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Physics (PHYSICS)
Professor Gao, Chair; Associate Professor Teitsworth, Associate Chair for Teaching; Professor Greenside, Director
of Undergraduate Studies; Professors Aspinwall, Baranger, Bray, Behringer, Beratan, Chang, Edwards, Gauthier,
Goshaw, Greenside, Howell, Johnson, Kotwal, Liu, Mueller, Oh, Palmer, Petters, Samei, Smith, Socolar, Springer,
Thomas, and Tornow; Associate Professors Bass, Chandrasekharan, Curtarolo, Dobbins III, Finkelstein, Hastings,
Kim, Kruse, Mehen, Plesser, Scholberg, Teitsworth, C. Walter, Wu; Assistant Professors Arce, Buchler,
Charbonneau, Petersen, Yasuda; Professors Emeriti Bilpuch, Evans, Han, Meyer, Roberson, Robinson, R. Walter,
and Weller; Associate Research Professor Driehuys, Phillips; Assistant Associate Professors Ahmed and Tonchev;
Adjunct Professors Ciftan, Everitt, Guenther, Lawson, Skatrud, and West; Adjunct Assistant Professors Akushevich,
Baker, Daniels, and Dutta; Lecturer Brown; Instructor Roy
A major or a minor is available in this department.
Physics offers its majors a chance to learn about many extraordinary insights that the human race has
discovered in its effort to understand the universe. Examples include what is matter, what is light, what are the
concise remarkable laws that govern the properties of matter and light, how does complex structure emerge from the
interactions of simpler pieces, and how physical laws and insights can be used to solve a great diversity of asic and
applied problems. The analytical and experimental insights that a physics major gains are valuable to the study of all
areas of science and engineering. The Physics Department also offers courses for nonspecialists, who wish to learn
about what physicists have discovered about nature and how physicists think about nature.
89S. First-Year Seminar. Topics vary each semester offered. Instructor: Staff. One course.
127S. Physics and the Universe. NS Exploration of our understanding of the universe, including the formation of
large scale structure, galaxies, stars, the elements, and life. Scientific innovations driving this picture including
esoteric theories such as general relativity and string theory, and technological breakthroughs such as the Hubble
space telescope and gravitational wave detectors. Instructor: Mueller. One course.
134. Introduction to Astronomy. NS How observation and scientific insights can be used to discover properties of
the universe. Topics include an appreciation of the night sky, properties of light and matter, the solar system, how
stars evolve and die, the Milky Way and other galaxies, the evolution of the universe from a hot Big Bang, exotic
objects like black holes, and the possibility for extraterrestrial life. Prerequisite: high-school-level knowledge of
algebra and geometry. Instructor: Greenside or Plesser. One course. C-L: Visual and Media Studies 150
135. Conceptual Physics. NS, STS Concepts relevant for the explanation of common physical phenomena and their
impact on society. Understanding of fundamental principles of Physics that underlie the modern world in which we
live. Exploring examples of how these apply to critical technologies that make modern civilization possible.
Intended for students not majoring in science or engineering; no previous knowledge of Physics is assumed.
Instructor: Staff. One course.
136. Acoustics and Music. NS, R, W The physical principles underlying musical instruments, room acoustics, and
the human ear. Analysis, reproduction, and synthesis of musical sounds. No previous knowledge of physics
assumed. Instructor: Lawson. One course. C-L: Music 126
137S. Energy in the 21st Century and Beyond. NS, STS Concepts of energy from a scientific perspective for
understanding problems of energy conversion, storage, and transmission in modern society. Topics include
fundamental concepts (kinetic and potential energy, heat, basic thermodynamics, mass-energy equivalence),
established power generation methods and their environmental impacts, emerging and proposed technologies (solar,
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wind, tidal, advanced fusion concepts). Final team project. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors from non-science
majors are particularly encouraged to attend; no previous knowledge of physics is assumed. Instructor: Teitsworth.
One course.
138S. Physics Research and the Economy. NS, STS Analyses of the role of physics in the development of
commercial technologies, with emphasis on curiosity driven research. Seminar requiring independent investigations
of the intellectual origin of technological devices, with equal attention to physics principles and political or
socioeconomic influences on research funding and product development. No prior instruction in physics assumed.
Instructor: Howell. One course.
141L. General Physics I. NS, QS First part of a two-semester, calculus-based, physics survey course for students
planning study in medicine or the life sciences. Topics: kinematics, dynamics, systems of particles, conservation
laws, statics, gravitation, fluids, oscillations, mechanical waves, sound, thermal physics, laws of thermodynamics.
For credit, enrollment in Physics 141L and a lab/recitation (Physics 141L9, 141D) section required. Students
planning to major in physics should enroll in Physics 161L, 162L in their freshman year. Closed to students having
credit for Physics 151L, 153L, or 161L. Prerequisites: one year of college calculus (or equivalent) such as
Mathematics 105L, 106L, or 21. Mathematics 122 recommended. Instructor: Brown or Mehen. One course. C-L:
Marine Sciences
142L. General Physics II. NS, QS The second part of a two-semester calculus based course providing a survey of
the principles of physics for students planning to study medicine or life sciences. Topics include: electrostatic fields
and potential, capacitors, DC circuits, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations,
electromagnetic waves, properties of light (including reflection, refraction, polarization), geometric optics, wave
optics (interference and diffraction), atomic and nuclear physics. Students must enroll in both a lecture (Physics
142L) and a lab/recitation (Physics 142L9,R) section in order to receive credit for the course. Closed to students
having credit for Physics 152L, 153L or 162L. Prerequisites: Physics 141L, 151L, or 161L. Instructor: Brown or
Edwards. One course. C-L: Marine Sciences
151L. Introductory Mechanics. NS, QS The fundamentals of classic physics. Topics include: vectors, units,
Newton's Laws, static equilibrium, motion in one and two dimensions, rotation, conservation of momentum, work
and energy, gravity, simple and chaotic oscillations. Numerical methods used to solve problems in a workstation
environment. Intended principally for non-physics majors in the physical sciences and engineering. Students
planning a major in physics should enroll instead in Physics 161L, 162L in their freshman year. Closed to students
having credit for Physics 141L or 161L. Prerequisites: Mathematics 21, 122, or equivalent; Mathematics 122 may be
taken concurrently with Physics 151L. Instructor: Behringer. One course.
152L. Introductory Electricity, Magnetism, and Optics. NS, QS Intended principally for students in engineering
and the physical sciences. Topics include: electric charge, electric fields, Gauss's Law, potential, capacitance,
electrical current, resistance, circuit concepts, magnetic fields, magnetic and electric forces, Ampere's Law,
magnetic induction, Faraday's Law, inductance, Maxwell's Equations, electromagnetic waves, and geometrical
optics. Not open to students having credit for Physics 142L or 162L. Prerequisites: Physics 151L and Mathematics
122 or the equivalents. Instructor: Baranger or Kruse. One course.
153L. Applications of Physics: A modern perspective. NS, QS Intended principally for students in engineering
and the physical sciences as a continuation of Physics 152L. Topics include: mechanics from a microscopic
perspective, the atomic nature of matter, energy, energy quantization, entropy, the kinetic theory of gases, the
efficiency of engines, electromagnetic radiation, the photon nature of light, physical optics and interference, waves
and particles, applications of wave mechanics. Not open to students having credit for Physics 142L or 162L.
Prerequisites: Physics 152L and Mathematics 212 or the equivalents. Instructor: Chang. One course.
161L. Fundamentals of Physics. NS, QS First semester of a two-semester course series. For students interested in
majoring in physics; taken in the freshman year. Basic principles of classical physics. Emphasis on laying a
foundation for further study of physics. Topics include: vector algebra tools, the description of motion, Newton's
Laws, work and energy, systems of particles, conservation laws, rotation, gravity, elastic properties of solids,
mechanics of fluids, properties of gases, Laws of Thermodynamics, oscillations, mechanical waves, and sound.
Closed to students having credit for Physics 141L, 151L. Prerequisites: Mathematics 21 and 122 or equivalent;
Mathematics 122 may be taken concurrently. Instructor: Chandrasekharan or Brown. One course.
162L. Fundamentals of Physics. NS, QS Second semester of a two-semester course series. For students interested
in majoring in physics; taken in the freshman year. Basic principles of electromagnetism. Emphasis on laying the
foundation for further study in a physics program. Topics include: electric fields, Gauss's Law, potential,
capacitance, current, DC circuits, magnetic fields, Ampere's Law, electric and magnetic forces, magnetic induction,
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Faraday's Law, AC circuits, Maxwell's field, equations, electromagnetic waves and special relativity. Closed to
students having credit for Physics 142L or 152L. Prerequisites: Mathematics 21 and 122 or equivalent. Instructor:
Brown. One course.
188. 20th Century Physics. NS Survey of modern physics including relativity and the quantum physics of atoms,
nuclei, particles, quarks, condensed matter, and lasers. Not applicable toward a major in physics. Prerequisite:
Physics 142L, 152L, or 162L and Mathematics 212 (may be taken concurrently). Instructor: Han. One course.
190A. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Special Topics in Physics. Topics differ by section. Instructor: Staff.
One course.
214S. Introductory Seminar in Biophysics. NS Weekly seminar with goal of introducing students to representative
biophysics topics. Seminar will be a mix of presentations by researchers and students, of discussions of journal
articles, and of tours of biophysics labs. Prerequisites: Knowledge equivalent to Advanced Placement courses in
biology, chemistry, and physics, or with permission of the instructor. Required for the Biophysics major. Instructor:
Staff. Half course.
215L. Basic Research Skills for Physics. Covers basic skills necessary in physics research. Possible topics include
document software (LaTex, MS Office), computer interfacing (LabView), C++ (or Java) programming, graphing
and statistical analysis software (PAW, ROOT, Mathematica, Matlab), and Laboratory techniques (Vacuum,
Nuclear/HEP Electronics, sensors, optics). Instructor: Kotwal. Half course.
264L. Optics and Modern Physics. NS Intended as a continuation of Physics 161L, 162L. Waves and Optics.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics and Special Theory of Relativity. Applications in condensed matter, particle
physics, and cosmology. Prerequisite: Physics 142L, 152L, or 162L, and Mathematics 212 (may be taken
concurrently). Instructor: Socolar. One course.
271L. Electronics. NS Elements of electronics including circuits, transfer functions, solid-state devices, transistor
circuits, operational amplifier applications, digital circuits, and computer interfaces. Lectures and laboratory.
Prerequisites: Physics 142L, 152L, or 162L, or equivalent; Mathematics 212 or equivalent. Instructor: Walter or
Finkelstein. One course. C-L: Information Science and Information Studies
305. Introduction to Astrophysics. NS Basic principles of astronomy treated quantitatively. Cosmological models,
galaxies, stars, interstellar matter, the solar system, and experimental techniques. Prerequisites: Physics 143,
Mathematics 103, Math 107 strongly encouraged; or consent of instructor. Instructor: Scholberg. One course.
320. Optics and Photonics. NS One course. C-L: see Electrical and Computer Engineering 340; also C-L: Visual
and Media Studies 325
361. Intermediate Mechanics. NS Newtonian mechanics at the intermediate level, Lagrangian mechanics, linear
oscillations, chaos, dynamics of continuous media, motion in noninertial reference frames. Prerequisite:
Mathematics 216 or equivalent (may be taken concurrently). Instructor: Arce. One course.
362. Electricity and Magnetism. NS Electrostatic fields and potentials, boundary value problems, magnetic
induction, energy in electromagnetic fields, Maxwell's equations, introduction to electromagnetic radiation.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 216 or equivalent. Instructor: Mehen. One course.
363. Thermal Physics. NS Thermal properties of matter treated using the basic concepts of entropy, temperature,
chemical potential, partition function, and free energy. Topics include the laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases,
thermal radiation and electrical noise, heat engines, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions, semiconductor
statistics, kinetic theory, and phase transformations. Also taught as Electrical and Computer Engineering 311.
Prerequisites: Mathematics 212 or equivalent and Physics 141L, 152L, 161L or equivalent. Instructor: Greenside.
One course.
390A. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Advanced Special Topics in Physics. Topics differ by section.
Instructor: Staff. One course.
For Seniors and Graduates
414. Biophysics in Cellular and Developmental Biology. NS Application of the experimental and theoretical
methods of physical sciences to the investigation of biological systems. Topics include the physical techniques for
investigating biological organization and function as well as examples of key applications. Prerequisites: Calculusbased introductory physics, Biology 201 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Instructor: Buchler. One course. C-L:
Biology 418, Modeling Biological Systems
417S. Advanced Physics Laboratory and Seminar. NS, R, W Experiments involving the fields of electricity,
magnetism, heat, optics, and modern physics. Written and oral presentations of results. Instructor: Oh. One course.
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464. Quantum Mechanics I. NS Introduction to the non-relativistic quantum description of matter. Topics include
experimental foundations, wave-particle duality, Schrodinger wave equation, interpretation of the wave function, the
state vector, Hilbert space, Dirac notation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, one-dimensional quantum problems,
tunneling, the harmonic oscillator, three-dimensional quantum problems, angular momentum, the hydrogen atom,
spin, angular momentum addition, identical particles, elementary perturbation theory, fine/hyperfine structure of
hydrogen, dynamics of two-level systems, and applications to atoms, molecules, and other systems. Prerequisite:
Mathematics 216 or 221 and Physics 264L. Instructor: Teitsworth. One course.
465. Quantum Mechanics II. NS Advanced topics in quantum mechanics with applications to current research.
Topics might include theory of angular momentum, role of symmetry in quantum mechanics, perturbation methods,
scattering theory, the Dirac equation of relativistic quantum mechanics, systems of identical particles, and quantum
entanglement. Prerequisite: Physics 464. Instructor: Gao. One course.
491. Independent Study: Advanced Topics. Reading in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty
member. Intended for students interested in studying textbook topics not offered in regularly available courses. At
least a final examination is required and the format is determined by the supervising faculty member. Consent of
instructor required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
493. Research Independent Study. R Original research conducted under the supervision of a faculty member. At
least one written substantive report or a poster presentation is required. Consent of instructor and director of
undergraduate studies required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
495. Thesis Independent Study. R, W Original research conducted under the supervision of a faculty member
leading to a substantial written report that follows standard guidelines for the presentation of physics research. The
report must be revised at least once in response to feedback from the instructor. Typically taken following Physics
493 or summer research experience with the instructor. Consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies
required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
501. Survey of Nonlinear and Complex Systems. NS, QS Survey lectures by Duke experts active in CNCS
research; regular attendance in the CNCS seminar series; and a weekly meeting to discuss the lectures and seminars.
May be repeated once. Prerequisite: Physics 513. Instructor: Behringer. Half course. C-L: Nonlinear and Complex
Systems 501, Modeling Biological Systems
505. Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics. NS 'Introductory survey course on nuclear and particle
physics. Phenomenology and experimental foundations of nuclear and particle physics; fundamental forces and
particles, composites. Interaction of particles with matter and detectors. SU(2), SU(3), models of mesons and
baryons. Weak interactions and neutrino physics. Lepton-nucleon scattering, form factors and structure functions.
QCD, gluon field and color. W and Z fields, electro-weak unification, the CKM matrix, Nucleon-nucleon
interactions, properties of nuclei, single and collective particle models. Electromagnetic and hadronic interactions
with nuclei. Nuclear reactions and nuclear structure, nuclear astrophysics. Relativistic heavy ion collisions.
Prerequisites: for undergraduates, Physics 464, 465; for graduate student, Physics 715, which may be taken
concurrently. Instructor: Walter. One course.
513. Nonlinear Dynamics. QS, R Introduction to the study of temporal patterns in nonequilibrium systems.
Theoretical, computational, and experimental insights used to explain phase space, bifurcations, stability theory,
universality, attractors, fractals, chaos, and time-series analysis. Each student carries out an individual research
project on a topic in nonlinear dynamics and gives a formal presentation of the results. Prerequisites: Computer
Science 101, Mathematics 216, and Physics 161L, 162L, or equilavent. Instructor: Behringer or Virgin. One course.
C-L: Computer Science 524, Modeling Biological Systems
522. Special and General Relativity. NS Review of special relativity; ideas of general relativity; mathematics of
curved space-time; formation of a geometric theory of gravity; Einstein field equation applied to problems such as
the cosmological red-shift and blackholes. Prerequisite: Physics 361 and Mathematics 216 or equivalents. Instructor:
Plesser. One course.
560. Mathematical Methods in Physics. QS Includes topics in complex analysis, residue calculus, infinite series,
integration, special functions, Fourier series and transforms, delta functions, and ordinary differential equations; and
use of MATHEMATICA for graphical, symbolic, and numerical computation. Prerequisite: Mathematics 216.
Instructor: Staff. One course.
563. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics. NS Fundamentals of kinetic theory, thermodynamics and statistical
mechanics with applications to physics and chemistry. Undergraduate enrollment requires consent of director of
undergraduate studies. Prerequisite: Physics 464. Instructor: Finkelstein. One course.
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566. Computational Physics. NS, QS Introduction to numerical algorithms and programming methodologies that
are useful for studying a broad variety of physics problems via simulation. Applications include projectile motion,
oscillatory dynamics, chaos,electric fields, wave propagation, diffusion, phase transitions, and quantum mechanics.
Prerequisites: Physics 143L and 176. Experience with a programming language is desirable, but can be acquired
while taking the course. Instructor: Bass. Variable credit.
590S. Selected Topics in Theoretical Physics. NS Topics vary as indicated on Physics Department Web site.
Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Staff. One course.
603. Representation Theory. QS One course. C-L: see Mathematics 603
621. Advanced Optics. This course presents a rigorous treatment of topics in Photonics and Optics targeted at
students with an existing photonics or optics background. Topics will include, Optical Sources, Statistical Optics
and Coherence Theory, Detection of Radiation; Nonlinear Optics; Waveguides and Optical Fibers; Modern Optical
Modulators; Ultrafast lasers and Applications. These topics will be considered individually and then from a system
level perspective. Prerequisite: Electrical and Computer Engineering 340 or equivalent. Instructor: Gauthier. One
course. C-L: Electrical and Computer Engineering 541, Biomedical Engineering 552
622. General Relativity. NS This course introduces the concepts and techniques of Einstein's general theory of
relativity. The mathematics of Riemannian (Minkowskian) geometry will be presented in a self-contained way. The
principle of equivalence and its implications will be discussed. Einstein's equations will be presented, as well as
some important solutions including black holes and cosmological solutions. Advanced topics will be pursued subject
to time limitations and instructor and student preferences. Prerequisite: A familiarity with the special theory and
facility with multivariate calculus. Instructor: Plesser or Aspinwall. One course. C-L: Mathematics 527
627. Quantum Information Science. NS One course. C-L: see Electrical and Computer Engineering 523
655. Astrophysics. NS An introductory survey of astrophysics with an emphasis on topics of current interest.
Introduction to General Relativity, Stellar and Galactic Evolution, Standard Cosmology, Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis,
Early Universe, Neutrino Astrophysics, Supernovae and Cosmic Rays, Special Topics. Prerequisites: Physics 361,
362, 363, 464; Physics 465 is recommended. Instructor: Kruse. One course.
671. Quantum Optics. NS The linear and nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter. Topics
include lasers, second-harmonic generation, atomic coherence, slow and fast light, squeezing of the electromagnetic
field, and cooling and trapping of atoms. Prerequisite: Physics 465 and 560. Instructor: Gauthier. One course.
THE MAJOR
By the time they graduate, Physics majors are well preparedfor graduate work in physics, engineering and in
other science disciplines, for the study of medicine, and for employment in commercial and industrial organizations
as well as in governmental laboratories. . Students planning to major in physics should take Physics 161L and162L
their freshman year. They should also arrange to complete the necessary mathematics by the end of their sophomore
year.
For the A.B. Degree
Prerequisites. Physics 161L and 162L or equivalents; Mathematics 21, 122, 212, and one additional math
course at or above the 200 level.
Major Requirements. Physics 264L, 361, 363, 464, one among the laboratory courses 271L, 417S, and 493
(involving experimental research), and one other course in physics above 200.
For the B.S. Degree
Prerequisites. Physics 161L and 162L or equivalents; Mathematics 21, 122, 221, and 356 or their equivalents.
Major Requirements. Physics 264L, 361, 362, 363, 464, 417S, one other physics course numbered above 300
and one other physics course numbered above 400. Students planning graduate study in physics are urged to take
additional electives in mathematics and in physics, especially Physics 465.
Departmental Graduation With Distinction
The department offers students many possibilities to do physics research, and this research may lead to
Graduation with Distinction. Consult with the Director of Undergraduate Studies during or before the junior year
and see the section on honors in this bulletin.
THE MINOR
Requirements. Physics 161L and 162L or equivalents; Physics 264L; plus two additional physics courses
numbered above 200.
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THE BIOPHYSICS MAJOR
Biophysics is the study of biological questions using insights, concepts, and experimental techniques from
physics, as well as knowledge from biology, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science. The major is a good
choice for students with like biology and who enjoy thinking quantitatively. The major prepares students for for
graduate school in biophysics, biology, or medical science or for one of the health professions. This major is
administered in close cooperation with the Departments of Biology and Chemistry
For the B.S. Degree
Prerequisites. Physics 161L and 162L or equivalents; Mathematics 21, 122, 212 and 216, or equivalents.
Chemistry 101DL and 210DL, or equivalents.
Major Requirements. Physics 214S (0.5 course), 264L, 414 (CL-Biology 418), 464 and two of the following:
361, 362, 363 (but not if Chemistry 311 is chosen). Chemistry 201DL. Biology 201, 220. For students interested in
the Cellular Biophysics, two of the following: Biology 202L, 227, 329L, 373LA, 412S, 414LS, , Neuroscience 201,
Independent Study. For students interested in Molecular Biophysics, Chemistry 310, 311 and 310L or 311L.
Double majors: For double majors with physics, no more than three physics courses may be counted toward
both majors, not counting prerequisites. For double majors with biology, no more than two biology courses may be
counted, not counting prerequisites. For double majors with chemistry, no more than three chemistry courses may
be counted, not counting prerequisites.
For the A.B. Degree
Prerequisites. Physics 161L and 162L or equivalents; Mathematics 21, 122, 212, or equivalents. Chemistry
101DL and 210DL, or equivalents.
Major Requirements. Physics 214S (0.5 course), 264, 414 (CL-Bio 418), 464 and one of the following: 361,
362, 363 (but not if Chemistry 301 is chosen). Biology 201L, 220. For students interested in Cellular Biophysics,
two of the following: Biology 202L, 227, 329L, 373LA, 412S, 414LS, Neuroscience 201, Independent Study. For
students interested in Molecular Biophysics, Chemistry 301 and 301L and one of the following: Chemistry 302,
Biology 414LS, Biochemistry 622 (CL-SBB 622, CBB 622), Biochemistry 301, Biochemistry 658, Independent
Study.
Double majors: for double majors with physics, no more than three physics courses may be counted toward
both majors, not counting prerequisites. For double majors with biology, no more than two biology courses may be
counted, not counting prerequisites. For double majors with chemistry, no more than two chemistry courses may be
counted, not counting prerequisites.