters

The major axis of 188 meters

The minor one of 156 meters

The maximum height 57 meters

The total length of the stands is 30,000 meters

The seats numbered 68,000, standing places 5000

Amazing view of the Forum from the top

Thousands of men and animals were massacred here

In the fifth century the emperor Onorius prohibited the gladiatorial games and successively the Colosseum belonged to the
48
Frangipane, who used it as a castle-fortress, and then to the
Annibaldi.
San Giovanni in Laterano

San Giovanni in Laterano is the Roman cathedral.

The Pope is its bishop.

It was built according to the desires of the pontefex Melchiade in the fourth century on a piece of land belonging to the Planzi
Laterani family.

It was first consecrated to Christ the Redeemer and only later to
Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist.

Often damaged by earthquakes and fires, it has repeatedly been rebuilt and embellished.
Santa Maria in Maggiore

One of the four patriarchal basilicas of Rome

Built at the request of Sisto II in 432

Was given a tall belltower in the fourteenth century

The eighteenth century facade, with its doorway and loggia, is the work of Ferdinando Fuga

Inside, the central nave is as long as it is wide, and is divided into lateral naves of 40 columns, 36 in marble and 4 in granite.

The "Cosmati" floor is the reconstruction of a twelfth-century original.
Sant’Ignazio

St. Ignatius of Loyola dies

Church is built and dedicated between 1626 and 1650 by Orazio
Grassi.

The Jesuits serve the church

Extraordinary illusionistic ceiling frescoes

Executed ca. 1692-4 by Jesuit mathematician Fra Andrea del
Pozzo

Mathematician learning and treatises Art

Interior is the shape of a Latin Cross

The fresco paintings of the nave vault is the greatest work of Fr.
Andrea Pozzo S.J., painted in 1685.

It depicts the Glory of Ignatius , with St Ignatius being welcomed by Christ and the Blessed Virgin as he enters Paradise.

The effect of perspective creates the illusion of looking up at the sky through open colonnades.

Pozzo also painted the trompe l'oeil ceiling, a false dome in the nave, on a canvas that is 17 metres wide.


The original intention was to build a dome, but this was too expensive.

To get the best possible effect of the illusion, stand at the spot marked by a bronze plaque in the floor of the nave.

Near by in the Chiesa di San Luigi dei Francesi o Caravaggio’s “Calling of St. Matthew”

Sclupture of Moses in the Basilica di San Pietro in Vincoli.
Circus Maximus

The holding capacity for the Circus Maximus was a quarter of a million people!
 This was about one quarter of Rome’s population.
The Circus Maximus was a track used primarily for horse-racing, although it was used on occasion for hunts or mock battles.

It had 300,000 seats and was famous throughout the ancient world.

Built in the 6th century B.C. during the time of the Tarquins, the history of the Circus Maximus is troubled.

It was twice destroyed by fire and on at least two occasions the stands collapsed, killing many people.
Capuchin crypt

The most know part of the monastery after all is the Crypt situated in its basement.

It was founded in the middle of the 17th century and its authorship is ascribed to the popular builder Moric Grimm.

The Crypt was probably created by adapting cellars of houses former situated in the position of monastery.

It is approved by difference floor level in various rooms of the crypt.
Travel around Rome and to and from the Airport

The Leonardo da Vinci airport, situated at Fiumicino, is about 36 km from Rome.

A train line connects the airport to the air terminal, near the Roma
Ostiense train station.

The terminal is, in turn, connected via moving platform to the contiguous subway station Pyramid ("Piramide") (line B).

The train leaves every 20 minutes from 5:30 to midnight.
49

It is also possible to reach the city using buses that stop just outside the airport. They go to the air terminal of via Giolitti, situated alongside the Termini Station.

How to get around in Rome
ATAC, the Roman urban transport society, manages the subways, trams, and buses.

There are two subway lines.

The first, line A, crosses the city from the western side (via
Tuscolana - via Appia) to the Vatican section;

The second, line B, connects the eastern zone (Rebibbia) with the
EUR (Exposizione Universale di Roma), crossing line A near
Termini Station.

At the ATAC offices one can purchase the Romapass, a card that allows three days of travel throughout the entire transport network.

At the offices one can request a free card that indicates subway, tram, and bus routes.

Part of the historical center is criss-crossed by the electric minibus
119, which leaves from Piazza Augusto Imperatore.
 the Cooperative Autoradiotaxi Romana, tel. 3570

Radiotaxi La Capitale, tel. 4994

Radiotaxi Cosmos, te. 88177.

Metro information on the web http://www.metroroma.it/Metroroma/
Line A - Welcome to Line A, the ‘orange’ line which currently carries
450,000 people a day.
Gates open daily at 05:30am and close usually at 11:30pm, except Saturday evenings when closing time is at 0:30am.
Just to let go on the works that will renew the Line, from the 10Th of
January 2005 until the next three years, the last train is at 9:00pm from terminal Anagnina as like from terminal Battistini. So for the next 36 months, two new bus lines named MA1 and MA2 are added, and they will cover the entire Line A route.
That two shuttles supplied by Trambus, are on duty from Monday to Friday including holidays from 9:00pm to 11:30pm, and on Saturday until 0:30am
‘Orange’ trains provide 486 rides a day. During rush-hour trains pass every
3,30 minutes, whereas they pass once every 5-6 minutes during the less

crowded hours of the day.
Line A has 27 stations, which cover Rome from Southeast to Northwest. direction ANAGNINA (Line A)
BATTISTINI
CORNELIA
BALDO DEGLI UBALDI
VALLE AURELIA
CIPRO - MUSEI VATICANI
OTTAVIANO S.PIETRO
LEPANTO
FLAMINIO
P.ZA DI SPAGNA
BARBERINI
REPUBBLICA
TERMINI
VITTORIO EMANUELE
MANZONI
S. GIOVANNI
RE DI ROMA
PONTE LUNGO
FURIO CAMILLO
COLLI ALBANI
ARCO DI TRAVERTINO
PORTA FURBA - QUADRARO
NUMIDIO QUADRATO
LUCIO SESTIO
GIULIO AGRICOLA
SUBAUGUSTA
CINECITTA
ANAGNINA
50 direction BATTISTINI
Line B - Welcome to Line B, the ‘blue’ line, which carries over 300,000 passengers a day. Gates open daily at 05:30am and close at 11:30pm, except
Saturday evenings when closing time is postponed to 0.30am.
‘Blue’ trains provide 337 rides a day. During rush-hour trains pass every 4-
5 minutes, whereas they pass once every 6 minutes during less crowded hours of the day.
Line B has 22 stations, which cover Rome from South to Northeast.
direction LAURENTINA (Line B)
REBIBBIA
PONTE MAMMOLO
S.M. SOCCORSO
PIETRALATA
MONTI TIBURTINI
QUINTILIANI
TIBURTINA
P.ZA BOLOGNA
POLICLINICO
C. PRETORIO
TERMINI
CAVOUR
COLOSSEO
CIRCO MASSIMO
PIRAMIDE
GARBATELLA
BASILICA S.PAOLO
MARCONI
EUR MAGLIANA
EUR PALASPORT
EUR FERMI
LAURENTINA direction REBIBBIA

Rome – Lido
Welcome to the Rome-Lido line, the regional railway, which carries over 90,000 passengers a day from Rome to Ostia.
Service starts daily at 05:18am and ends at 11:30pm, providing up to 12 rides per hour during rush-hour.
The full length of the line is 28,359 km, has 13 stops and the total trip is approx. 37 minutes long. direction CRISTOFORO COLOMBO
ROMA PORTA S.PAOLO
BASILICA S. PAOLO
EUR MAGLIANA
TOR DI VALLE
VITINIA
CASAL BERNOCCHI
ACILIA
OSTIA ANTICA
LIDO NORD
LIDO CENTRO
STELLA POLARE
CASTEL FUSANO
CRISTOFORO COLOMBO direction ROMA PORTA S.PAOLO
Rome – Pantano
Welcome to the Rome-Pantano line, the regional railway, which carries 35,000 passengers a day. Service starts daily at
05:30am and ends at 09:30pm, providing trips every 6 minutes during rush-hour.
The full length of the line is 17.8 km, has 25 stops and each trip is approx. 30 minutes long.
51 direction GROTTE CELONI (Pantano)
LAZIALI
S. BIBIANA
PORTA MAGGIORE
PONTE CASILINO
S. ELENA
VILLINI
ALESSI
FILARETE
TOR PIGNATTARA
BERARDI
CENTOCELLE - BALZANI
STAZIONE CENTOCELLE
TOGLIATTI
GRANO
ALESSANDRINO
TORRE SPACCATA
TORRE MAURA
W. TOBAGI
GIARDINETTI
S. ANTONIO
TORRENOVA
TORRE ANGELA
TORRE GAIA
GROTTE CELONI direction LAZIALI

Rome - Viterbo
Welcome to the Rome-Viterbo line, the regional railway, which carries 75,000 passengers a day from Rome to Viterbo.
This line is divided into two sections: an urban section, from
Piazzale Flaminio to Prima Porta, and an extra-urban section from Prima Porta to Viterbo.
Urban section
Service on the urban section starts at 05:45am and ends at
10:54pm, except for Sundays and public holidays when rides run from 05:50am to 10.10pm. This line provides 188 daily trips with a train leaving every 8 minutes during rush-hour.
Each trip is approx. 20 minutes.
Extra-urban section
Service on the extra-urban section starts at 05:45am and ends at
11:06pm, except for Sundays and public holidays when trains run from 06:13am to 11.33pm. This line provides 43 daily trips with a train leaving every 25 minutes during rush-hour. Each trip is approx. 155 minutes long. direction PRIMA PORTA
FLAMINIO
EUCLIDE
ACQUA ACETOSA
CAMPI SPORTIVI
TOR DI QUINTO
DUE PONTI
GROTTAROSSA
SAXA RUBRA
52 direction FLAMINIO
CENTRO RAI
LABARO
LA CELSA
PRIMA PORTA direction VITERBO
FLAMINIO
EUCLIDE
ACQUA ACETOSA
PRIMA PORTA
SACROFANO
RIANO
CASTELNUOVO
MORLUPO
MAGLIANO
MOROLO
RIGNANO
S.ORESTE
PIAN PARADISO
PONZANO
CIVITACASTELLANA
CATALANO
FABRICA
CORCHIANO
CARDARELLI
VIGNANELLO
VALLERANO
LA SELVA
SORIANO

SANTA LUCIA
LA FORNACCHIA
VITORCHIANO
BAGNAIA
VITERBO direction ROMA
Rome Street Maps http://www.romanholidays.com/rome-map.htm
READ! - THE NEW TASTE OF TRADITION
That is why FIPE – The Italian Federation of
Commercial Concerns – and ARSIAL – The
Regional Agency for the Development and Innovation of Agriculture in Lazio – have decided to promote a network of restaurants where typical Roman cooking is once again the star of the show.
53
Ristorante Tipico (Typical Restaurant) means making the most of traditional cooking, promoting the regional gastronomic culture and bringing Roman flavours back onto our tables. All of this is “the new taste of tradition”! 58 restaurants in Rome and the surrounding areas already sport the Ristorante Tipico-
Cucina Romana (Typical Restaurant-Roman Cooking) label!
All of the dishes on the typical menu form part of
Rome’s gastronomic tradition and can boast at least
25 years of history. That is why whoever goes into a restaurant bearing the T of Typical can be sure of eating traditional Roman cooking. In this way customers have the chance to rediscover culinary traditions which risk being forgotten with today’s lifestyles.
The wine list features white, red and desert wines to be tasted and to accompany traditional Roman flavours and includes an extensive selection of DOC and IGT wines from the Lazio region. Roman cuisine restaurants have been certified by an institute which attests the menu’s conformity with Typical Restaurant characteristics.

Perhaps much to your surprise, what is known as
"Italian cuisine" is a galaxy of regional cuisines. Every region in fact has its cuisine, contributing to the broader one with its own dishes. Probably the most important ones (of course the Italians hardly agree on this) are those of the region of

 Naples (pizza, sfogliatelle, pastiera, babà etc.)

Bologna (lasagne, tortellini, ravioli, parmesan cheese, prosciutto-ham, Modena balsamic vinegar)

Sicily (pasta alla Norma, pasta con sarde e pinoli, caponata, melanzane alla parmigiana, scacciate, cassata etc.)

Liguria (the region of Genoa, with its very delicate natural Mediterranean ingredients and recipes, for ex. pasta al pesto)

Puglie (Apulia, for its "orecchiette" pasta , its whole wheat Altamura bread, its very imaginative
Mediterranean first courses and fish dishes).

Tuscany is also famous for its steaks (bistecca alla
Fiorentina) and sweets (Saporelli and Panforte of Siena, for ex.)

Abruzzi for its meat dishes

Milan for its "risotto" (rice) and the Christmas cake
"Panettone“

Calabria for its very natural products, particularly tomatoes.
Background on what Italian cuisine should be
The Italian cuisine follows a combination of the following criteria.
(a) First of all food should be prepared with genuine and natural products.
(b) It should involve important cultural factors as attachment to the family, to tradition, and to the very important underlying cultural, ethical and moral aspects.
(c) It is a convivial cuisine: people should ideally enjoy meals together, strengthening family or friendly relations. Moreover, like in all Mediterranean cuisines, eating means sitting around the table, and exchanging ideas, values and emotions with other people, possibly having a different outlook.
(d) Food must have good taste, and it should be healthy too.
Like all Mediterranean cuisines, there should be predominance of vegetables, and low content of meat, fish, and animal products.
There should be hence a correct low quantity of saturated fats and cholesterol, and an adequate intake of complex carbohydrates (as it occurs in pasta).
These are the distinctive features making the Italian cuisine rightfully famous. This is also why the peasant tradition survives.
A good sign is also that vegetarianism is becoming increasingly popular. By respecting the animals' rights to live, people find out that they eat and live better, and that they are healthier. In the Mediterranean countries vegetarians find also an ideal variety of food.
Avoid this restaurant!
ALCESTE AL BUON GUSTO
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55

A.D. and dedicated to the twelve Olympian gods. Hadrian’s reconstruction profoundly modified the original building:
The temple originally faced south, now the pillared porch is facing north.
The front portico has three rows of 8 Corinthian columns of grey and red Egyptian granite, each one with a diameter of 1.5 meters and a height of 40 roman feet.
Beneath the porch are huge bronze double doors 7 meters high that serve as an entrance.
The original inscription was maintained: “M.Agrippa L.f.cos tertium fecit” (“Marcus Agrippa Luci three time consul built
[it]”).
Date of our visit: Sunday, May 15, 2005
Pantheon hours of visitation: 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sunday.
Admission Price: Free!
The Pantheon today borders the Piazza della Rotonda, a rectangular square with a central fountain, in the historic center of Rome. Pantheon is a Greek word meaning “all the gods of a religion.” Building of it was begun in 27 B.C. by the statesman
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, probably as a building of the ordinary classical temple type, rectangular with a gabled roof supported by a colonnade on all sides. At this time, it was dedicated to the patron gods of the Julio-Claudian family,
Venus, Mars, and the divine Julius. After being struck by lightning and burned to the ground in 80 A.D., it was first restored by Domitian in 80 A.D. before again being struck by lightning and burned. The Pantheon was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian sometime between 118 A.D. and 128
When entering the Pantheon there is an explosion of space.
The interior is lined with colored marble and the walls are marked by seven deep recesses screened by pairs of columns.
The ceiling has indentations that were once decorated with bronze rosettes and molding. It is said that when walking into the interior of the Pantheon you will “appreciate the enormity of the columns that form the pillared porch. Once inside the
56

Pantheon, you’ll find yourself looking up in awe at the size of the area above you, until your eyes find the opening in the dome.” When it rains, you won’t get wet standing under the oculus because the water will evaporate before it hits.
The Pantheon is remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. The dome was the largest built until Brunelleschi’s dome at the Florence Cathedral in 1420-36. The Pantheon measures about 43.2 meters in diameter making it a perfect circle that rises to a height of 22 meters above its base.
Two factors are known to have contributed to its structural success: the excellent quality of the mortar used in the concrete and the careful selection and grading of the aggregate material. The exact method of construction of the Pantheon has never been determined. The thickness and type of concrete varies between the bottom and the top of the dome. The drum itself is strengthened by huge brick arches and piers set above one another inside the wall: near the base it is 6.05 meters thick. There exists an oculus of 8.7 meters by which the building is lit solely by the light that floods in. The concrete near the oculus is 2.3 meters thick consisting of a lighter type of material. It is said that near the oculus, jugs that held the concrete while building the Pantheon were used in the wall to make it lighter.
Early 3 rd
century, some alterations were made by the emperors
Lucius Septimius Severus and Caracalla. When Rome fell in
476 A.D., the Pantheon was saved by the Byzantine Emperor
Phocas who donated the building to Pope Boniface IV. The temple was converted into a church and dedicated in 609 A.D. as the Church of the Santa Maria Rotonda, or ad Martyres, which it remains today. The Pantheon contains the tombs of
Rafael and of several Italian Kings.
The Pantheon has served as the inspiration for every dome structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millennia since its construction. The original bronze rosettes of the coffered interior, the bronze sheets which clad the exterior of the dome, and the bronze beams of the portico were stripped in the seventeenth century at the command of the Barberini pope, Urban VIII. In the late
Renaissance, stucco decoration was applied to the interior directly beneath the dome. There was also some cosmetic change during the baroque period when Bernini was asked to add bell towers to the Pantheon. These were removed when the building was restored in 1883. Otherwise, the building exists entirely in its original form.
References: http://harpy.uccs.edu/roman/html/hadrian2.html
http://www.romeguide.it/MONUM/ARCHEOL/pantheon/the_ pantheon.htm
http://www.romainteractive.com/pantheon.htm
http://www.crystalinks.com/romepantheon.html
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http://www.aviewoncities.com/rome/pantheon.htm
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europ e/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome.htm
Date of our visit: Monday, May 16, 2005
Vatican Museum hours of visitation: Open on weekdays from 8:45 a.m. to 3:20 p.m.
Dress code for Vatican City: No skirts above the knee, no shorts, no bare shoulders (i.e., tank tops or sleeveless blouses), and you must wear shoes. Slacks and jeans are permitted. If you are out sightseeing in shorts, miniskirts, tank tops, sleeveless blouses, etc., and wish to enter a church, you must be dressed appropriately.
58
Vatican City itself is the smallest sovereign state in the world measuring 108.5 acres. It has its own currency, postal service, passport, newspapers, radio station, and railroad system. Its population of less than 1000 consists almost entirely of Church personnel, Vatican administrators, and representatives of international organizations. It wasn’t until
1929 when the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See recognized its sovereignty and defined its boundaries that the
State of the Vatican City was established as the official home of the Pope and the center of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Vatican Museum is comprised of the papal apartments of the medieval Apostolic Palace decorated with frescoes during the Renaissance, the Sistine Chapel, the exhibition rooms of the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the museums themselves. The Vatican Museums originated as a group of sculptures collected by Pope Julius II (1503-1513) and placed in what today is the “Cortile Ottagono” within the museum complex. The popes were among the first sovereigns who opened the art collections of their palaces to the public thus promoting knowledge of art history and culture. The
Vatican Museum is a complex of different pontifical museums and galleries that began under the patronage of the popes
Clement XIV (1769-1774) and Pius VI (1775-1799). The museums serve as “a testament to the power of papal art patronage and curatorial talent.”
As seen today, the Vatican Museums are composed of more than two-dozen distinct collections, any of which could be a self-sustaining gallery. The Vatican Museums include:
Egyptian Museum: This is the first museum that will be passed as the tour begins. There is an underground tomb-

chamber of the Valley of the Kings reproduced here. The museum consists of Steleae and inscriptions from various ages, sarcophagi and mummies, Roman statuary designed to imitate or interpret the forms of the Egyptian statuary, Roman ceramics, cuneiform tablets and mesopotamic seals, and assirian bas-reliefs from the palaces of Sargon (~705 B.C.) and
Sennacherib (705-681 B.C.) in Nineveth.
Chiaramonti Museum: Is the next site on the tour that was founded by Pope Pius VII (Chiaramonti) and is divided into three rooms: the Corridoio, the Galleria Lapidaria, and Braccio
Nuovo. The Corridoio divides into 60 sections and displays many prepossessing busts of ancient Romans and fine copies of classical Greek works. In the Galleria Lapidaria, there are about 5000 pagan works and in the Braccio Nuovo, the Statue of Prima Porta and the Group of the Nile deserve particular attention.
Pio-Clementine Museum: In the Palazetto of Belvedere, there are fine Greek and Roman sculptures like the Apollo
Belvedere , the famous Group of Laocoon by Agesander,
Polydorus and Athandorus, the statue of Hermes , the colossal statue of Antinous , etc.
Gregorian Museum of Etruscan Art: This is the next museum on the winding path. It was founded by Gregory XIV in 1837 to house the works coming from the excavations carried out in southern Etruria.
Antiquarium Romanum: Divided into three small rooms, it house mainly ancient Roman objects and works of the minor arts.
Vase Collection: The collection consists of Greek and
Etruscan black figure ceramics.
The Biga Room: This room, built during the pontificate of
Pius VI (1775-99), is named the Biga, the two-horse chariot is in the middle of the display area. The Roman Biga dates to the first century B.C.
Gallery of the Candelabra: Once a loggia, the gallery was enclosed during the pontificate of Pius VI. Arches supported by columns and pillars were used to divide the space, which was then hung with candelabra.
Gallery of the Tapestries: Decorated during the pontificate of
Pius VI, the gallery is named after the tapestries, which were first exhibited in 1814. The tapestries are enormous, expressive masterpieces of weaving based on cartoons by the pupils of Raphael.
Gallery of the Maps: It is covered with frescoes that serve as an important record of 16 th
century geography and cartography.
It is named after the maps painted on the walls in 40 different panels, each devoted to a region, island or particular territory of
Italy.
Apartment of St. Pius V: Gallery of St. Pius V: tapestries produced in Tournai in the middle of the sixteenth century and by Pieter van Aelst. The Chapel is decorated with frescoes by
Giorgio Vasari and Jacopo Zucchi.
Sobieski Room: Named for the painting, which takes up the entire north wall with its depiction of the victory of John III
59

Sobieski, King of Poland, over the Turks outside the walls of
Vienna in 1683. The work was painted by Jan Matejko (1883).
Room of the Immaculate Conception: Located in the Borgia
Tower, this room is decorated with frescoes by Francesco
Podesti depicting scenes based on the dogma of the
Immaculate Conception.
Raphael’s Rooms and Loggias:
The four rooms commonly known as the "Rooms of Raphael" were part of the new residence chosen by Julius II on the third floor of the building.
The series of four communicating rooms was a reconstruction carried out by Nicholas V (1447-55) of the thirteenth century palace of Nicholas III (1277-80). In 1509 Julius II commissioned Raphael to decorate the whole of this part of the
Vatican. He worked there for about ten years, but only three of the rooms were completed before his death in 1520.
Collection of Modern Religious Art: The collection includes hundreds of paintings, sculptures, engravings and designs donated to the Holy See by private individuals or by the artists themselves. Housed in 55 different rooms, the exposition was inaugurated by Pope Paul VI in 1973. The Borgia Apartment, named for Alexander VI, who had the room decorated with the now famous frescoes, most of which are the work of either
Pinturicchio or his students.
Apostolic Library: The Vatican Library was founded by
Nicholas V (1447-55). Sixtus V (1585-90) commissioned the present building from Domenico Fontana, who built the long gallery and the Salone. There are currently more than a million books and prints housed here.
Vatican Picture Gallery: Founded by Pope Pius VI (1775-
99). It was established in 1932 in a building commissioned by
Pius XI (1922-39) from a design by the architect Luca
Beltrami. It is commonly called the Pinacoteca consisting of
15 rooms displaying fine Italian painting. The gallery includes works of Giotto, Gentile da Fabriano, Beato Angelico,
Perugino, Pinturicchio, Leonardo, Tiziano, Guercino, van
Dyck, Poussin, etc.
Gregorian Museum of Profane Art: The special building constructed to house the museum (founded by Gregorius XVI in 1844) runs parallel to the Vatican Picture Gallery. It was opened in 1970.
Christian Museum: Founded in 1854 by Pius IX in the
Lateran Palace to house the Christian antiquities found during the excavations of the catacombs.
Missionary Museum of Ethnology: The material here is vast; it documents the religious cult of the various civilizations that have flourished in other continents from centuries before the coming of Christ right up to our times.
Carriage Pavilion: It was founded by Paul VI and laid out in
1973 in a building constructed under the Square Garden. The collection contains various items including carriages of popes and cardinals, graphic and photographic documentation of solemn processions containing berlins and carriages, and automobiles used by popes.
60

You will know immediately when you have reached the Sistine
Chapel because everyone is in the room standing with their eyes turned toward the ceiling. Deservedly one of the most famous places in the world, the Sistine Chapel is the site where the conclave for the election of the popes and other solemn pontifical ceremonies are held. Built to the design of Baccio
Pontelli by Giovannino de Dolci between 1475 and 1481, the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who commissioned it. The first Mass in the Sistine Chapel was celebrated on
August 9, 1483 dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin
Mary.
The Sistine Chapel is what might be considered the end of the
Vatican Museums. It is located on the right of St. Peter’s
Basilica, after the Scala Regia, and originally served as the
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Palatine chapel inside the old Vatican fortress. The exact dimensions of the chapel are that of the Temple of Solomon as described in the Old Testament – 40.93 meters long by 13.41 meters wide. Its structure is a large rectangle, divided into two unequal parts by a marble screen, with a barrel-vaulted ceiling reaching a height of 20.7 meters. The screen and the transenna were built by Mino da Fiesole, Andrea Bregno, and Giovanni
Dalmata. The wider division together with the altar is reserved for proper religious ceremonies and other clergy uses. The smaller division is for the faithful.
The frescoes on the long walls illustrate parallel events in the
Lives of Moses and Christ and constitute a complex of extraordinary interest executed between 1481 and 1483 by
Perugino, Botticelli, Cosimo Rosselli, and Domenico
Ghirlandaio, with their respective groups of assistants, who included Pinturicchio, Piero di Cosimo and others; later Luca
Signorelli also joined the group.
Although the walls of the Sistine Chapel are covered with paintings by a number of Renaissance masters, they become secondary in the company of the magnificent frescoes adorning the barrel-vaulted ceiling. The ceiling was a blue sky with golden stars painted by Piero Matteo d’Amelia until Pope
Julius II convinced Michelangelo Buonarroti to paint it in
1508-1512. “Everyday for four years, he was hoisted high above the chapel floor, lying on his back on planking, painting the ceiling.”

This studied parallelism alludes both to the theme of the universality of the message of Redemption and the idea of the perfect concordance of the Revelation in the Judaic world and in the pagan one.
The original design was only to have represented the Apostles, but was modified at the Michelangelo's insistence to encompass a theme representing mankind waiting for the coming of the Messiah. The ceiling is divided into nine compartments in which the stories of Genesis are represented in nine scenes. These scenes include: Drunkenness of Noah,
The Deluge, Sacrifice of Noah, The Fall and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Creation of Eve, Creation of Adam,
Separation of the Earth from the Waters, Creation of the Sun,
Moon, and Planets, and Separation of Light from Darkness.
These scenes are surrounded by alternating images of prophets and sibyls on marble thrones, by other Old Testament subjects, and by the ancestors of Christ.
As part of the decorative scheme of the ceiling, above each of the thrones of the sibyls and prophets (except Zechariah and
Jonah) are two figures of ignudi, sitting on plinths and bearing garlands of oak leaves and acorns. Michelangelo placed between each pair of ignudi a medallion, painted to resemble bronze, with episodes drawn from the books of Genesis,
Samuel, Kings, and Maccabees. On the sidewalls of the chapel, five prophets alternate with the same number of sibyls, so that each prophet is paired with a sibyl on the opposite wall.
More than twenty years later at the age of 59, Michelangelo was summoned back by Paul III (1534-49) to paint the Last
Judgment on the wall behind the altar. He worked on it from
1536 to 1541 making it the largest fresco of the Renaissance period. Most of the figures in the painting were nude. Ten years later, Daniele da Volterra was brought in to paint over all the nude figures. The Last Judgment depicts a young and vibrant Christ at the top of the painting, with figures on the left ascending toward Heaven and the figures on the right descending towards Hell. There are 381 figures in the painting and it is said that Michelangelo’s self-portrait appears twice:
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once in the flayed skin which Saint Bartholomew is carrying in his left-hand, and in the figure in the lower left hand corner, who is looking encouragingly at those rising from their graves.
The Sistine Chapel was restored between 1980-1994. All over the world there was an outcry and great controversy over the cleaning and restoration work. When it was finally restored, it revealed the brilliance of Michelangelo’s paintings that were covered by nearly five centuries of candle-soot, dust, oil, grease, varnish, and over-painting.
References: http://gallery.euroweb.hu/html http://mv.vatican/va3_EN/pages/z-
Info/MV_Info_NotizieStoriche.html
http://www.go-star.com/antiquing/vatican.htm
http://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/museo.htm
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1376256/posts http://www.roma2000.it/zmusvat.html
http://www.travelvantage.com/rom_vat.html
http://www.christusrex.org/www1/sistine/0-tour.html
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/S/Si/Sistine_
Chapel.htm
St. Peter’s Basilica is the largest Christian building in the world, located in the Vatican City. The residence of the pope adjoins it and many speeches and ceremonies connected with the pope’s administration take place here. Raphael and
Michelangelo contributed to its design and decoration.
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Emperor
Constantine, the first
Christian emperor of
Rome, ordered to build a basilica on
Vatican Hill.
The location was symbolic: this was the place where Saint Peter, the chief apostle, was buried in 64
A.D. A small shrine already existed on the site but it was now replaced by a church building that was completed around 349
A.D.
In the middle of the 15th century, the basilica was falling into ruin and pope Nicolas V ordered the restoration and enlargement of the church after plans by Bernardo Rossellino.
After Nicolas V died, works were halted. In 1506 pope Julius II laid the first stone of a new basilica which was to become the largest in the world. Construction began on the basilica in the mid-fifteenth century on top of the Vatican Hill when it was decided that the old basilica should be rebuilt. Construction was started under Pope Paul V. There were several main architects throughout the buildings construction including
Michelangelo, who designed the dome. However, building was halted after the Pope Julius II died. After the new pope was appointed, Pope Paul III, Michelangelo was asked to design the rest of the church in 1546. The design was a modern building in the classic style: a Greek-cross plan inspired by the Pantheon.
The dome of the church was designed by Michelangelo. The double dome made of brick is 42.3 meters in diameter, which is almost as large as the Pantheon and rises 120 meters above the floor. One interesting fact is that the dome is not a hemisphere like most domes are, but rather a parabola.
The front of the church, the façade, is 114.69 meters wide and
45.55 meters high. On the top of the façade are statues of
Jesus, John the Baptist, and eleven of the twelve apostles.
Peter would make the twelfth apostle but his statue is inside.
Just in front of the façade is the
Colonnade of St. Peter’s
Square, or Piazzo San Pietro
(image to the left). This is an elliptical shape, which symbolizes the church’s embrace of all mankind. It is made up of 284 columns that are arranged into four rows. At the end of the right-hand arm of the colonnade, two Swiss
Guards (Must be Swiss,
Catholic, and take an oath of loyalty to the pope) stand watch before the Scala Regia (St. Peter’s Basilica). In the center of the colonnade is an obelisk from Egypt.
Entering the church are three large, main doors. The southernmost is the “Door of the Dead,” then there is the middle door and the northernmost door, the “Holy Door.” All three doors lead into the nave of the church (the large open part of the church, or the middle of the church).
Inside the church is the thrown where Napoleon Boneparte was crowned emperor, several monuments, 39 statues of saints, and
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different chapels. One of the works made by Michelangelo is the Pieta, which is the only work that was actually signed by
Michelangelo. There is also the work by Bernini called the
Throne of Peter, which is said to have actually been built around an old wooden chair that the apostle Peter once used.
Under the dome is a 90 foot tall baldachin known as Bernini’s canopy, held up by four immense pillars. It is constructed of bronze that was taken from the Pantheon. Underneath the baldachin is the tomb of St. Peter.

Described as the largest church ever built o Covers an area of 23,000 square meters o Has a capacity of over 60,000 people.
 121 tons of bronze were used

The brick dome is 138 feet in diameter, 452 feet above the street, and 390 feet above the floor.

The dome is supported by four columns that are each 60 feet thick.

To give you an image of how big the church is, there is a small dove in one of the stained glass windows. The wingspan of this minute dove is 1.75 meters in length.

There are 45 altars decorated by many famous artists.
 Construction on St. Peter’s was begun in 1506 and finished in 1626.

Tradition says that it was built at the location of where
Peter the apostle, who was thought of as the first pope, was crucified and buried. o The church also includes the tomb of Peter under the main altar in the nave (218 meters long, the longest in the world).
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 St. Peter’s is not, in fact, a cathedral, which is the seat of a bishop. The pope does not preside in St. Peter’s
Basilica. The pope is the bishop of Rome, which does not include the Vatican, which is where the basilica is located.
The temples real name is Cattedrale di
Santa Maria del Fiore. The Duomo of
Florence as we see it today is the result of 150 years of work. It was the third and last
Florentine Cathedral and given the name of
Santa Maria del Fiore (Holy Mary of the
Flower), which was a polite tribute to the
Virgin’s role in God’s mysterious plan. The sloping, red-tiled dome is predominant in the
Florence skyline. As you walk up to the
Duomo, the white Carrara, green Prato, and red Sienna marble façade will amaze you. Filippo Brunelleschi won a public competition to design its enormous dome.
The Duomo, which took almost
150 years to complete, was started in
1296. Arnolfo di Cambio was given the job of erecting the cathedral. The main part of the building, the nave, which is the third longest in the world behind St.
Peter’s Basilica and St. Paul’s in London, was completed by 1418. However, one problem remained. No one had or knew the engineering skills necessary to construct the cathedral’s dome. This all

changed with the name Filippo Brunelleschi.
Brunelleschi devised a technique for building the duomo’s crown dome. Now the dome is simply known as Brunelleschi’s Dome.
During the construction of the dome, Brunelleschi would build kitchens, sleeping rooms, and lavatories between the two walls of the cupola so the masons wouldn’t have to descend to the floor for anything. With the completion of the dome, it rose
100 meters high and 45.5 meters in diameter. This made it tower over everything and be recognizable from anywhere in Florence. It took only sixteen years, from 1418 to 1434 to complete the dome.
. Inside the Duomo is visually unexciting except for the apocalypse painted on the dome’s ceiling. There is also an orologio on the back wall. This clock will not tell you the time though. It is actually a 24 hour clock that runs backwards starting its cycle at sunset.
The outside of the church is inlaid with green, white, and pink marble and composed of eight different buildings.
The buildings are the Baptistery of Saint John, the Cathedral of
Santa Maria del Fiore, Giotto’s Bell Tower (82 meters high), the Museum of the Opera del Duomo, the Cathedral Canonries, the Lay Confraternity of Mercy, the Bigallo Portico, and the
Arch Bishop’s Palace.
The Baptistery of St. John, named obviously after John the
Baptist who was the patron saint of Florence, was the place, until just a few years ago, that every Florentine received the sacrament of baptism. The building was most likely built somewhere between 1059 and 1150 a.d. It was believed that the building was built in the mid sixth century and had been built as a copy of Lateran Baptistry in Rome, the most important baptistry in Christendom. Another legend, developed during the thirteenth and fourteenth century, tracing the foundation of the Baptistry back to a Roman temple of Mars that was subsequently rededicated to St. John the Baptist. The
Baptistry was thus the principal monument in Florence associated with the ancient Roman foundation of the city.
The two enormous gilt-bronze doors on the eastern front were christened the "Gates of Paradise" by Michelangelo. It took
Lorenzo Ghiberti more than 20 years to complete this masterpiece. The interior is decorated with a shimmering gold mosaic and features the tomb of the pirate pope, Baldassare
Cossa, made by Donatello and paid for by the Medici family.
Giotto’s Bell Tower, also known as the Campanile, is an enormous bell tower attached to the Duomo. It is more than
275-feet tall. Built between 1334 and 1359 it is home to several enormous bells which toll the hour and half hour across the rooftops of Florence. Designed by famous artist and cityarchitect, Giotto, the Campanile is decorated with more than 50 marble reliefs, depicting the Creation, the Seven Sacraments, the Seven Virtues and the Five Liberal Arts.
The Museum of the Opera del Duomo was used to store all the huge uncut blocks of marble, as well as all the stacks of wood for sale from the making of the Duomo. The palace we can see today was built over an earlier farmhouse and its land, purchased in 1400, which backed on to Lorenzo Ghiberti's workshop and furnaces (where the artist cast his bronze doors
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for the Baptistery which featured Sacrifice of Isaac).
Donatello's workshop also stood in the vicinity, on the corner of Via Ricasoli. Filippo Brunelleschi was assigned the site for the new palace in 1432 but only the courtyard of this building, situated in front of the Museum entrance and subsequently altered several times, can still be seen today. It was converted into a museum in 1891 and houses different works of art from the cathedral, campanile, and baptistry and pieces of equipment used to build the Duomo.
The Basilica di
Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church of Florence and a minor basilica of the
Roman Catholic
Church. It is located on the Piazza Santa
Croce, to the east of the Duomo. Legends say that Santa Croce was founded by St.
Francis.
St. Francis of Assisi was the patron saint of animals and the eenvironment, was a Roman Catholic saint who took the gospel literally by following all Jesus said and did.
The first bricks laid were in the year 1294 by Arnolfo di
Cambio, who also designed the Duomo. Brunelleschi, who built the dome over the Duomo, also built cloisters, or the covered stone passage, around the courtyard. The basilica is
115 meters long and its nave is 195 meters wide. Although its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes by Giotti.
Frescoe is the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with pigments that are suspended in water. This gives the effect that the paintings weren’t painted on but are actually pigments inside the plaster.
Many Florentines lie in peace inside the basilica. The walls are lined with tombs and there are exactly 276 tombstones that pave the floor. Some of the most famous tombs and tombstones belonging to Michelangelo (image on the left), Macchiavelli, Galileo, and Bardi.
Michelangelo was a famous sculpture from Florentine. His most known piece was most likely the
Statue of David. He lived from
1475 to 1564. Macchiavelli was also a Florentine. He was a political philosopher and historical thinker.
He wrote the book The Prince , which tells of ways to win elections.
He was accused of conspiracy and somewhat reconciled during the latter end of his life. Just a few weeks before he died on June 21,
1527, Rome fell to the poorly armed
Spanish infantry. He had foretold how this tragedy could have been avoided but no one listened to him. Bardi, also a
Florentine is buried here. Alberto Bardi was a contemporary
Italian abstract painter. He lived from 1918 to 1984.
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Michelangelo and Some of His Most Significant Sculptures
Lauren Bah
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet,
Michelangelo created some of the most famous works of art in the world today. The paintings found on the Sistine Chapel being one of the most famous not to mention his sculptures of
Pieta`, David, Moses, and those found in the Medici Chapel.
Though born in Caprese, Italy in 1475, Michelangelo grew up in Florence. His father who was a magistrate was displeased to learn his son was becoming an artist. Despite this, Michelangelo began an apprenticeship with Domenico
Ghirlandaio for three years. During these three years
Michelangelo tried to suppress his apprenticeship because he didn’t want his work to be classified as a product of the workshop system, which was thought to produce crafts rather than Liberal Arts. However, this is where Michelangelo learned his techniques for fresco painting. He then attended
Lorenzo de Medici’s school in the Palazzo Medici. Here
Michelangelo created two marble works Madonna of the Steps and Battle of the Centaurs both of which are found in Casa
Buonarroti, Florence. During his apprenticeship and schooling he studied many great artists work such as Donatello, Giotto, and Masaccio.
Throughout his life Michelangelo received many commissions to sculpt. In fact, in 1498, when he was in his mere twenties, he received a commission to complete three marble figures, one of those being his first great sculpture, the
Pieta
`, for St. Peter’s.
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The Pieta is the first of the four sculptures that was created and completely finished.
Michelangelo made this scultpture from a slab of marble and managed to finish it in less than two years. In it he depicts the Virgin Mary holding her son Jesus Christ’s corpse. Many artists have portrayed this image, however, Michelangelo’s seems to stand out from the rest because he depicts the Virgin Mary as a youthful and serene, and not broken hearted and older as other artist had previously done. The Pieta has often been described as one of the most magnificent sculptures ever created. It’s exquisitely beautiful, moving, and highly finished compared to his later works. When it was unveiled in 1500 in St. Peter’s
Basilica for the Jubilee, people admired the beautiful sculpture but when Michelangelo overheard a group of people crediting the work to other artists he became furious. Enraged he added his signature down the sash of Virgin Mary. He later regretted this and swore never to sign another piece of work. Today, the
Pieta sculpture can be seen at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome,
Italy.
In 1501, he received a commission for the figure of
David , which stood in the Piazza della Signoria and is now displayed in the Galleria dell’ Accademia in Florence, Italy.
Usually, David is portrayed as a victor over Goliath as in the works of Verrochio’s and Donatello’s Davids. However,
Michelangelo decides to portray David before the battle. He is mentally tense, and Michelangelo wanted to show David’s victory as a result of his cleverness and not merely by force. He does this by not emphasizing the slingshot David holds over his shoulder. At the time
Michelangelo made this statue from 1501 to
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1504 Florence was young and surrounded by enemy cities that were stronger than them. When David, the statue, was placed in the square in front of the city hall (where the copy of David now currently resides) the people of Florence found it to be a symbol and inspiration of victory over the their surrounding enemies. David encompassed strength and wrath for the city.
In this statue David’s character traits are more important than his actual victory of Goliath, which is why Michelangelo choose to depict him this way before battle. Today, the original statue of David is found in the
Galleria dell' Accademia in
Florence. There is also a copy of
Michelangelo's David in front of
Palazzo Vecchio in the Florentine square Piazza Signoria, which is outdoors and can be seen 24 hours a day. There is also another copy of David in Piazzale
Michelangelo in Florence.
Michelangelo was also commissioned to design Pope Julius
II’s tomb which was to include forty standing figures, but when the Pope died in 1513 the contract was redone several times and never achieved it’s original potential. However, included in these works for the tomb was the statue o f Moses, one of his greatest sculptures. It’s considered to be the summary of the monumental tomb of Pope Julius II. Here, Michelangelo was able to bring together the elements in the statue with the flowing beard suggesting water, the wildly twisting hair fire, and the heavy drape earth. The statue is now located in Rome at the church of St. Peter in Chains which is part of the Tomb of Pope Julius II.
In 1520, Medici Pope Leo X commissioned Michelangelo to design a facade for San Lorenzo, the Medici Parish Church.
The pope wanted to combine the tombs of Giuliano, Duke of
Nemours, and his nephew Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, with the tombs of Lorenzo the “Magnifici” and his brother Giuliano, who was murdered in 1478. Their tombs and statues are at the
Medici Church Chapel (or New Sacristy) today, which houses the many monuments of the Medici family. When the Pope commissioned Michelangelo to design the tomb he gave him much liberty in completing the task and though the chapel today remains unfinished, one can get an idea as to what
Michelangelo wanted was planning. In the Chapel, each
Dukes’ tomb is divided into two areas and the border is marked by a cornice. The lower part of the tomb contains the remains of the Dukes, and here lies the statues Twilight and the Dawn ,
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and Night and Day as the symbol of the vanity of things both sculpted by Michelangelo. Above this area sits the statues of the Dukes’ “the subtlety of the richly decorated architecture which surrounds them represent a higher sphere: the abode of the free and redeemed spirit.” Today one can view the many monuments honoring the Medici family in Florence, Italy.
Michelangelo was an extraordinary artist, yet he was a man that was always unsatisfied with himself. However, he was deeply appreciated especially for his sculptures in his time. The works described above are a mere few of his many amazing works of art. Michelangelo’s painting, sculpting, and architecture have made an immense impact in the world of art and are still studied today with great honor and admiration. http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/italren/renart/display00050.html
http://www.virtualuffizi.com/uffizi/roomsidx.htm
http://vlsi.colorado.edu/~rbleom/david.html
http://www.statue.com/michelangelo-pieta.html
http://www.aboutflourence.com/Museums-in-Florence/uffizi-gallery.html
http://www.mega.it/eng/egui/monu/ufu.htm
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/M/michelangelo.html
http://vlsi.colorado.edu/~rbloem/david.html
Uffizi Gallery Guide
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Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and
Luigi de' Rossi
By Raphael

Uffizi Gallery
Florence, Italy
The Uffizi Gallery is the oldest museum in the world, as well as one of the greatest. The Uffizi displays an amazing collection of sculpture, paintings, tapestries, ceramics, and furniture by artist from the 13 th
to 18 th
century. With 45 rooms each devoted to a different era and or artist the whole museum contains about 4800 works of art: 1700 paintings, 300 sculptures, 46 tapestries, and 14 pieces of furniture and/or ceramics. Italian and foreign artists such as Leonardo da Vinci,
Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Rembrandt adore the walls of this great museum due to the great Medici family collectors of Florence and other patrons who donated works of art to the gallery.
This famous gallery was not even built for the purpose of housing works of art but instead for magistrates. Duke
Cosimo I dei Medici decided to hire Giorgio Vasari in 1560 to construct this building near the Arno River to house the administrative offices (or “uffizi”) of the Government. It wasn’t until 1581, that his son Francesco closed the top floor of the gallery and began displaying works of art such as statues, medals, jewelry, weapons, paintings, and scientific instruments in there. The Medici family frequently added to the gallery famous works of art and when the last Medici Grand Duke,
Gian Gastone, died, his sister Anna Maria Ludovica left the entire collection to the city of Florence “to be an ornament to the Government, useful to the public, and to attract the curiosity of foreigners.” So it wasn’t until 1765 that the great gallery officially opened its doors to the public.
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One will find the main gallery occupies the second floor of the building and this is mainly where tours will take visitors. This floor contains 45 rooms that contain works by specific artists or eras. The list of rooms is as follows:
Rooms Index
The Church of San Pier Scheraggio
1. Archeological Room
2. The 13th Century and Giotto
3. Sienese Painting of the 14th Century
4. Florentine Painting of the 14th Century
5-6. (International) Flamboyant Gothic Room
7. Early Renaissance Room
8. The Filippo Lippi Room
9. The Antonio Pollaiolo Room
10-14. The Botticelli Room
15. The Leonardo Da Vinci Room
16. The Map Room
17. Hermaphrodite Hall
18. The Tribune
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19. The Signorelli and Perugino Room
20. Dürer and German Painting
21. The Giovanni Bellini and Giorgione Room
22. Flemish and German Masters Room
23. The Correggio Room
24. Miniatures Room
25. Michelangelo and Florentine Painters
26. The Raphael and Andrea del Sarto Room
27. The Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino Room
28. The Titian Room
29. The Parmigianino Room
30. Emilian School Room
31. The Dosso Dossi Room
32. Sebastiano del Piombo and Lorenzo Lotto
33. The Cinquecento Corridor
34. The Veronese Room
35. The Tintoretto and Barocci Room
38. Temporary Exhibitions
41. The Rubens Room
42. Niobe Room
43. The Caravaggio Room
44. The Rembrandt Room
45. The 18th century Room
The Uffizi Gallery, contains many great works of art, throughout all forty-five rooms, but one can’t possible see all of them unless they have a quite a bit of time. So there are a few that should specifically be sought out. One includes the

Ognissanti Madonna (1310) by Giotto located in the 2 nd
room
(13 th Century and Giotto). This painting is a devotion to the virginity, maternity, and royalty of Mary. With Christ in her lap, saints surround her and angels kneel at her feet to pay her homage.
One must also make sure to view The Birth of Venus
(1484) by Sandro Botticelli found in 10-14 rooms (The
Botticelli Room). This painting is often misinterpreted as
Venus arising from the sea but she is actually thought to be arriving at the Kythera or Cyprus. She is being pushed towards the shores with the help of the winds of Zephyrus and Aura.
Hora of Spring or one of the Three Graces welcomes her.
Another famous painting by Botticelli is Primavera (1482).
This painting described by Vasari is “Venus as a symbol of spring, being adorned with flowers by the Graces.” The woman in the center is thought to be possibly Venus and this is her garden. The three women to the left are thought to be the
Three Graces representing a symbol of Liberality. Cupid is flying above. The man to the left is thought to be Mercury, herald of Jove, who may represent knowledge here. To the right is Zephyrus the springtime wind, who is chasing after
Flora, the Latin goddess of Spring.
In room 8 (The Filippo Lippi Room) one must view
Madonna with Child and Two Angels (1465) by Filippo Lippi.
This painting is one of the most admired in the Gallery. The woman in the picture is believed to be Lucrezia Buti, a nun with whom the friar/painter was scandalously in love with.
The background painting seems to one of the landscapes of
Leonardo. Another work of art by Lippi is the Coronation of the Virgin (1439-1447). This painting is quite interesting because not only did Lippi work on this but so did other various artists. The work of art was originally hung in Sant’
Ambrogio on the main altar. The blue in the painting was later
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added by Lippi and is thought to represent the arrival of the
Virgin in Heaven.
One must also visit the Leonardo da Vinci, room15, to see the Adoration of the Magi (1481). This is an unfinished work by Leonardo. The panel painting has been varnished over several times and makes it difficult to see. Madonna sits in the middle with Christ while hectic scenes unfold around her. Much symbolism exists in the painting; in fact in the background the ruins suggest a fall to paganism at the arrival of
Christ. Another painting by da Vinci in this room is the
Baptism of Christ (1475-1480). This painting was originally painted for the Church of San Bartolomeo a Oliveto. This painting has recently been restored and has allowed more detail to be shown. A couple interesting facts about the painting include the disproportionately of the Virgin’s arm reaching towards the lecture as well as the shadow of the angel being too dark for the light which is suppose to be dawn.
Doni Tondo (1506-1508) by Michelangelo is another great work of art to view at the Gallery. It’s located in room 25 with other great works from Michelangelo and Florentine artists. This painting is considered by some to be one of the most important of the 16 th
century. In it the Virgin is taking (or offering) Jesus from St Joseph while five nude males sit in the background. The meaning of this piece may come from
Biblical passages but it’s meaning is still uncertain.
In room 26, one can view Pope Leo X with Cardinals
Giulio de’ Medici and Luigi de’ Rossi
(1518) by Raphael. The figures in this painting were praised by Vasari because they are quite realistic as is the fur lining on Pope Leo X. Also one should take notice of the golden knob on the chair which is a reflection of all that surrounds it (extraordinary detail!). Since the paintings last restoration, many think the two cardinals may be additions to the painting by another artist.
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In room 28, another famous painting resides by Titian and his Venus of Urbino (1538). This is said to be a cultural icon because it is one of the most famous and erotic images of all time. In this painting a young naked bride lies on a bed looking at the spectator knowingly yet allusively. Symbols of fidelity in the picture include the little dog lying on the bed as well as the two maidservants searching for clothes in the background. This painting was to serve as an instructive
“model” for Giulia Varano, the Duke’s young bride at the time.
The Madonna of the Long Neck (1534-1539) by
Parmigianino is also a great painting to take notice of. It was first painted for the Servi church in Parma; however, the work remains unfinished and was found in Parmigianino’s studio at the time of his death in 1540. It’s famous for the exaggerated lenth of its figures.
A final painting one should definitely view at the Uffizi
Gallery is Medusa (1600) by Caravaggio. The woman in this picture has locks of snakes and will turn anyone that looks at her into stone. This work was originally painted in Rome for the Cardinal Del Monte as a gift to Ferdinando de’ Medici.
These are just a few of the 4800 great works of art in the Uffizi Gallery. If one really enjoys the history behind the paintings, it would be greatly recommended that one purchases the official guide to the Uffizi in Florence outside the Gallery, in order to fully appreciate the great artists and works the gallery contains.
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Primavera
(Spring) by Botticelli
Birth of Venus by Botticelli
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Tondo Doni by Michelangelo
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Madonna with Child and Two Angels by Lippi

The Romans founded Florence in the first century B.C. It became the capital of Tuscany because of its convenient location at the meeting of the Arno and Mugnone rivers. The Medici family had a huge influence on Florence, which can be seen throughout the city.
Giovanni di Averardo de' Medici was the richest banker in Italy and he passed his fortune on to his son, Cosimo the Elder. Cosimo overthrew the leaders of Florence in 1434 and became ruler.
Generations of the Medici family ruled Florence and later all of
Tuscany from 1434-1737. The death of Gian Gastone de' Medici in
1737 marked the end of the Medici power in Florence, but during their years in power, the Medici family definitely left their mark and evidence of this can be seen in nearly every corner of the city.
Some of their biggest influence can be seen in several of the
67 museums in Florence. A few of these museums will be described in detail below:
Pitti PalaceThe Palazzo Pitti was constructed in 1450. Luca Pitti, the local rival of the Medici family, ordered its construction. A century later, in 1549, the ruling Medici family purchased the palace.
They began living in the palace in 1550. Inside this more than 200 meters wide facade visitors can experience how the late Medici family members lived. The inner courtyard of the palace leads to all of its museums: the Palatine Gallery, the Silver Museum, the Gallery of modern art and the Galleria del Costume. The palace itself has developed into a priceless private museum of paintings, sculptures and other rare collectibles. In the back, the Pitti Palace opens up to the beautiful Boboli gardens with fountains, sculptures and breathtaking views of the city of Florence.
The Uffizi Gallery The building was designed by Giorgio Vasari and was constructed between 1560 and 1580. It was originally designed as special offices for the Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family to host the archives and administrative offices of the state of
Florence. The gallery began as a private art collection of the Medici family on the second floor of the office building. In 1737, Anna
Maria Ludovica de Medici, the last member of this family, converted
79 it into a Museum. The 45 rooms and galleries of this building hold one of the most famous museums in the world. It contains artwork by
Rembrandt, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, da Vinci, Botticelli and many more famous artists. Due to its popularity and the fact that only small groups are let in to the gallery at a time, there are often very long lines and people wait for several hours to get in. It is open 8.30-
18.50 including Sunday (closed Monday)
Room 1 - Archaeological room
Room 2 - Giotto and 13th Century
Room 3 - Senese Painting 14th Century
Room 24 - Miniatures room
Room 25 - Michelangelo and Florentine
Artists
Room 4 - Florentine Painting 14th Century
Room 5/6 - International Gothic
Room 7 - Early Renaissance
Room 8 - Filippo Lippi
Room 9 - Antonio del Pollaiolo
Room 10/14 - Botticelli
Room 15 - Leonardo
Room 16 - Geographic Maps room
Room 17 - Ermafrodito
Room 18 - The Tribune
Room 27 - Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino
Room 28 - Tiziano and Sebastiano del
Piombo
Room 29 - Parmigianino and Dosso Dossi
Room 30 - Emilian Painting
Room 31 - Veronese
Room 32 - Tintoretto
Room 33 - Room 33 - 16th Century
Painting
Room 34 - Lombard School
Room 19 - Perugino and Signorelli Room 35 - Barocci
Room 20 - Dürer and German Artists Room 41 - Rubens
Room 21 - Giambellino and Giorgione
Room 42 - Niobe
Room 22 - Flemish and German Painting
Room 44 - Rembrandt
Room 23 - Correggio
Room 45 - XVIII Century

Gallery of the Accademia-
The Accademia Museum’s art collection has changed throughout the years and it is now one of the finest art galleries in Florence due to its high quality of exhibits. It has paintings and sculptures dating back to the fourteenth century. The academy started off as a drawing school run by the Lorraine family to bring all the talented artists into one academy rather than having several small schools throughout the town. The gallery began simply displaying the work of the pupils studying art there, but it has really grown. Today, the gallery contains the most spectacular and complete display of work done by Michelangelo. In 1873, the museum became the focus of attention in Florence when
Michelangelo’s “David” was put on display inside the gallery. It is said that through the artwork displayed inside the gallery it is possible to “understand the complex moral and religious tensions underlying his [Michelangelo’s] unique creative powers.” It is open
8.30-18.50 / Sunday 8.30-18.50 (closed Monday)
Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza [IMSS](The History of
Science Museum) It was founded in 1927 at the initiative of the
University of Florence and according to its statute, its function was that of collecting, cataloguing and restoring ancient instruments and devices of historical and scientific interest. It contains important scientific artifacts from over five centuries. Most of the oldest artifacts in the collection come from the Medici family. The first floor (11 rooms) is dedicated to the Medici core: quadrants, astrolabes, meridians, dials, compasses, armillary spheres, bussolas, real works of art made by famous Tuscan and European artists. The latter of the artifacts come from the Lorraine family. The Lorraine family came into power after the Medici family. The second floor
(10 rooms) shows a large number of very interesting and beautiful instruments, mostly belonging to the Lorraine family, most of which are Galileo’s original instruments, including thermometers, microscopes, and meteorological instruments.
Not only is the town filled with museums; there are also several churches. The interesting thing about churches in Florence is that no matter how small they may be, the inside is most likely decorated with some amazing Renaissance artwork. Here are details on two of the most popular churches to visit in Florence:
San Lorenzo - This is the oldest church in the city. It was consecrated by St. Ambrose in 393, and then was rebuilt along
Romanesque lines in 1060. The Medici family adopted this church as their own in 1418 and had it completely renovated which is the building that we see today. The present building dates to 1423 and was designed and built by Brunelleschi. The simple bare facade lacks the marble revetment; Michelangelo's design was never carried out. The internal facade, which Michelangelo also designed, is comprised of three doors between two pilasters with garlands of oak and laurel and a balcony on two Corinthian columns. The ceiling has magnificent gilded rosettes in white-ground coffering. The church contains several important art works including some by Donatello,
Bronzino Rosso Fiorentino, and the majority of them are from
Michelangelo. It is open from 7.00-12.00 and 15.30-18.30 including
Sunday
Church of Santa Croce- (Church of the Sacred Cross) The Basilica of Santa Croce is one of the largest churches in the city. Building this masterpiece began in 1294 but it was not completed until 1443. It is built on the plan of an Egyptian cross (in the shape of a T), with the interior divided into three naves. It is full of chapels, which were reserved for the burial of the most illustrious families in Florence.
Giotto and his school immediately covered the walls of these chapels and the entire church in breath-taking frescoes. They also designed the beautiful stained glass windows, which can be seen throughout the church. The basilica also contains numerous examples of typically Renaissance sculpture. The most famous of these is the
Crucifix by Donatello. The presence of a great many funeral monuments and tombstones (276 can still be seen on the floor alone) has led to the Basilca being thought of as the city Pantheon, the burial place of Florence's most illustrious citizens. The floor is
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covered with old tombstones for the entire length of the nave. Some of the most famous tombs include those of Michelangelo (tomb by Vasari, 1570), Galileo Galilei (tomb by Foggini, 1737), and
Vittorio Alfieri (tomb by Canova, 1810). It is open 8.00-12.30 and 15.00-18.30 / Sunday 15.00-18.00
Another sight you will most definitely see is that of Ponte
Vecchio which crosses the Arno River. Ponte Vecchio means
“Old Bridge” which is a very fitting name considering it is the oldest bridge in Florence. It was built back in the Roman era, however it has been rebuilt several times since the original structure. The upper side of the bridge, known as the
Vasariano corridor, was designed by Vasari to link the Palazzo
Vecchio and the Uffizi Gallery to the Pitti Palace; today it is an art gallery. The sides of the bridge are inhabited. Originally, they were lined with foot shops selling fruits and vegetables.
In the 15 th
century, silversmiths and goldsmiths took over the shops. Today, the bridge is lined with jewelry shops selling modern and authentic jewelry.
Neighborhoods of Florence
(directly from http://www.tours-italy.com/florence/city_guide.htm)
** Central Florence, from the Duomo to the Arno River
This is Florence at its most chaotic, within the space of a few city blocks you'll find all the must-see attractions of Florence: the
Cathedral (duomo ) and baptistery, Piazza Signori (the main square of Florence), the Uffizzi Museum, Ponte Vecchio, as well as numerous other attractions.
** The District of San Marco
Northeast of central Florence, it's is one of Florence 's most liveliest quarters that boasts a large student population. The centre of activity is around the Piazza, which is one of Florence 's most beautiful squares. Nearby is the Galleria dell'Accademia. For those looking for alternative to visiting museums, the Giardino dei Semplice
(garden of samples) is not far. Established during the reign of
81
Cosimo, exotic plants were cultivated and oils that were extracted were used to make cures for various ailments.
** The District of Santa Croce
Santa Croce quarter is the largest of the districts of Florence. It's a wonderful place to go wondering along interweaving streets with hidden architectural gems to discover from the different periods of
Florence 's history. In and around Piazza Santa Croce, there are numerous craft shops, restaurants and cafes.
** The District of Oltrarno
On the far side of the River Arno from the centre of Florence, the word Oltrarno literally means "beyond the Arno ". This area of the city is away from the hordes of tourists, and retains more of a local character. Its most important monument is the Palazzo Pitti, which is a huge structure that incorporates many important museums as well as the beautiful Boboli Gardens. West of Ponte Vecchio you'll find the area of Santo Spirito, which is home to furniture restorers and other artisan workshops.
**Santa Maria Novella
This area lies directly between the railway station and the Arno
River. The streets in and around Piazza Santa Maria Novella are an architectural treasure trove, lined with some of Florence 's most elegant piazza. It's also home to Florence 's finest shopping street Via
Tornabuoni. In between the lavish palazzo's and expensive shops are enchanting medieval streets to see, as well as the Croce al Trebbio, a little shrine erected by the Domenican friars to celebrate the defeat of the Patarene heretics, in a bloody street brawl.
General Information:
What to wear?
In general Italians dress well and are not sloppy. They do not usually wear shorts in the city. Even when dressed casually they are careful about the way they look. Dress code is strict for visits to churches.
Women must cover bare shoulders and arms - a shawl will do - but no longer need cover their heads. Shorts are not allowed for either men or women.
A map of the city

Internet-
Just steps from the Duomo, in the middle of Florence's historic center there is a new facility fully equipped for using the Internet and sending E-Mail.
Also, there are 2 facilities with 45 personal computers, Internet service, and E-mail service located 1 near the train station and 1 near the Duomo.
Electricity-
The electrical current in most of Italy is 220 volts whereas the United States runs on 110 volts. In Italy, you need continental-type plugs, which have two round prongs.
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Eiffel Tower Info, by Katie Kluver
If you were to think of Paris, what is the first thing that would come to your mind? If you thought of the Eiffel Tower, you are correct! Here is some information on the Eiffel Tower that you may find interesting as you visit this amazing monument!
The Eiffel Tower, or the Tour Eiffel in French, was first opened on March 31, 1889 for the Universal Exhibition in celebration of the French Revolution.
The design began in 1884, with over 5,300 different designs produced. The construction began in 1887 and lasting two years, two months and 5 days.
It is built from 18,038 pieces of metal and is held together by 2,500,000 rivets.
The whole structure weighs 10,100 tons.
With the flagpole on top, the total height of the Eiffel
Tower is 324 meters.
The force of the wind causes the top of the tower to sway 6 to 7 centimeters.
Since its opening until the end of 2004, there have been over 216 million visitors.
Ever wonder how many steps lead to the top of the
Eiffel Tower? Well, you have to up 1665 steps in order to reach the top!
The tower is owned by the city of Paris.
The pillars are oriented in the manner of the four cardinal points, contained within a square with 125-meter sides.
Until the construction of the Chrysler Building in 1930 by William Van Allen, architect, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world.
The tower is repainted every five years, using 50 tons of paint.
The Eiffel Tower has used many different types of lighting so that the whole structure can be illuminated. Since its opening, the tower has used sodium lamps, neon lights, incandescent lamps, gas lighting and also electricity. In 1925, the tower lights were used as advertising for businesses. In
1937, colored lighting was added to the handrails. Now, the lights are inside the structure of the tower. Recently, there were four projector lights added to the tower. They are run by a computer that moves them 90 degrees and they are synchronized so that they form a double beam in a cross that pivots around 360 degrees. For the New Year each year, the tower lights are redesigned to be even more spectacular than the year before.
For the time that we will be there, the Eiffel Tower will be open every day. If you want to use the elevator, the hours are 9:30 am to 11:45 pm. It will cost you 10,70 euros to take the elevator to the top. If you want to take the stairs, which is recommended by other trip participants, it will cost you 3,00 euros but will only get you to the second floor. The hours for the stairs are more limited, from 9:30 am to 6:30 pm.
One thing that is highly recommended by past trip participants and others who have visited the Eiffel Tower is to eat at the restaurant on the second floor. The restaurant is called Jules Verne and features gourmet cuisine. They are open daily from 12:30 to 2:30 pm and from 7:30 to 10:30 pm.
The restaurant is located about 400 feet off the ground and offers a beautiful view of the city. If you want to eat there, you must make reservations in advance. The phone number is
01.45.55.61.44.
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Cathédrale Notre Dame
Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, decided to build a new cathedral for the growing population of Paris, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The construction started in 1163, but it wasn’t completed until 1345. Because there was so much illiteracy during this time, the cathedral retells the stories of the Bible in its portals, paintings, and stained glass.
Notre Dame has a rich history. Crusaders prayed here before leaving on their holy wars. Notre Dame was pillaged during the French revolution. Citizens mistook statues of saints above the portals on the west front for representations of their kings, and removed them. Some of these statues were found in the 1970s in the Latin Quarter. Many of the cathedral's other treasures were either destroyed or stolen, only the bells avoided being melted down. Revolutionaries dedicated the cathedral first to the cult of Reason, and then to the cult of the Supreme being. It’s hard to imagine, but the church interior was once used as a warehouse for the storage of food.
It was also here that Napoléon, wanting to emphasize the primacy of the state over the church, crowned himself emperor, and then crowned Joséphine, his wife, as his empress.
This job would normally have been done by an archbishop, but
Pope Pius VII, there for the occasion, raised no objections.
During the Commune of 1871, the Cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards. Whatever happened, Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unharmed.
The art of Notre Dame is said to be amazing. The west front contains 28 statues representing the monarchs of Judea and Israel. The three portals depict the Last Judgment, with the
Madonna and Child, St. Anne, the Virgin's mother, and Mary's youth until the birth of Jesus. The interior with the columns has room for as many as 6,000 worshipers. The three rose windows are said to be beautiful on sunny days.
In 1768, geographers decided that all distances in
France would be measured from Notre Dame. One hundred and seventy-six years later, when Paris was liberated during World
War II, General de Gaulle went to the cathedral after his return, to pray in thanksgiving. In many ways, Notre Dame was and still is the center of France.
For a look at the upper parts of the church, the river, and much of Paris, climb the 387 steps to the top of one of the towers. The south tower holds Notre Dame's 13-ton bell, which is rung on special occasions.
Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe was commissioned in 1806 by
Napoleon, but it was not finished until 1836. There are four huge sculptures at the bases of the four pillars. These commemorate The Triumph of 1810, Resistance , Peace and
The Departure of the Volunteers . Engraved around the top of the Arch are the names of major victories won during the
Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. Beneath the Arch is the
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and eternal flame commemorating those who died in the two world wars. Inside the Arch there is a museum documenting its history and construction. From the roof there are spectacular views of
Paris. In the east, you can see down the Champs Elysées, toward the Louvre.
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Place de la Concorde
The Place de la Concorde is the largest public square in
Paris. Situated along the Seine, it separates the Tuileries
Gardens from the beginning of the boulevard Champs Elysées.
Originally named Place Louis XV, the square was designed for the purpose of showcasing a statue of the king on a horse.
Construction of the square began in 1754 and was completed in
1763. It is actually in the shape of an octagon, and was once bordered by large moats that no longer exist. The major street off of the square is the Voie Triomphale, or Triumphal Way, which extends east to west in a perfectly straight line from the
Louvre Museum and through the Tuileries Gardens, up the
Champs-Elysées to the Arc de Triomphe, and beyond.
Several decades after its construction, this square was to serve as a focal point for the bloody demonstrations of the
French Revolution. When the revolutionaries seized power, they renamed the square Place de la Révolution, tore down the statue of Louis XV and replaced it with a guillotine. Between
1793 and 1795, more than 1300 people were beheaded in public executions, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
It is said that the scent of blood was so strong here that a herd of cattle once refused to cross the grounds.
Today, the open-air square still looks quite similar to the way it did in the 1700s, except for the large obelisk in the center. The Obelisk of Luxor was given to the French in 1829 by the viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet Ali. The obelisk once marked the entrance to the Amon temple at Luxor. It is more than 3,300 years old and is decorated with hieroglyphics that document the reigns of the pharaohs Ramses II and Ramses III.
The obelisk was installed in 1833 and weighs 230 tons and standing 22.83 meters, or 75 feet, high in the center of the
Place. On both sides of the obelisk are two fountains constructed during the same period. Having survived more than
33 centuries, the obelisk has suffered the most damage during the past half-century by air pollution from industry and cars.
Other places of interest which border the Place are the
Tuileries Gardens and the Embassy of the United States, which is located in the corner of the square at the intersection of avenue Gabriel and rue Boissy d'Anglas.
Musée National de Picasso
The museum has a collection of several thousand works of Pablo Picasso. Picasso was born in 1881 in Spain and he began to study art in 1895. During his life he created diverse works including painting, sculpture, drawing, ceramics, engraving, and even poetry. To house the collection, they chose to use a seventeenth century hotel. Today, there are 203 paintings, 191 sculptures, 85 ceramics, and over 3000 drawings, engravings, and manuscripts in the museum. Besides the personal collection of Picasso, the museum also has some works of Cézanne and Matisse.
Food in Paris
If you are planning on eating while in Paris, here are some suggestions of restaurants that you may want to consider.
 Café Six-huit o Classic French cuisine o Affordable o Open daily from 12-3 pm and 7-11 pm, o Located at Quai Malaquais, 75006/quai
Montebello

La Coupole o Classic French cuisine
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o Moderately priced o Open daily from 7:30 pm – 2 am o Located at 102 boulevard du Montparnasse

Le Restaurant o Good, plain cuisine o Affordable o Open Saturday from 8-11:30 pm o Located at 32 rue Veron
 Café Marly o Classic French cuisine o Moderately priced o Trendy café located inside the Lourve o Open daily from 8 pm – 2 am o Located at Plais du Lourve, 93 rue de Rivoli
Food and Menu Terms
If you do not want to end up ordering something that you will not enjoy, here is a translation of some common French words pertaining to the menu, foods you may enjoy and others you may not.
Menu Terms
Addition
Apéritif
À point
Restaurant bill
Before-meal drink
Medium rare
Assiette de
Bien cuit
Plate of
Well done
Boisson (compris ou non-compris) Drink (included or not
Carafe d’eau
Carte included)
Pitcher of tap water
Menu
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Choix
Chaud
Couteau
Cruilliere
Cuit
Déjeuner
Dîner
Eau (minérale)
Entrée
Épices
Farci
Fermé
Fondu
(Au) four
Fourchette
Frais, fraîche
Froide
Glacé
Gratuit
Grillade
Hor d’oeuvre
Huile
Léger
Légume
Maigre
Marché
Marinée
Morceau
Mélange
Mets selon de la saison
Nappé
Nature
Nouvelle
Choice
Hot
Knife
Spoon
Cooked
Lunch
Dinner
Water (mineral)
First course
Spices
Stuffed
Closed
Melted
Baked
Fork
Fresh or chilled
Cold
Iced, glazed
Free
Grilled
Appetizer
Oil
Light
Vegetable
Thin, no fat
Market
Marinated
Piece
Mixture
According to the season
Covered with a sauce
Simple, plain, no sauce
New

Ouvert
Pané
Parfum
Petit déjeuner
Plat
Plat du jour
Repas
Salé
Sel
Serviette
Service compris
Sucre
Tiède
Tranche
Baguette
Basilic
Beurre
Bifteck
Champignon
Citron
Confiture
Contre-filet
Crevette Grise
Crudités
Dinde
Frites (pommes)
Fromage
Galette
Open
Breaded
Flavor
Breakfast
Dish
Dish of the day
Meal
Salted
Try this!
Salt
Napkin
Service charge included
Sugar
Warm
Slice
Long thin loaf of bread
Basil
Butter
Steak
Mushrooms
Lemon
Jam
Sirloin steak
Shrimp
Raw vegetables
Turkey
French fries
Cheese
Pancake, flat pastry
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Gaufre
Glace
Infusion
Jambon
Jus
Lait
Laitue
Madeleine
Marquise au chocolat cake
Miel
Moutarde
Menthe
Nouilles
Oeuf
Oignon
Pain
Parmentier
Pâtes
Poisson
Pomme
Pomme de terre
Potage
Poulet (rôti)
Riz
Salade mixte
Salade verte
Tartine
Thé
Viande
Yaourt
Waffle
Ice cream
Herb tea
Ham
Juice
Milk
Lettuce
Small tea cake
Rich chocolate mousse
Honey
Mustard
Mint
Noodles
Egg
Onion
Bread
Potatoes, usually mashed
Pasta
Fish
Apple
Potato
Soup
Chicken (roasted)
Rice
Mixed salad
Green salad
Buttered bread
Tea
Meat
Yogurt

Use caution!
Boudon noir
Caille
Calamar
Canard
Carre d’agneau
Cervelles/cervaux
Cheval
Chèvre
Claire
Coeur
Foie
Gésuer
Grenouille (cuisses de)
Lapin
Oie
Pouple
Rognon
Tête de veau
Tortue
Veau
Blood Sausage
Quail
Squid
Duck
Rack of lamb
Brains
Horse
Goat cheese
Oyster
Heart
Liver
Gizzard
Frogs (legs)
Rabbit
Goose
Octopus
Kidney
Calf’s head
Turtle
Veal
Restaurant Tips
-Eat a block or two away from tourist attractions to save some money
- Read the menu posted outside before going in
- Eat where other French people are eating because they must know something that tourists don’t
- Meat is cooked much less than what we are used to
- Cheese is served with everything
- Portions are smaller
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- Mind your P’s and Q’s
- Ask for your bill when you are ready
- The bill will most likely include a service charge so you do not need to tip the server
Paris Nightlife
Here are four ideas of places to go during the evenings while in
Paris.
 Virgin Café o This café is located at the top of the Virgin
Megastore. o Enjoy the view looking over the top of the store and also watch videos of the latest hit music.

Le Web Bar o This is an Internet bar with two floors of computers. o While you email your family, listen to some jazz music. o It is described as a trendy and sophisticated place.
 Théâtre de Champs-Élysées o If you enjoy opera, ballet or classical music, you will love this theater. o It is described as being the “temple of music, art and architecture.”

Le Bal du Moulin Rouge o The can-can dance originated at the Moulin
Rouge. o It has a rich history since it opened in 1889.

French Phrases
Many of us do not know French, so here are some key phrases that you may find useful while in Paris!
 Quelle heure est-il? = What time is it?
 Je voudrais___s'il vous plait. = I would like___please.
 Ca coute combien? = How much does this cost?


Vous fermez a quelle heure? = What time do you close at?
 Parlez-vous anglais? = Do you speak English?
Prenez vous des cartes de credit? = Do you accept credit cards?
 Je ne comprends pas = I don't understand
 Merci, pardon, excusez-moi = Thank you, pardon me, excuse me
Shopping in Paris
Most shops are not open on Saturday evenings or on
Sundays. So, we may not be able to do much shopping unless we come along some shops or stores that happen to be open.
Paris is known for having lots of markets in which you can find anything imaginable. There are also many designer clothing stores as well as a vast array of fragrance stores that sell the best perfume. The most likely areas that shops will be open is in high tourist areas, such as the Eiffel Tower and the
Lourve.
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References
 http://www.paris.org/Musees/Picasso/
 http://www.paris.org/Monuments/Arc/
 http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/
 http://www2.art.utah.edu/cathedral/paris.html
 http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Monuments
-Paris/Eiffel.shtml
 http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Cathedrals/Paris/
Notre-Dame.shtml
 http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Monuments
-Paris/Obelisque.shtml
 http://www.picasso.com/gallery/index.html
 http://search.barewalls.com/cgi-bin/search.exe?S=eiffel
Ribaut, Jean-Claude, Anne-Isabelle Joll

Guestafson, Sandra . Cheap Eats in Paris . 1990.
Chronicle Books: San Francisco.y, and Rene Maurice.
Paris . 1998. Alfred A Knopf: New York.
 http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/paris/
 http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/France/Ile_ de_France/Paris-99080/Local_Customs-Paris-
Parlez_vous_francais-BR-1.html

The fun part about our day in Paris is that we get to decide what we want to do while we are there. The problem comes when you realize how much there is to do and see and how little time we have! How can you possibly pick and choose? We all want to make the most of our time while we are there. Hopefully the information presented in these pages will assist you in deciding what to see and what you will be content just reading about for now.
The Siene river divides the city into the left and right banks. There are 32 bridges in the city that link the left bank to the right bank also providing a link to the two islands in the middle. The names of these islands are Ile de la Cite which is the city’s birthplace along with the home of Notre Dame. And the other island is Ile St-Louis which is the site of many 17the century mansions.
The main street is avenue des Champs-Elysees which begins at the Arc de Triomphe and runs all the way to the place de la Concorde. Also from the Arc de
Triomphe are 12 other avenues that radiate outward from it.
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Paris is divided into 20 municipal districts called
arrondissements. Each of these 20 districts has its own mayor, city police station, and central post office.
As far as finding addresses, the building numbers on those parallel to the Seine usually follow the flow of the river, from east to west. On the perpendicular streets, numbers begin low closer to the river and get larger as you get farther from the river.
Metro: most efficient and easy means of transport, everything is numbered and all of the destinations are clearly marked on the subway maps. Many of the larger stations have push button indicators that help you map out your route. When you get to the station, you purchase your ticket, insert it into the turnstile and then pass through. Some exits check for your ticket again so be sure to hold onto your ticket. Don’t be surprised if you encounter a ticket check on the trains or platforms as well. The metro begins running trains at 5:30 am and the last train is at 1:15 am. It is stated that the metro is reasonably safe, but always watch out for pickpockets.
Buses: Bus travel is slower than the metro. Since we only have one and a half days there, we’ll want to make the most of our time. The buses run from 6:30 am to 9:15pm and have limited service on Sundays. If you want to catch a bus, wait in line at the bus stop.

Taxi: Taxi’s are iffy. It will be close to impossible to catch one during rush hour. Hail regular cabs on the street that display “Libre” signs. You’ll have to watch out for rip-offs.
Settle the tab In advance. Cab drivers without meters have been known to wait outside of nightclubs ready to pick up tipsy customers.
Attached at the end of these pages are Maps of both the Metro and Bus system.
We’ll start with the Latin Quarter because this is the area where we will be staying. It is located on the Left Bank of
Paris. Here is some background info: It has been a place for Independent spirits since the 12th century. Its reputation began when a free-thinking teacher Pierre
Abélard was driven out of the school of Notre Dame for challenging the churches teachings. Consequently he, along with 3,000 of his students and a following of other intelligent teachers began a school on the Left Bank of
Paris. Word spread about the intellectual influx and many more students from all over Europe came to join in on the learning. The common language was Latin, and the community that grew up there was deemed the
Latin Quarter.
This area remains the educational area. Within it is the
University of Paris. It is full of fun shopping, bohemian accents, artists, bookstores, scholars, students, many tiny little restaurants and bistros and most of these amenities are designed with the student’s budget in mind. . . (ie.
Cheap!!)
In addition, you will find the pantheon at the heart of the
Latin Quarter. The domed landmark was commissioned around 1750 as an abbey church, but because of financial problems the massive structure wasn't completed until 1789.
Two years later, the Constituent Assembly converted it into a secular mausoleum for the great men of the era of
French liberty. After a further stint as a church, the
Panthéon once again became a “secular necropolis.”
In the Panthéon are the graves of many which include
Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Louis Braille, Emile Zola,
Jean Moulin, René Cassin and Pierre et Marie Curie.
The Panthéon's ornate marble interior is rather gloomylooking, but you get a great view of the city from around the colonnaded dome, which is visible from all over Paris.
Montmartre is located high on the only hill overlooking
Paris. It is an are that has long been famous for its artists.
At the peak of this are is the glorious Basilica du Sacre
Coeur. Near by is the Place du Tertre which is usually completely covered with tables and bright umbrellas and many artists.
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Fun activities that you could do here (if you need a break from walking) is to get your portrait drawn. It would also be a nice place to sip on some coffee, munch on a croissant, and read Longitudes at one of the cafes which line every inch of the square.
This would be a great area to explore on your way up to
Sacre Coeur.
The first stone of this amazing French basilica was laid in
1875. The designer of the building died in 1884 with only the foundation having been completed. This set the finish date back a few years. In fact, it was not completed until 1914 and consecrated in 1919 after World War I had ended. The final cost was 40 million francs. Since 1885, there has been continuous adoration and worship within the basilica.
The interior of the church contains one of the world’s largest mosaics, and depicts Christ with outstretched arms. The nearby bell tower contains the “Savoyarde”. It is one of the world’s heaviest bells weighing in at 19 tons.
There is a panoramic view from the top of the Dome reaching 30 kilometers in all directions.
 Tuileries Garden-Designed in 1664, the most central park in Paris, stretches from the Louvre to the Concorde Square along the Seine
 Bateaux Mouches-tourist boats that float upon the
Seine
 The Catacombs of Paris-an massive maze of tunnels dug under the city. In 1786, all the bodies from Cimetiere des Innocents were exhumed and moved into these tunnels.
 Vincent Van Gogh’s Apartment -54 rue Lepic in
Paris's Montmartre district
 Graves of Jim Morrison and Oscar WildeLe Pere
Lachaise cemetery, 6, rue du Repos
Perhaps the most recognized museum in Paris as well as the entire world, started out as the library of Charles V.
Later the library was assumed by François I who began a new collection of art with 12 paintings from Italy. These included works by Titian, Raphael, and Leonardo da
Vinci, the most famous being the Joconde - or Mona
Lisa. The royal collection grew to almost 200 pieces by the reign of Louis XIII. Henri II, and Catherine de Médicis continued to expand the collected works, just as many others continued to contribute. When Louis XIV died in
1715, there were 2,500 pieces of art and objects. Until the
Revolution, the collection of art could only be enjoyed by the members of the royal court. Finally, the idea of a
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museum (originating with Louis XVI) was realized on 10
August 1793. This museum was deemed Musée de la
République and was open to the public.
During Napoléon’s reign, he greatly increased the collections by acquiring from the countries he conquered. However, most of these were returned in
1815 after his defeat at Waterloo. Under Louis XVIII the
Venus de Milo was attained (for 6000 Francs) shortly after it was rediscovered on the Island of Melos in 1820.
In 1848 the museum became the property of the State.
The Musée du Lourve received an annual budget devoted to obtaining new art, and the collections continued to grow. Private donations also increased the
Museum's holdings.
In 1947 the impressionist paintings were moved to other galleries and as of 1986 can now be seen at the Musée d'Orsay.
Today, the museum boasts nearly 300,000 works, but only a fraction of these can be seen on display at any given time. The Louvre has wide-ranging collections organized into seven departments. These departments are housed in the three wings of the museum: Sully, Denon and
Richelieu. The wings are
respectively to the west, south, and north of the Pyramid.
The Musée d'Orsay began as a train depot in 1900 however as technology developed and electric trains were introduced, the station closed in 1939. The idea of a museum was introduced and it was registered as a listed building in 1978. The museum was opened in
December 1986 and was dedicated to all artistic production from 1848 to 1914. In it you will find paintings, pastels, sculptures, furniture and objects d'art, photography and documentary objects that “reflect the richness and diversity of this era.”
Displayed on three levels, you will find all the artwork presented in the chronological order over the period going from 1848 to 1914. The museum of Orsay fills the space of time between the collections of the museum of the Louvre and those of the museum of Modern art of the Center George Pompidou.
Cost:
On Sunday : 5 euros
Reduced Rate: 5 euros
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France is divided by 5 zones for the telephone. The 2 first digits of a phone number tell you the area: 01 is Paris / 02 northwest /
03 northeast / 04 southeast / 05 southwest.
From the States, you don’t need to dial the 0. But once in
France, you have to dial the 0. Phone numbers must have 10 digits (including the first 0), no exception – except of course the emergency numbers. Public phones in France require a telephone card, or they can often work also with a credit card.
Check for the signs “Visa”, “Master Card”, etc…
24 hour ambulance (called “SAMU”):15
Police:17
Fire: 18
Hospitals in Paris (English is spoken) o Hertford British Hospital o 3 rue Barbes, 92300 Levallois-Perret o Tel: 01 46 39 22 22 o American Hospital of Paris o 63 Blvd Victor Hugo, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine o Tel: 01 46 41 25 25 o Hospital Foch o 40 rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes o Tel: 01 46 25 20 00 o United States Embassy in Paris o Telephone: 01.43.12.46.75/92
Desmons, Gilles. Walking Paris. 1994. Passport Books:
Lincolnwood, IL.
Glyn, Anthony. The Companion Guide to Paris. 2000. St.
Edmundsbury Press Ltd.: Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
Oliver, Jeanne. Memorable Walks in Paris. 3rd ed. 1998. Simon and Schuster Macmillan Co.: New York. http://www.paris.org/Musees/Louvre/ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/paris/ http://www.musee-orsay.fr/ORSAY/orsaygb/ http://www.paris.org/Monuments/Sacre.Coeur/ http://www.amb-usa.fr/ http://www.state.gov/ http://www.parisdigest.com/takingarest/parcdestuileries.htm http://www.discoverfrance.com/travelinfo.html
94

By Dane Furfaro

London started as a Celtic community that was invaded by the Romans in 43 AD

In 1066 William the Conqueror crowned king after victory as Battle of Hastings

Country was torn apart between 1642 and 1646 by civil war
-King Charles I beheaded

In 1665, plague broke out in London killing approximately 100,000

In 1666, the Great Fire burned through London destroying four-fifths of the city

18 th
and 19 th
Centuries saw the spread of the British
Empire (Imperialism), as well as the Industrial
Revolution

Over a third of London was destroyed in WWII

The Post WWII period saw heavy immigration from the old British Empire contributing to the present day population of approximately 7.2 million
95

Typical Prices:

Cup of coffee- 1.20 pounds

Admission to Buckingham Palace- 5 pounds

Meal at a Pub- 8 pounds

Pint of beer- 1.90 pounds

1 mile taxi ride- 4 pounds
ATM and Cash Machines

ATMs are wide spread throughout London and are accessible 24 hours a day

Keep in mind there may be a limit you can withdraw in one day

You may have to pay a surcharge for each withdrawal

Traveler’s checks are widely accepted in English Banks
Weather in London

Climate is generally mild and fairly damp

Average Temperatures in May: High 62 F, Low 47 F


London is located in the drier region of England but still sees on average 150-200 days of rain a year (a rainy day is defined as a day where 0.01 inches or more of rain fall)

British Museum has a collection of artifacts from around the world

Oxford Street has over 300 shops which sell thousands of lines of goods with a wide range of prices
 London’s theater district contains a number of theaters with a wide range of shows to suit everyone’s taste.
Prices usually range from 15-45 Pounds
The Half Price Ticket Theater Booth is located in London’s Leicester
Square.
At this booth, one can find a wide selection of tickets to West End theater shows on the day of performance only.
Top tickets are sold at half price (cash, credit and debit cards are accepted but not travelers checks).

Covent Garden is a source of many kinds of entertainment, including the Royal Opera House, theaters, and a variety of shops, restaurants, and bars

The National Gallery offers free entry to many of its exhibitions and includes works by such painters as da
Vinci, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, and many others
The collection consists of over 2,300 paintings ranging from the years 1250-1900
The National Gallery is open daily from 10 am-
6 pm (quietest times are weekday mornings).
Admission to the gallery is free, but some exhibitions cost extra
Address: Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DN

London is full of parks which occasionally hold concerts in the summer
Westminster Abbey
(open Mon-Fri 9:30am-3:45pm, Sat 9:30am-
1:45pm, cost 7.5 pounds)

Has been the setting for every Coronation since 1066
96


A place of daily worship and contains over 3000 tombs, including the remains of 29 kings and queens and hundreds of memorials

Artifacts include: the Coronation Chair which every monarch has been crowned in since King Edward in
1308 and the High Alter which has a mosaic of the Last
Supper on it (designed in 1876)

Westminster Abbey contains the remains of Tennyson,
Charles Dickens, and Rudyard Kipling

There are also memorials to John Milton, John Keats,
Percy Shelly, William Blake and T.S. Elliot
Tower of London
(open Mon-Sat 9:00am-5pm, Sun 10am-5pm, cost
13.5 pounds)

Built in 1076 by William the Conqueror

Walls nearly 100 feet high and 15 feet thick in some places

Tower has been a home to Kings and Queens, has been used to hold and execute prisoners, and is now a museum

Tours are given throughout the day by Yeoman
Warders (Beefeaters) who have guarded this royal palace for centuries

Museum in the White Tower contains a collection of sculptures, frescoes, fragments of mosaic floors and wall mosaics, icons, coins, inscriptions, pottery, glass and other metal items
Stonehenge

Located on the Salisbury Plain two miles west of the town of Amesbury, Wiltshire, in Southern England

Theories of the when construction started range from
3500 to 2000 BCE

The Sarsen circle, about 108 feet in diameter, was originally made up of 30 upright sandstone blocks of which only 17 are now standing. The stones are spaced approximately 1 meter apart and stand 13 feet high

Inside the circle are ten upright stones called trilithons arranged in five pairs with a horizontal lintel on each pair. The trilithons are shaped in a horseshoe with the open side facing the entrance of the monument.
97


There are conflicting theories as to the purpose of the monument
-One theory is that it was used as for astronomical observation
-Other sources claim that the monument was used to perform rituals. It was designed to be able to tell the dates of the solstices and equinoxes which were important to ancient cultures. On these dates festivals were held celebrating the renewal of the land and the celestial beings.
References http://www.britainexpress.com/London/anglo-saxtonlondon.htm
18 April 2005. http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/the_henge.htm
http://home.clara.net/rap/half/ http://www.metoffice.com/education/secondary/students/bi_cli mate.html http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaiss ance/TowerofLondon/TowerLondon .html 18 April 2005. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/history.htm
18
April 2005.
Sekules, Kate. London. Fodor’s Travel: New York. 1995.
City Information

Capital of England and UK

Population: 7.2 million

Area: 130,422 sq. km
 29 Boroughs (we’re staying in Bloomsbury)
Transportation

The tube o Underground subway system o o o o o
12 color-coded lines
Stand to the right on escalators
Move away from entrances
Enter the train after others have exited
Do not lose your ticket (you need it to get off!)

Taxis (Black Cabs) o Professional drivers that are trained to know the o o o city
Yellow light indicates available cab
10% tip is customary
Phone: 272 0272
 o
Minicabs
Free-lance cab drivers that may not have experience o o
Cheaper than the London black cabs
No meter, so establish fare before entering the cab o To get a minicab, ask for a recommendation from the business you are at
98

Currency and Tipping

Monetary unit is the pound, divided into 100 pence

Coin denominations: 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, 1 pound, 2 pounds

Note denominations: 5, 10, 20, 50

10-15% tip for wait staff depending on service and style of restaurant

Tip porters, bellboys, and table waiters in hotels
Emergency Information

US Embassy: [44] (20) 7499-9000 (For life or death emergencies only) 5 Upper Grosvenor Street,
W1X 9PG

Police, Fire Brigade, Ambulance: 999
Calling Home

To call the United States from London you will need to dial 001 followed by the area code and phone number.
The British Museum


Admission: Free
Hours: Saturday-Wednesday
10:00am-5:30pm,
Friday 10:00am-10:30pm
Thursday -



Founded in 1753 by Sir Hans Sloane (owned a large collection of items that he didn’t want dispersed upon his death, so he sold the collection to King George II)
Over 4 million exhibits, 2.5 miles of galleries, 7 million objects
Collections (A few highlights-very few!) o Roman and Greek Antiquities

Elgin Marbles-
Ancient sculptures taken from the
Parthenon in 1806 by
Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin. Main Floor-
Room 18

Portland Vase-Roman glass vase made during the time of Augustus Caesar. Upper
Floor-Room 70 o Egyptian Collection
 Head of Amen- hotep III-287cm tall granite head of this
Egyptian ruler. Main Floor-Room 4

Mummies-Several humans and animals with accompanying x-rays to reveal what’s inside. Upper floor.

Rosetta Stone-Used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics and learn more about the
Egyptian culture. Main Floor-Room 4 o Prehistoric and Romano-British
Collections

Lindow Man-Remains of an Iron Age man discovered in a peat bog in 1984. Upper
Floor-Room 50
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
Sutton Hoo treasures-Treasures recovered from a ship-burial site of King Redwald of
East Anglia. Upper Floor-Room 41 o Money Gallery-Collection of money from grain in Mesopotamia to a
Yugoslav dinar, as well as coins from around the world. Upper Floor-Room
68
The Science Museum

Admission: Free Entry

Hours: 10:00am-6:00pm daily

Phone: +44 (0)870 870 4868

Exhibits (A sampling) o The Launch Pad-Hands-on activities that demonstrate basic scientific principles. Basement o o o o
Exploration of Space Exhibit-Apollo 10 space capsule and recreation of a moon-base. Ground
Level
Land Transport-Trains, cars, buses, bicycles, motorcycles, trolleys, carriages, etc. World’s oldest locomotive “Puffing Billy” (1813). Ground Level
Mathematics-Floor 2
Flight Gallery-Early Airplanes and a flight simulation lab. Floor 3
Science and Art of Medicine-Describes the use o of medicine throughout time and cultures. Also has several early medical instruments. Floor 5
The Royal Observatory

Founded in 1675 by Charles II
 John Flamsteed became Charles’s Astronomer
Royal

Observatory was built to improve navigation at sea by creating an accurate measure of time

Since 1833 the red time ball has dropped everyday at 1300 hours (1:00pm) to allow ships to accurately set their clocks

Prime Meridian also located at the Observatory o Prime meridian line (0
 0’0”) divides the eastern and western hemispheres o In 1884 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) became the universal measurement of standard time for the world
Salisbury Cathedral

Building began in 1220 and was completed in 1258

Cathedral Church of the Salisbury diocese
 Britain’s tallest spire (404ft)

One of four original Magna Carta
100

 Europe’s oldest working clock (1386)

Famous artwork by Lawrence Whistler (glass prism) and Elizabeth Frink (Walking Madonna)
The London Eye

Admission: £12.50

Hours: 9:30am-9:00pm daily

Largest observation wheel ever to be built (450ft)
 Bird’s eye view of London, seeing 55 landmarks in 30 minutes
The National Portrait Gallery

Admission: Free entry

Location: St Martin's Place London WC2H 0HE

Phone: 020 7312 2463

Hours: 10:00am-6:00pm daily, Thursday and Friday open until 9:00pm

Portraits of famous British people in all medias
Tate Modern

Admission: Free

Phone: 020 7887 8008

Location: Bankside London SE1 9TG

Hours: 10:00am-6:00pm daily, Friday and Saturday open until 10:00pm

National Museum of Modern Art
Natural History Museum

Admission: Free

Location: Cromwell
Road, London SW7 5BD

Phone: 20 7942 5839
101

Hours: Monday-Saturday 10:00am-5:50pm, Sunday
11:00am-5:50pm

Museum began as a division of the British Museum, but formed it’s own museum that was open to the public in
1881

Some of the more popular exhibits include: Wonders,
Dinosaurs, Mammal Hall, The Power Within
(earthquakes)
, Earth’s Treasury
(precious gems) ,
Creepy Crawlies, and Human Biology
Buckingham Palace

Phone: 20 7766 7300

Location: Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA

Changing of the guards takes place at 11:30am daily
Double-Decker Routemaster Bus Rides
 Admission: £1.20 fare for a single ride
Double-Decker Sightseeing Bus Tour-The Original Tour
(Yellow)

Bus tour admission: £16.00

Phone: 020 8877 1722
 www.theoriginaltour.com

Tour London from the top of a double-decker bus

You can get on and off the bus as you please to learn more about the sites along the way

Buses come by stops every 15-20 minutes
The London Dungeon

Admission: £15.50

Hours: 10:00am-5:30pm


Phone: 020 7403 7221
 www.thedungeons.com

Location: beneath London Bridge Station on Tooley
Street, Southwark

The London Dungeon brings more than 2,000 years of gruesome history vividly back to life
 “Follow in the bloody footsteps of Jack the Ripper, enjoy a grisly date with Madame Guillotine and experience the ultimate trip... being sentenced to death on a terrifying, one-way ‘Judgment Day’ dark boat ride to meet your maker”
References
 http://www.gmt2000.co.uk/meridian/place/plco0a1.htm
17 April 2005.
 http:// www.salisburycathedral.org.uk
17 April 2005.
 http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
17 April 2005.
 http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
17 April 2005.
 http://www.theoriginaltour.com/tour_information/prices
.html
24 April 2005.

Humphreys, Rob. The Rough Guide to London.
Penguin Books: New York. 2001.

Rogers, Malcolm. Museums and Galleries of London.
A&C Black: London. 1991.

Rosoff and Acker, London Guide. Open Road
Publishing: New York. 1995.

Sekules, Kate. London. Fodor’s Travel: New York.
1995.
 Yale, Pat. London. Lonely Planet: Hawthorne,
Australia. 1998.
Jason Tofteland

604 – First St. Paul’s Cathedral is built

1087 – Old St. Paul’s is built after the previous burned down in the city fire

1666 – The Great Fire of London destroys Old St.
Paul’s

1675 – 1710 – The new cathedral is built with Wren’s design
The Ball and Lantern
Andrew Niblett, Citizen and Armourer of London erected the original ball and cross, in 1708. They were replaced by a new ball and cross in 1821 designed by the
Surveyor to the Fabric, CR Cockerell and executed by R and E
Kepp. The ball and cross stand at 23 feet high and weigh approximately 7 tons. For safety reasons visitors are no longer admitted to the interior of the ball.
The Golden Gallery
The Golden Gallery is the smallest of the galleries, which runs around the highest point of the outer dome, 280ft (85.4 meters) and 530 steps from ground level.
While the dome and galleries were being built, Wren was hauled up and down in a basket at least once a week to inspect the work in progress. He was 76 by the time this work was completed in 1708 and he watched as his son placed the last stone in position.
102

The Dome
St. Paul's is built in the shape of a cross, with the dome crowning the intersection of the arms. It is one of the largest cathedral domes in the world, 111.3 meters high. It weighs approximately 65,000 tons and is supported by eight pillars.
The Stone Gallery
The Stone Gallery is one of the two galleries above the
Whispering Gallery that encircle the outside of the dome. The
Stone Gallery stands at 173 ft (53.4 metres) from ground level.
378 steps reach it.
While the Dome and galleries were being built, Wren was hauled up and down in a basket at least once a week to inspect the work in progress. He was 76 by the time this work was completed in 1708 and he watched as his son placed the last stone in position.
The Whispering Gallery
The Whispering Gallery runs around the interior of the
Dome and is 259 steps up from ground level. It gets its name from a charming quirk in its construction, which makes a whisper against its walls audible on the opposite side.
1) The Nave
The Nave is the long central section of the Cathedral that leads to the Dome. It is a public and ceremonial space, designed for congregations at large services.
The Great West Door is nine meters high. It is now used only on ceremonial occasions.
There are three chapels at this end of the Cathedral - All
103
Souls' and St Dunstan's in the north aisle and the Chapel of the
Order of St Michael and St George in the south aisle.
2) The North Aisle
The North Aisle is located to the left of the Great West
Door entrance. Areas of interest include The Chapel of All
Souls, The Chapel of St Dunstan and Wellington's monument.
The Chapel of All Souls
Situated on the ground floor of the northwest tower, this chapel was dedicated in 1925 to the memory of Field Marshal
Lord Kitchener (1850-1916) and the servicemen who died in the Great War of 1914-18 (World War I). It is also known as the Kitchener Memorial Chapel.
Among the chapel's artifacts are sculptures of the military saints St Michael and St George, a beautiful pietá - a sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding the body of Christ - and an effigy of Lord Kitchener. The silver-plated candlesticks on the altar are made from melted-down trophies won by the London Rifle
Brigade.
The Chapel of St Dunstan
This chapel, consecrated in 1699, was the second part of Wren's building to come into use, after the Quire. In 1905, it was dedicated to St Dunstan, who was a Bishop of London and
Archbishop of Canterbury 1,000 years ago. Before this it was known as the Morning Chapel, because the early morning office - a daily service - was said here.
Wellington's monument
A monument to one of Britain's greatest soldiers and statesmen, the Duke of Wellington, is on the north aisle.
Wellington died in 1852 but his monument was not completed until 1912, when the figure on horseback was unveiled.

The South Aisle
The Chapel of St. Michael and St George is situated on the south aisle. The chapel was originally the consistory court - the place where the bishop sat in judgment over the clergy, or priests. It became a temporary studio for the construction of
Wellington’s monument between 1858 and 1878.
The North Transept
The short, central arms of the Cathedral's ground plan are called transepts. William Hollam Hunt’s painting The Light of the World dominates the north transept. It dates from around
1900 and is the third version that Hunt painted. The figure of
Christ knocking on a door that opens from inside suggests that
God can only enter our lives if we invite Him in. Regular services are held here in the Middlesex Chapel. The flags are the color of the Middlesex Regiment - the empty pole belongs to a flag that was lost during World War II. The urn-like Italian marble font dates from 1727.
The South Transept
Admiral Nelson's monument shows Britain's greatest naval hero - who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 - leaning on an anchor. His monument features a handsome lion, a symbol that means the person commemorated died in battle.
Other memorials commemorate the landscape painter JMW
Turner and the explorer Captain Robert Scott, who died returning from the South Pole in 1912. There are three death's heads over the entrance to the crypt, where the dead are laid to rest.
The Quire is at the east of the Cathedral's cross-shape.
This is where the choir and clergy - the priests - normally sit during services. The Quire was the first part of the Cathedral to be built and consecrated. The choir stalls on both sides of the chancel feature delicate carvings by Grinling Gibbons, whose work is seen in many royal palaces and great houses. The
Bishop's throne, or cathedra , is on the south side. A cathedral takes its name from the Bishop's chair.
The Organ
The organ was installed in 1695 and has been rebuilt several times. Its case by Grinling Gibbons is one of the
Cathedral's greatest artifacts. The third largest organ in the UK, it has 7,189 pipes, five keyboards and 138 organ stops.
The High Altar
Originally, the Cathedral had a simple table for an altar.
The present high altar dates from 1958 and is made of marble and carved and gilded oak. It features a magnificent canopy based on a sketch by Wren. It replaces a large Victorian marble altar and screen, which were damaged by a bomb in World
War II.
The North Quire Aisle
The wrought-iron gates were designed by the French master metalworker Jean Tijou, who was responsible for most of the decorative metalwork in the Cathedral.
The sculpture of Mother and Child is by Henry Moore, who is commemorated in the Crypt. The Memorial to Modern Martyrs honors Anglicans who have died for their faith since 1850.
The South Quire Aisle
This aisle contains a statue of the Virgin and Child, which was once part of the Victorian altar screen, and the effigies of two Bishops of London. There is also a marble effigy of John Donne - a Dean of the cathedral and one of
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Britain's finest poets, who died 1631. It is one of the few effigies to have survived the Great Fire of London - scorch marks can be seen on its base.
The Apse
Currently the Apse is home to the American Memorial
Chapel. It honors American servicemen and women who died in World War II, and was dedicated in 1958. The roll of honor contains the names of more than 28,000 Americans who gave their lives while on their way to, or stationed in, the United
Kingdom during World War II. It is kept in front of the chapel's altar. The three chapel windows date from 1960. They feature themes of service and sacrifice, while the insignia around the edges represent the American states and the US armed forces. The lime wood paneling incorporates a rocket - a tribute to America's achievements in space.
Nelson's Tomb
Admiral Nelson lies at the centre of the Crypt, directly beneath the middle of the Dome. His monument includes a call to national prayer that he wrote while in view of the enemy before the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Nelson was killed in the battle, but was well prepared for this eventuality and had his coffin with him. It was made from the mast of a French ship sunk in one of his earlier victories and he kept it propped behind his desk.
His body had to be preserved for the journey home, so it was soaked in French brandy. At Gibraltar, it was transferred - still in the coffin - into a lead-lined casket and steeped in distilled wine. When the pickled remains reached England, they were put in two more coffins before being buried in the
105 crypt, beneath Cardinal Wolsey's 16th century sarcophagus.
Wellington’s Tomb
Wellington rests on a simple casket made of Cornish granite. Although he was a national hero, he was not a man of glory in his victories. 'Nothing except a battle lost can be held so melancholy as a battle won,' he wrote in a dispatch of 1815, the year in which he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
The Duke was known as The Iron Duke and as a result of his tireless campaigning, has left a colorful list of namesakes -
Wellington boots, the dish Beef Wellington and even a brand of cigars. He also coined some memorable phrases. He gave the expression ' . . . and another thing' to the English language and declared 'The battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton.'
The banners hanging around Wellington's tomb were made for his funeral procession. Originally, there was one for
Prussia, which was removed during World War I and never reinstated.
Sir Christopher Wren's Tomb
Sir Christopher Wren, architect of St Paul's is buried in the south aisle at the east end of the Crypt. Beside Wren's tomb is a stone bearing his architect's mark. The tombs and memorials of his family surround him. In the same section of the Crypt are many tombs and memorials of artists, scientists and musicians. They include the painters Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir John Everett Millais; the scientist Sir Alexander
Fleming, who discovered penicillin; the composer Sir Arthur
Sullivan (of Gilbert and Sullivan); and the sculptor Henry
Moore.

OBE Chapel
At the east end of the Crypt is the OBE Chapel. It was dedicated to the Order of the British Empire in 1960. The glass panels feature the present sovereign, scenes from the
Commonwealth, commerce and the royal founders of the
Order. Banners hanging from the ceilings represent members of the Royal Family.
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Using the Underground (origin assumed to be Russell Square)
A.
Science Museum:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Heathrow) all the way to South Kensington, and exit there.
B.
Westminster Abbey:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Heathrow) to Leicester Square; transfer to the black
Northern line (in the direction of Morden) to Embankment
Station; transfer to the yellow Circle line or the green
District line (in the direction of South Kensington) to
Westminster Station.
C.
St. Paul’s Cathedral:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Heathrow) to Holborn; transfer to the red Central line (in the direction of Stratford) to St. Paul’s.
D.
Changing of the Guards, Buckingham Palace:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Heathrow) to Green Park.
E.
Leicester Square, Theatre District:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Heathrow) to Leicester Square.
F.
Tower of London:
Take the purple Piccadilly line (in the direction of
Cockfosters) to King’s Cross St. Pancras; transfer to the yellow Circle line in the clockwise direction to Tower Hill.

A.
Student Photo Journal :
Student groups will be responsible for daily updates of photos and text, using CCAngel. Include pictures of our group, sites, architecture, local color, and accompanying text explaining the day’s activities. Egypt: Sandra, Angie, and Jennifer; Greece: Sarah, Megan, Lindsey, and Kevin;
Italy and Switzerland: Lauren, Kristen, Aaron, Matt, and
Lindsay; Paris and London: Abbey, Katie, Baret, and Dane.
B.
Personal Journal :
Please keep a daily journal on the trip of your personal experiences and impressions. At the end of the trip I will verify that you have maintained this journal.
C.
Essay on Dava Sobel’s
Longitude :
Please read the short nonfiction book Longitude . In response, write a full paragraph explaining the basic mathematics that connects the search for longitude at sea and the keeping of accurate time. Then, in about a page and a half, critique the book, or comment on the content of the work.
D.
Final Essay on Mathematics Appreciation :
Over the course of the semester and the month of May, how have you come to see mathematics in another light? This can range from the study of patterns; the geometry of
Renaissance painting; the use of numbers in measurements of currency, time, and quantity; foundations of architecture and structural design; standardization of notation, and so on
107 to name but a few examples. Be creative, be honest, and be thoughtful and informed.