Study Guide: From a Cell to an Organism (Chapter 2)
The BEST way to study is to make flashcards.
For each bullet/numbered item, make a flashcard. Write the question on the front. Write the red answer on the back.
KNOW
Cell Cycle
 How many pairs of chromosomes are found in ALL human body cells?
23 pairs
 In figure 1, which pair of chromosomes are homologous?
C&D
 What do you call the copy of a chromosome that lines up during mitosis?
sister chromatid
Figure 1
 In which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
interphase
 During interphase, what are cells primarily doing?
carrying out normal functions such as cellular respiration
 During which step of mitosis would you see a long cell that had two nuclei?
telophase
 During which step of mitosis would you see a cell with paired chromosomes lined up at the center?
metaphase
 During which step of mitosis would you see a cell with coiled chromosomes that were not lined up?
prophase
 During which step of mitosis does the cytoplasm begins to divide and two new identical cells form?
telophase
 During which step of mitosis does the centromere of each pair of chromatids becomes attached to two spindle fibers?
metaphase
 During which step of mitosis does the DNA twist into tight coils?
prophase
 During which step of mitosis do the sister chromatids begin to separate?
anaphase
 Label each phase of the life cycle of a cell in Figure 2. Not all stages are shown.
A - interphase
B - prophase
C - metaphase
D - anaphase
E - cytokinesis
 When are two new cells fully created? (Interphase, Mitosis, or Cytokinesis)
Figure 2
Cytokinesis
 When does duplication of the nucleus occur? (Interphase, Mitosis, or Cytokinesis)
Mitosis
Levels of Organization
 Is a brain cell differentiated or undifferentiated?
differentiated
 Is a stem cell differentiated or undifferentiated?
undifferentiated
 Some scientists think that colonies of single-celled organisms might have lead to the development of what?
multicellular organisms
 A group of several types of similar cells forms a(n) ______________.
tissue
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A group of tissues forms a(n) ____________.
organ
A group of organs forms a(n) ____________.
organ system
Are organ systems usually made of just one organ or several different organs in your body?
several different
The stomach is made mostly of tissues for doing what?
digestion
The heart is made mostly of tissues for doing what?
circulation and transportation
The bicep arm muscle is made mostly of tissues for doing what?
movement
The skin is made mostly of tissues for doing what?
protection and homeostasis
DNA REPLICATION
 What is DNA?
it contains the genetic code
 What does it look like?
shaped like a twisted ladder or double helix
 What are the sides of DNA made of?
sugars and phosphates
 What are the “steps” of DNA made of?
4 nitrogen bases
 What are the 4 nitrogen bases, and which pairs up with which?
adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine
 How does replication occur?
1. The two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate (unzip) between the paired nitrogen bases.
2. Free floating nitrogen bases in the nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of the unzipped DNA.
3. The 2 new DNA molecules will be identical to the original DNA molecule.
 At the end of DNA replication, what do you have?
2 identical strands of DNA
ALSO STUDY
 The 2-1 and 2-2 Quizzes
 The 2-1 and 2-2 Notes and review questions at the end of each
 Opening assignments for this chapter’s material
 The 2-1 and 2-2 Vocabulary
 The Cell Cycle acronym you wrote to remember the steps IN ORDER
 The Cell Cycle flapbook you made to recognize each step of the cell cycle
 from the Glencoe website (link is on my website): standards review quiz, standards assessment quiz, eFlashcards
 from the textbook: The end-of-chapter review questions.