Supplementary Material for
The importance of structural complexity in coral reef
ecosystems
N. A. J. Graham and K. L. Nash
File includes:
Tables S1-S4
References
Table S1 Correlation coefficients of percent algal cover (turf & macroalgae) against structural
complexity for individual source studies. Significant correlations are displayed in bold.
Study
n*
Location
Dulvy et al. 2002
Garpe & Ohman 2003
Howard et al. 2009
Lawson et al. 1999
McClanahan & Shafir 1990
McClanahan 1999
5
5
3
3
6
3
Fiji
Tanzania
Hawaii
Barbados
Kenya
Belize
Spearman Rank
Correlation (rs)
0.60
-0.10
n/a
n/a
-0.60
n/a
Footnote: *Number of sites used to calculate correlation coefficient.
P
NS
NS
n/a
n/a
NS
n/a
Table S2 Correlation coefficients of percent live coral cover and branching coral cover against
structural complexity for individual source studies. Significant correlations are displayed in bold.
Study
Coral Cover
Bergman et al. 2000
Dulvy et al. 2002
Friedlander et al. 2003
Garpe & Ohman 2003
Grigg 1994
Idjadi & Edmunds 2006
Kamukuru et al. 2004
Mangi & Roberts 2007
McClanahan & Shafir 1990
McClanahan 1999
Miller & Gerstner 2002
Mumby & Wabnitz 2002
Wolff et al. 1999
Branching Cover
Bergman et al. 2000
Friedlander et al. 2003
Garpe & Ohman 2003
n*
Location
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
(rs)
P
11
5
4
11
8
14
3
10
5
3
1
3
2
Zanzibar
Fiji
Hawaii
Tanzania
Hawaii
US Virgin Islands
Tanzania
Kenya
Kenya
Belize
Navassa (USA)
Belize
US Virgin Islands
0.75
-0.20
n/a
0.28
0.32
0.39
n/a
0.79
0.90¥
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.008
NS
n/a
NS
NS
NS
n/a
0.007
0.037
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
11
4
11
Zanzibar
Hawaii
Tanzania
0.69
0.40
0.16
0.019
NS
NS
Footnote: *Number of sites used to calculate correlation coefficient. ¥ Relationship between
structural complexity and fish variables calculated using data incorporated in our analysis.
Relationship between variables also presented in source publication. Correlation in
McClanahan & Shafir (1990) was slightly weaker than the relationship calculated in our study
and presented here. Our analysis is based on fewer sites to prevent overlap with data from
Mangi & Roberts (2007), and untransformed coral cover data were used.
Table S3 Correlation coefficients of urchin density (10m-2) against structural complexity for
individual source studies. Significant correlations are displayed in bold.
Study
n*
Location
Dulvy et al. 2002
Mangi & Roberts 2007
McClanahan & Shafir 1990
5
10
5
Fiji
Kenya
Kenya
Spearman Rank
Correlation (rs)
0.15
0.00
-0.70¥
P
NS
NS
NS
Footnote: *Number of sites used to calculate correlation coefficient. ¥ Relationship between structural
complexity and fish variables calculated using data incorporated in our analysis. Relationship
between variables also presented in source publication. Correlation in McClanahan & Shafir (1990)
was significant; the relationship calculated in our study and presented here, is based on fewer sites to
prevent overlap with data from Mangi & Roberts (2007).
Table S4 Correlation coefficients of fish density (no. m-2) and fish biomass (kg/ha) against structural
complexity within individual studies. Significant correlations are displayed in bold.
Study
Fish Density
Friedlander et al. 2003†
Garpe & Ohman 2003‡
Grigg 1994†?
Luckhurst & Luckhurst 1978•
Mangi & Roberts 2007†?
McClanahan & Shafir 1990†?
Miller & Gerstner 2002†?
Risk 1972•
Fish Biomass
Cinner et al. 2009†#
Dulvy et al. 2002†§
Freidlander et al. 2007†?
Grigg 1994†?
Miller & Gerstner 2002†?
n*
Location
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
(rs)
P
4
11
12
8
10
5
1
1
Hawaii
Tanzania
Hawaii
Bonaire & Curacao
Kenya
Kenya
Navassa (USA)
US Virgin Islands
n/a
0.25
0.89
0.90¥
-0.02
1
n/a
n/a
n/a
NS
<0.001
0.002
NS
<0.001
n/a
n/a
16
5
22
12
1
Indian Ocean
Fiji
Hawaii
Hawaii
Navassa (USA)
0.59¥
0.3
0.71¥
0.81¥
n/a
0.016
NS
<0.001
0.001
n/a
Footnote: *Number of sites used to calculate correlation coefficient. †Diurnally active, non-cryptic
species. ‡Including some cryptic species. •Cryptic and non-cryptic site attached species. #Fish
greater than 10cm in length. §Fish greater than 8cm in length. ¥Relationship between structural
complexity and fish variables calculated using data incorporated in our analysis. Relationship
between variables also presented in source publication. Data sourced from Luckhurst & Luckhurst
(1978) was analysed in a different manner to our study where we averaged within depths, therefore
the magnitude of the significant positive correlation between structural complexity and fish density is
greater to that presented in source publication. Significant positive correlation between fish biomass
and structural complexity presented in Grigg (1994) is slightly weaker than the relationship calculated
in our study and presented here. Our analysis was based on fewer sites to prevent overlap with data
from Friedlander et al. (2007).
References
Literature examining the role of structural complexity in coral reef ecosystems, categorised
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