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Chapter 12 Test Review
DNA & RNA
1. What are the discoveries of the following scientist:
Griffith - Used mice to see how a bacteria caused disease (transformation of harmless bacteria into
disease causing ones)
Avery - Destroyed all cell products but DNA to find what genes are made of
Hershey and Chase - Radioactive viruses used to show DNA is molecule of heredity
Chargraff - Said the % of “A” = % of “T” and the % of “C” = % of “G”
Rosalind Franklin - Discovered the shape of DNA through x-ray diffraction
Watson and Crick - discovered double helix- 3 dimensional shape & structure of DNA
2. Chargaff’s rules state that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) equals the amount of Thymine (T).
3. Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of A = T & C = G
4. A DNA nucleotide is composed of a phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen base.
5. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on DNA
6. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
7. The process of transcription takes place in the nucleus.
8. Which nitrogen base is NOT found in RNA? Thymine.
9. Which molecule carries the genetic code? DNA
10. Special structures located in the nucleus that carry genetic information are called as chromosomes.
11. Which nitrogen base is NOT found in DNA? Uracil
12. DNA’s shape is described as a Double helix.
13. The first step in DNA replication is the DNA strand unwinds and unzips.
14. The term replication refers to DNA’s ability to make copies of itself.
15. Which three nitrogen bases do RNA and DNA have in common? Adenine , Cytosine, Guanine.
16. A gene is a region of DNA that contains instructions for the manufacture of a particular amino acid chain.
17. The parts of DNA that provide the code for proteins are the nitrogen bases.
18. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins.
19. The process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called transcription.
20. During transcription, the hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken.
21. A three-base code (on mRNA) for an amino acid is called a codon.
22. This type of RNA, along with proteins, makes up the structure of a ribosome rRNA.
23. Which organelle makes proteins when its rRNA moves along the mRNA and reads the message during
protein synthesis? Ribosome
24. Which type of RNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome to be put in the correct sequence? tRNA
25. The process of DNA replication is necessary before a cell divides.
26. When DNA is replicated, the result is 2 identical strands of DNA.
27. In DNA, guanine pairs with Cytosine.
28. When the ribosome reads a stop codon , the process of protein synthesis stops.
29. Which process changes the mRNA base sequence into the amino acid sequence for protein synthesis?
Translation.
30. When the codon “AUG” is read by a ribosome, it tells protein production to start.
31. How many amino acids are there? 20
32. When one or more bases from the DNA of a gene is lost, it is a deletion mutation.
33. A gene mutation can be thought of as a change in nucleotide sequence.
34. Write down the types of gene mutations - substitution (point mutation) , insertion (frameshift) , deletion
(frameshift).
35. DNA’s shape is said to be a double helix.
36. The sugar in RNA is called ribose.
37. DNA is composed of 2 strands.
38. Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids.
39. Transfer RNAs have a region on them called a anti-codon that compliments a mRNA.
40. The anti-codon of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with the tRNA.
41. During transcription, DNA serves as a template for producing mRNA, which leaves the nucleus.
42. Write the sequence of mRNA that would result from the transcription of the following section of DNA.
ACAATATGCT
mRNA- UGUUAUACGA
43. mRNA carries coded instructions from DNA to ribosome
44. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome in correct order to build proteins
45. Put the following steps in the correct order using the numbers 1-6. Number 1 would be the first step,
number 2 the second and so on.
5
A ribosome moves along the mRNA and adds more amino acids to the protein
3
The ribosome binds to the start codon on an mRNA molecule
2
mRNA leaves the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome
6
The ribosome reaches a stop codon and releases the new protein
4
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome
1
DNA unzips and mRNA is transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus
46. Using your codon wheel, what are the two codons for Lysine (LYS)? AAA & AAG.
47. Write the sequence of mRNA that would result from the transcription of the following section of DNA.
Write your answer on the blank. Then referring mRNA codons write down the correct amino acid sequence
in the polypeptide chain (you can write first 3 letters/abbreviations of amino acids) using codon wheel.
DNA strand TAC/ATA/ACG/GCT/ATC
mRNA strand AUG/UAU/UGC/CGA/UAG
Amino acid sequence - Met-Tyr-Cys-Arg-stop.
48. What kind of chromosomal mutation results from processes A, B, C, and D?
A-Deletion, B- Duplication, C-Inversion, D- Translocation.
49. In prokaryotes, an operon is a group of genes that are operated together.
50. A series of genes, known as the Hox genes, tell the cells of the body how they should differentiate as the
body grows.
51. RNA polymerase binds only to region of DNA known as promoter to begin transcription.
52. Inversions in a chromosome occur when a piece of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted upside down.
Which of the following pictures shows an inversion? C
*Be sure to study all your notes, book, worksheets, handouts, homework and assignments for this chapter!