BRUCELLOSIS
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
By
DR.FAROOQ AHMAD JAN
RESEARCH ASSOCIAT-ADMAS
INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HEALTH AND B.P.
ZAKURA – SRINAGAR
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease with great economic
importance due to loss of calf, reduction in milk production, creating
reproduction disorders, infertility and reduced conception rate. B.abortus
(cattle), B. Melitensis, B.ovis ( Sheep and goats), B.suis (pigs), and rarely
B.canis (dogs). Brucellosis has been effectively controlled in many developed
countries thereby reducing the number of cases of brucellosis among humans.
Brucellosis is widespread and is of major economic importance in India.
Cattle are susceptible once they have reached sexual maturity. Infection
persists in the host once infected. Infection occurs by ingestion, penetration of
the intact skin, conjuctiva and contamination of the udder during milking. The
animal show no obvious clinical signs/ symptoms. After infection, the cattle may
abort during late pregnancy, between 4th to 9th month. Metritis ( Pyometra) is
frequently seen following abortion. Infertility ( services required per conception
are high). Occassionally hygromas and swelling of knee is seen in males the
epididymis and testicles are swollen and painful. Affected animals may remain
sterile for the entire life. Therefore, there is need to control brucellosis in herds
even in village due to economic and public health importance of this disease.
Bovine Brucellosis is endemic in all states of India and increase on higher
percentage due to A.I. Since organism Brucella survives in LN2 with semen
straw. Increased trade rapid transport dairy animals moving across the country
and prevailing poverty, sanitary conditions Brucellosis incidences have been
about 10% small and marginal herds but 50% in large organized herds. This is
the basic reason that the Govt. of India has on going programme through
Department of Animal Husbandry’s labs for screening the animals in the country.
It needs critical system appraisal and monitoring evaluation for economic gain.
Risk assessment OIE approach for the investing in the control programme which
could by through demand driven livestock revolution in offering regard to food
safety and health. WTO, SPS agreement, Zoo-sanitary measures in the country
will certainly demand to ensure chemical pesticides residue in milk and
pathogens with control strategies.
Today, India being world No. 1 producer of milk ( 82 MT 2002) inspite of
leadership there is need of delivering health to the door step of the livestock
owner and dairy industry sector. Bovine Brucellosis the most economically
devastating reproductive disease in male and female is rapidly growing causing
concern for the farmer, Veterinarains, livestock Supervisors and finally farmer’s
risk of his own family health. This is the problem of village herd concept and
clean milk production to be adopted in WTO scenario for value addition to the
safe food chain through quality milk is the only source of protein and nutrition
back-up for children and pregnant women in village community. In addition,
farmer could not be able to generate “cash” per day through milk, due to
misconception, loss of calf crops, varying periods of interrupted milk production,
finally, infertility. The farmer has to sustain future economic burden for feeding,
maintaining the animal due to socio- political problem. In buffaloes known for
their low and delayed pregnancies, is a perpetual loss to the dairy farmer. It
needs further economic data to be generated at National level but estimated to
be Rs. 500 crores annually.
With ever increasing number of bull mother farms in the central and state
sectors larger A.I. centers, service accredited labs to be opened up more in
numbers. In back drop of above, Brucellosis assumes an important economic
agenda. More greater economic importance and serious public health risk since
the frozen semen from infected bulls can effectively and rapidly spread the
disease like an explosive cluster time bomb @ click of time in area where
properly being not understood.
Therefore it is double edged sword that can cut at the both sides”
economic loss and public health risk” if it is not properly planned, used and
monitored as systems, venereal infection like Brucellosis and infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheititeis (IBR) are indeed fortunate as microbe ( Bacteria / Virus) to
have the luxury of perfect preservation and rapid spread through frozen semen.
Bovine Brucellosis has been surveyed very significantly by ICAR-ADMASBanglore and Regional Research Unit of ADMAS- Zakura, Srinagar, and
Cooperatives, NGO’s, Govt. Disease Investigation Labs. cleared showed high rise
of infection in milk shed area. The sero surveillance conducted by RRU Srinagar
of identified villages under ADMAS indicate above 20% of the cattle are infected
with the disease, which is really a concern for the livestock sector in time to
come.
This makes us to think and act in a midway to Brucellosis control strategic
policy to be adopted. Brucella strain 19 vaccine has already proven a way out in
controlling the disease. Since vaccinated antibodies persist upto 6 months post
vaccinated and totally disappears by 8 months. There after, the animal may
remain antibody free provided not re-vaccinated in order to once again test
them for the field strain exposure, if there is any possibility whatsoever in field
or organized farms.
Vaccinated antibodies come in the way of different serologic response, to
natural infection. Indeed this situation will further help as “indicator system”
and it has been observed that regular and timely vaccination will further help to
maintain “carrier status” of the animal and will not have reproductive problem
and shedding of infection in farms further and prevent infertility and abortions.
Therefore looking into problem and finding the solution for the Brucellosis
Control Programme , needs serious attention by policy makers livestock owners,
industry and public as hazard of health aspects to be looked into and the only
answer now is knowledge driven food safety measures, upgraded diagnositic
services in private sectors, cooperatives, NGO’s, Universities etc. to give
immediate diagnosis.
Vaccination strategy is to be followed to prevent further spread of the
disease in village as herd and villagers as community. In addition to exisiting
vaccine Brucella S-19 which is being being used in RVC farms in the country.
Presently another strain of Brucella abortus future vaccine RB 51 parent strain
(S2308) is under trial and could be developed for adult animals.
It was
demonstrated that WboA gene encoding a glysyltransferse, an enzyme essential
for the synthesis of ‘O antigen is disrupted by an 1S711 element in B. abortus
vaccine strain RB 51. Exploiting this feature agglutination abs will not affect
even test protocol serologically and PCR assay could also detect and differentiate
from all other strains prevalent. This will help us even for adult vaccination
programme. This has been used and tried in USA successfully in male and
female. India should take up the challenge at all levels to have this as one of
many control strategies against infectious disease.
At present mass immunization with recommended doses of approved
vaccine is the only way to bring down the incidence of Bruccellosis in this
country like ours where test and segregate, feed maintain them is not
practically viable and economically sustainable. Slaughter of cows are banned
animal welfare activities are being activated by social workers.
Thus mass vaccination and regular follow-up at village level, milk
sampling, testing and maintaining vaccinated village herd and preventing non
infected village herd through vaccination will be the feasible and economic way
to deal with the situation in hand effectively once the bio-economic feasiblity is
examined, it could be of great support to farmers in the country and valley as
well.
Independent agency evaluation, cost benefit ratio, economic gain
monitoring wil give us proven path of progressive Brucellosis control programme
for livestock sectors in country like India .
(4)
CATASTROPHIC DECLINE OF SOME VULTURE SPECIES ON INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO J&K STATE
(Dr. Mir M. Mansoor, Wildlife Veterinarian, J&K State Wildlife Protection Department, Srinagar)
ABSTRACT
So far nine species of vultures are recorded from the Indian subcontinent and all
are known to be residents (Ali and Ripley 1983). These include Cinereous Vulture
(Aegypius monachus), Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), Egyptian (Neophron
percnopterus),
King
Vulture
(Sarcogyps
calvus),
Himalayan
Griffon
(Gyps
himalayensis), Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus), The White-backed (Gyps bengalensis),
Long-billed (Gyps indicus) and Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris).
Sporadic deaths of these raptors due to consumption of organophosphate and
carbonate insecticides poisoned prey base has been reported previously throughout the
Indian subcontinent. Unfortunately, the clinical signs exhibited by such intoxicated birds
are not so manifest as in other mammals intoxicated with similar toxicants. The signs
may resemble those of sick birds from other causes, as well.
However, this time the cause of puzzling vulture declines of genus Gyps, over a
huge geographic area, was discovered as veterinary use of a pharmaceutical called
Diclofenac. Out of the five species of Gyps vultures, recorded from the Indian
subcontinent, three namely: White-backed (Gyps bengalensis), Long-billed (Gyps
indicus) and Slender-billed (Gyps tenuirostris) vultures are going to be extinct within the
next three years, if the veterinary use of the said drug is not abandoned. The study carried
out by USA based NGO the Peregrine Fund and Ornithological Society of Pakistan
confirmed that most vultures died after consuming carcasses of animals dosed with
Dicloflenac, which seemed to damage the birds' kidneys.
The current paper titled as “Catastrophic decline of some vulture species in
Indian Subcontinent, with special reference to J&K STATE” is aimed at reviewing the
general scenario regarding vulture mortalities in Indian subcontinent with the reporting
of some similar cases from Jammu and Kashmir State.
ORNITHOSIS- A Public Health Concern
By Dr. S. Muhammad Salim Khan
Post Graduate Research Scholar
Social & Preventive Medicine
(Community Medicine)
Government Medical College, Srinagar
Abstract: Zoonosis and communicable diseases common to man and animals
continue to have incidence rates and to cause significant morbidity and and
mortality.Infections and parasitosis of live-stock especially poultry, on one hand,
can reduce meat production and can lead to the death or destruction of the
fowls, all of which diminishes the supply and availability of white meat for man.
On the other hand hand, these infected birds are constant threats to human
health as diseases of varied consequences can be transmitted from the poultry
or poultry-product to humans, thereby affecting DALY (Disability Adjusted Life
Years) adversely. The outbreaks caused by most of these infective diseases can
have wide repercussions for a society's health. Moreover these diseases are
also an obstacle for international trade, as well as a serious financial drain for
poultry farmers, H5N1Avian Influeza (Bird Flu) being the latest example.
( 10 )
“FOODHANDLERS & FOOD - HEALTH & DISEASE PERSPECTIVES”
Dr. Manzoor Thankur (MD)
Sr. Consultant Cl. Microbiology & Infection Control,
Sheri-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences,
Soura- Srinagar
Contamination of feed by various pathogens and the carrier state of food handlers plays
animportant part in transmitting a number of bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases.
Staingent Microbiological Surveillance of different food items and the food handlers is
the need of hour in tertiary care setups. Proliferation of multidrug resistant polymicrobial
infections is playing a havoc with patients admitted in these hospitals contributing to lot
of morbidity and mortality contaminated food having lot of bacteria present in it or
because of their toxins immediately can manifest as food poisoning. Clinical
manifestations can be either due to infection or intoxication. Bascillus, Cereus,
C.Perfringens, salmonella & schigella manifest as watery diarrhoea or dysentery. Food
items which help in propagating these Micro-Organism are meat, poultry, vegetables and
eggs. Rewarmed fried rice, canned food, meat, custards, salads & shellfish can harbour
pathogens like B.Cereus, C.botulinum, S.aureus, V.parahaemolyticus & E.coli causing
intoxication.
Contamination of food occurs either at source or during preparation, Nonbacterial
infective disorders with viruses & protozoan parasites are usually of faeco-oral aetilogy.
Rotavirus, Astro & Calci-viruses & Adenoviruses originate from the human faeces.
Amongest protozoan parasites Entaemoeba histolytica Giardia lambia & Balandium coli
again have human faeces as source except cryptosporidium where usual source is faeces
of domestic animals.
The carrier state of food handlers also plays an important role in transmitting a
number of bacterial, parastic & viral diseases. Microbiological surveillance of food
handlers with regard to the carrier state of C.diptheriae, salmonella, schigella, Neisseria
gonorrhoe syphhilis, Malaria, Hepatitis A&B and HIV, Tuberculosis & Parestic diseases
should be done routinely in all tertiary care setups. Similarly all types of foods supplied
to the critically ill patients should be also subjected to Microbiological testing.
Professional workers working with meat and meat products should similarly be tested for
the carrier states of diseases like Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis & other diseases.
The sumtotal of two years research work done at SHERI-I-KASHMIR INSTITUTE OF
MEDICAL SCIENCES, SOURA, SRINAGAR will be discussed during the conference along
with the control measures taken thereof.
8
RANDOMLY AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA POLYMORPHISM AMONG
DIFFERENT SALMONELLA SEROVARS FOR IT GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION.
Neha Sharma and Neeraj Dilbaghi
Department of Food Technology
Guru Jambheshwar University
Hissar
Global surveillance data indicate that there has been a massive increase in human
infections due to salmonella and these are mainly associated with the consumption of
raw or under cooked eggs and poultry products. A rapid, simple and precise technique is
required for detecting and differentiating various salmonella serovars in food and food
products for their effective control. The present study characterizes the four salmonella
serovars i.e. S.Typhimurium, S.Enteritidis, S.Virchow and S. Anatum by randomly
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. A total of 12 random primers were tested
and 10 out of them were able to detect polymorphism among these 4 Salmonella
serovars. The number of bands amplified from different primers ranged from 3 to 13 in
the size range of 350 bp to 3700 bp. The average number of bands per primer ranged
from 3.9 to 4.6 among different Salmonella serovars. The band sharing (BS) estimates
ppoled over the primers ranged from 0.31 to 0.76 among the different salmonella
serovars. While the maximum genetic similarity was observed between S.Anatum and S.
Enteritidis, least genetic similarity was seen between S.E and S.Virchow. In general,
S.Virchow. In general, S.Virchow showed lower genetic similarity was seen between
S.E and S.Virchow. In general, S.Virchow showed lower genetic similarity with other
salmonella serovars. The genetic distances between the Salmonella serovars ranged from
0.28 to 1.16 and revealed the similar trend. The S.virchow showed higher genetic
distances with other Salmonella serovars, while the genetic distances was minimum
between S.anatum and S.Enteritidis.
The results revealed the efficiency of RAPD
markers in detecting polymorphism among the different Salmonella Serovars.
(2)
GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT SALMONELLA
SEROVARS BY PLASMID PROFILING
Neha Sharma and Neeraj Dilbaghi
Department of Food Technology
Guru Jambheshwar Univeristy
Hissar
Food borne salmonellosis remained a major public health concern due to its
ability to get easily transmitted through animal products. The rapid, precise and detailed
identification of an organism is the first pre-requisite for the useful investigations of
outbreaks and complete eradication of the diseases. The present study evaluate the
efficiency of a simple DNA based method i.e. plasmid profiling for differentiating the
some important Salmonella serovars of avian as well as other animal origin i.e. The
Salmonella Serovars used in present study were S.Typhimurium, S.Enteritidis,
S.Virchow and S.Anatum. While the S.Enteritidis serotype revealed the presence of two
plasmids, the S.Anatum, S.Virchow and S.Typhimurium seemed to possess a single large
plasmid. A known plasmid from reference strain E.402 was used as molecular marker.
The size of plasmid from S.Virchow and S.Typhimurium was estimated to be about 75
Kb while the plasmid from S.Anatum was was 85 kb. The molecular size of two plasmid
from S.Enteritidis appeared to be approximately 55 kb and 22 kb. Hence, the plasmid
profiling was effective in differentiating the two salmonella serovars i.e. Enteritidis and
S.Anatum from other serovars, however S. Virchow and S.Typhimurium could not be
differentiated with each other due to similar size and number of plasmids.
(7)
“ A STUDY ON MICROFLORA OF FRESH AND FROZEN CHICKEN WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA SPECIES”
DR. QAZI REYAZ AHMAD
M.V.SC.ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT KASHMIR
In the present study a total of 125 fresh and 50 frozen chicken samples collected
from north, south, east, west and central zones of Srinagar city were processed for
isolation and identification of different food borne microorganisms. Both fresh and
frozen chicken samples were found contaminated with common food borne
microorganism with fresh chicken having a higher percentage of contamination ( 60.8)
compared to frozen chicken ( 26.00). The mean viable count of fresh chicken samples
was 3.759+ 0.276 cfu/g and that of frozen chicken was 1.197+ 0.161 cfu/g. The
microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococus
faecalis, E.coli and Salmonella species. Among fresh chicken samples, contamination
with staphylococcus aureus was highest in the east zone (20.00%) and lowest (8.00%) in
the west zone. Contamination of frozen chicken with Staphyloccus aureus was confined
to west zone (10.00%) and east zone (20.00%). From fresh chicken Bacillus cereus was
isolated from all the zones under study. The maximum percentage of contamination
(20.00) was experienced in the east zone and minimum (8.00) in the north zone. None of
the frozen chicken samples from any of the zones revealed contamination with Bacillus
cereus. Fresh chicken in the north, east, west and central zones was found contaminated
with Enterococcus faecalis. The highest percentage of contamination (8.00) was
registered in the north zone. E.coli contaminated both fresh and frozen chicken in all the
zones. Among fresh chicken samples, maximum percentage of contamination (36.00)
was reported frome north and west zones and the minimum (16.00) from the south zone.
The percentage of E.coli contaminated frozen chicken samples ranged from 10.00 to
20.00. Both fresh and frozen chicken meat samples revealed contamination with
Salmonella species and the rate of contamination was 2.4 and 4.00 percent, respectively.
From fresh and frozen chicken Salmonella enteritidis constituted 80.00 percent of the
total Salmonella Serotypes recovered and of those, 75.00 percent were isolated from
fresh chicken. Salmonella reading was isolated from only frozen chicken samples. The
crude enterotoxin preparations of Salmonella enteritidis produced inflammatory changes
in LRIL demonstrated by accumulation of watery to blood tinged fluid in the gut and
also by hyperaemia and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa. The inflammatory changes
produced by the Salmonella enteritidis were also demonstrated in the rabbit skin by I/D
route where hyperaemia, oedema and necrosis were the predominant features. The
enterotoxin of Salmonella reading failed to produce any such response. All the
Salmonella serotypes were sensitive to naldixic acid, chloramphenicol and pefloxacin
but showed resistance towards erythromycin.
Genetic characterization of different Salmonella serovars by
Plasmid profiling
Neha Sharma and Neeraj Dilbaghi
Department of Food Technology
Guru Jambheshwar University
Hisar
Food borne salmonellosis remained a major public health concern due to
its ability to get easily transmitted through animal products. The rapid, precise
and detailed identification of an organism is the first pre-requisite for the useful
investigations of outbreaks and complete eradication of the diseases. The
present study evaluate the efficiency of a simple DNA based method i.e. plasmid
profiling for differentiating the some important Salmonella serovars of avian as
well as other animal origin i.e. The Salmonella serovars used in present study
were S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Virchow and S. Anatum. While the S.
Enteritidis serotype revealed the presence of two plasmids, the S. Anatum, S.
Virchow and S. Typhimurium seemed to possess a single large plasmid. A
known plasmid from reference strain E. 402 was used as molecular marker. The
size of plasmid from S. Virchow and S. Typhimurium was estimated to be about
75 Kb while the plasmid from S. Anatum was 85 Kb. The molecular size of two
plasmid from S. Enteritidis appeared to be approximately 55 Kb and 22 Kb.
Hence, the plasmid profiling was effective in differentiating the two salmonella
serovars i.e. S. Enteritidis and S. Anatum from other serovars, however S.
Virchow and S. Typhimurium could not be differentiated with each other due to
similar size and number of plasmids.
(8)
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA polymorphism among
different Salmonella serovars for it genetic characterization
Neha Sharma and Neeraj Dilbaghi
Department of Food Technology
Guru Jambheshwar University
Hisar
Global surveillance data indicate that there has been a massive increase
in human infections due to Salmonella and these are mainly associated with the
consumption of raw or under cooked eggs and poultry products. A rapid, simple
and precise technique is required for detecting and differentiating various
salmonella serovars in food and food products for their effective control. The
present study characterizes the four Salmonella serovars i.e. S. Typhimurium, S.
Enteritidis, S. Virchow and S. Anatum by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPD) assay. A total of 12 random primers were tested and 10 out of them
were able to detect polymorphism among these 4 Salmonella serovars. The
number of bands amplified from different primers ranged from 3 to 13 in the size
range of 350 bp to 3700 bp. The average number of bands per primer ranged
from 3.9 to 4.6 among different Salmonella serovars. The band sharing (BS)
estimates pooled over the primers ranged from 0.31 to 0.76 among the different
Salmonella serovars. While the maximum genetic similarity was observed
between S. Anatum and S. Enteritidis, least genetic similarity was seen between
S. E and S.Virchow . In general, S. Virchow showed lower genetic similarity with
other Salmonella serovars. The genetic distances between the Salmonella
serovars ranged from 0.28 to 1.16 and revealed the similar trend. The S.
Virchow showed higher genetic distances with other Salmonella serovars, while
the genetic distances was minimum between S. Anatum and S. Enteritidis. The
results revealed the efficiency of RAPD markers in detecting polymorphism
among the different Salmonella serovars.
(5)
AN OUT-BREAK OF FOWL-TYPHOID DUE TO SALMONELLA GALINERUM
O-9,12 :- IN AN ORGANIZED POULTRY FARM AND ITS ANTI-MICROBIAL
RESSISTANCE PATTERN
Z.H.Munshi1, M.M.Willayat2 and S.A.Hussain3
Division of Veterinary Public Health
Faculty of Veterinary Public Health & A.H (SKUAST-K)
Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagr, Kashmir
An out-break occurred in an organized local poultry farm resulting in huge
mortality of 15%. The material collected from dead birds, presented for post-mortem
examination, was subjected to cultural isolation. The samples revealed presence of
Salmonella Gallinerum indentified by Kauffmann and White Scheme and confirmation
of serotype was done by National E.Coli and Salmonella Center, Kasauli. The organism
showed Multi-drug resistance pattern towards Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Doxycycline,
Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol but showed sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacin,
Ofloxcin, Gentamycin and Norfloxcin. The findings revealed that the choice of drug
used for the treatment of the disease needs to be evaluated before any further drug
resistance is developed in the out-break of salmonellosis as the organism is a potential
threat for further out-breaks as it is discharged/ excreted by the convalescent birds
throughout life and also poses a threat to public health.
1. Assistant Professor, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary
Science & A.H. ( SKUAST-K), Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Kashmir.
2. Associate Professor & Head, Division of Veterinary Public Health , Faculty of
Veterinary Sciences & A.H ( SKUAST-K), Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar,
Kashmir.
3. Assistant Professor, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences & A.H. (SKUAST-K), Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Kashmir
ORNITHOSIS- A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN
By Dr. S. Muhammad Salim Khan
Post graduate Research Scholar
Social & preventive Medicine
( Community Medicine )
Government Medical College, Srinagar
Abstract :- Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals continue
to have incidence rates and to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Infections and
parasitosis of livestock especially poultry, on one hand, can reduce meat production and
can lead to the death or destruction of the fowls, all of which diminishes the supply of
available of white meat for man. On the other hand , these infected birds are constant
threats to human health as diseases of varied consequences can be transmitted from the
poultry or poultry-product to humans, thereby affecting DALY (Disability Adjusted Life
Years) adversely. The outbreaks caused by most of these infective diseases can have
wide repercussions for a society’s health. Moreover these diseases are also an obstacle
for international trade, as well as a serious financial drain for poultry farmers,
H5N1Avian Influeza (Bird Flu) being the latest example.
EMERGING FOOD BORNE AND OTHER ZOONOTIC DISEASE ;
PROPECT AND CHALLENGES
Mohammad Rashid, Abdul Rashid and S.Kotwal
ABSTRACT
“ The health of humans is directly related to healthy food and consumers demand.
Food that is free from health hazards besides being nutritious. Food of animal origin are
potential vehicles for many pathogens ( including their toxic products, some of which
may be of zoonotic significance). The risk of such diseases depends upon the food
source, method of production, processing and handling besides consumers individual
susceptibility to such pathogens.
There are 36 bacterial genera and four protozoa, which occur in food of man from
the various sources ( Table-1) ( Jay, James, M-2000). Some of the important zoonotic
disease of our state are :
Brucellosis,
Salmonellosis,
Tuberculosis,
Listeriois,
Campylobacteriosis,
Leptospirosis,
Rabis,
Myiasis,
Q.fever,
Collibacillosis,
Taeniasis,
Toxoplasmosis,
ciardiasis, Ringworm, Candidiases, Aspergillosis etc. Among them Campylobucters
I.isteria, monocytogenes, Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (o157:h7), motile aeromonas, bird
flue and corona virus related with SARS are considered as emerging diseases. Eighty n/o
of all described human infections are shared in nature by other vertebrate animals and at
present there are more than 300 clinical entities that have been grouped as Zoonoses,
covering all major etiologies of bacterial, viral rickettsial, chlamydial, mycotic and
parasitic origin. A few important and emerging diseases have been discussed in this
paper:.
(1)
VIRULENCE GENE PROFILES OF SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA
COLI (STEC) AND ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI (EPEC) FROM
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND BIRDS
S.A.Wani, M.A.Bhat, I.Samata*, Y.Nishikawa and A.S.Buch
ABSTRACT
Faecal samples originating from healthy and diarrhoeic calves, lambs, goats, chickens,
feral pigeons and rabbits were screened for presence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli (STEC), an important food borne pathogen. 426, 336, 65, 401, 25 and
85 strains were isolated from calves, lambs, goats, chickens, feral pigeons and rabbits,
respectively. 290 bovine, 276 ovine and all E.coli isolates from other animal species
were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) for detection of saa,
stxl, stx2, eaeA and EHEC hlyA genes. Highest percentage of stx1 was detected in goats
( 16.92%) followed by lambs (11.95%) and calves (6.89%). Stx2 was observed highest in
lambs (7.97%) followed by calves (6.55%) and goats ( 4.61%). 18.96%, 14.13%, 2.74%,
2.55% and 1.95% of E.coli strain from calves, lambs, chickens, rabbits and goats,
respectively, revealed the presence of eaeA gene.
Whereas, hlyA was detected in
20.28% n, 18.62% , 15.38% and 1.74% of E.coli strains originating from lambs, calves,
goats and chicken, respectively. None of the E.coli strains from birds and rabbits studied
showed the presence of stx genes. Feral pigeons also showed the absence of both eaeA
and hlyA genes, whereas, the rabbits showed only hlyA. All E.coli isolates revealed the
absence of saa gene. One of the most important STEC serogroup O157, known for
certain life threatening infections in humans, was isolated from both bovine and ovine
faecal samples. This data suggests that the domestic animals but not the chicken may
serve as an important source of STEC infection to humans in Kashmir. Further studies
in this direction will confirm or contradict this possibility.
( 15 )
1. Molecular Epidemiology of Ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in Kashmir
S.A.Wani*, I.Samanta, F.Pandit, B.A.Buchoo, F.Peer, M.M.Darzi,
M.A.Bhat
ABSTRACT
We have previously provided clinical, serological and molecular evidence for presence
of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (Sa-MCF) in cattle in Kashmir, India. But
there is very little information available in India regarding the epidemiology of ovin
herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) the causative agent of the disease. Thus the aim of present
investigation was to determine the prevalence of OvHV-2 infection in cattle, carrier
status of sheep and goats as well as to define the pattern of acquisition of OvHV-2 in
lambs under natural flock conditions in Kashmir, India. None of the buffy coat samples
from 21 lambs studied was found to carry OvHV-2 DNA sequences upto 28 days after
birth, suggestive of absence of vertical transmission of the infection in lambs. Only one
lamb out of 21 lambs possessed OvHV-2 DNA as early as 29 days after birth. Majority
( 95.23%) of the lambs demonstrated the presence of OvHV-2 DNA sequences in their
buffy coat samples, when they were between 43 to 94 ( average 66.9) days of age.
Statistically susceptibility of lambs to OvHV-2 was influenced more by increase in age
than temperature. OvHV-2 DNA sequences were detected in buffy coat samples of 28
(84.84%) of 33 adult sheep, 16 ( 61.53%) of 26 adult goats by hemi nested PCR.
Seventeen ( 30.9%) of 55 field blood samples from cattle with MCF like symptoms
possessed OvHV-2 DNA sequences. Nine ( 52.94%) death were recorded in 17 cases
found positive for OvHV-2 DNA sequences by PCR. All these deaths were recorded
during the months of April to November of the period ( November 2002 to March 2004)
under study. No clinical case of SA-MCF was recorded during the months of December
to March of the period of study. Gross and microscopic lesions observed in various
organs (abomasums, brain, liver, kidney, lungs and lymph nodes) of a carcass were also
characteristic of MCF disease. Formalized abomasums and brain tissues of a bull also
revealed the presence of OvHV-2 DNA sequences by hemi nested PCR. Present study
cautions about the disadvantages of mixed farming and migratory sheep and goat flock
system commonly practiced in the State of J&K as it augments the close contact of
carrier animals with susceptible species like cattle, buffaloes in planes and with a highly
precious and conserved species of deer in Kashmir hangul or Kashmir stag (Cervus
elaphus hanglu) in high land pastures. The situation becomes even more alarming in
view of the fact that hangul has already been declared as an endangered species. The
pattern of acquisition of OvHV-2 infection in lambs revealed by the present study will
serve as a guideline for raising OvHV-2 free sheep.
3. MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS IN OVINE
FOOTROT IN INDIA
S.A.Wani* , I.Samanta, M.A.Bhat and A.S.Buchh
Dichelobacter nodosus (D-nodosus) was detected in three clinical cases of ovine footrot
in Kashmir, India.
The detection was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
without isolating the organism, using species specific 16 S rDNA primers. The positive
results were indicated by amplification of 783 by fragment. All the three samples were
subjected to serogrouping by multiplex PCR using group (A-1) Specific primers. All the
three samples revealed the presence of serogroup B fan India.
ISOLATION AND IN-VITRO SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF PATHOGENIC
ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM DIARROHEIC LAMBS AND CALVES
( Z.H.Munshi1, S.A.Wani2, M.A.Bhat3 and S.Qureshi4
Escherichia coli is the predominant gram-negative aerobic organism in the
intestinal tract in man, animals and poultry. While E.coli confined to intestinal tract are
commensals, but in certain circumstances may produce diseases. From standpoint of
pathogenic mechanism and disease 4 major categories of E.coli are recognized :
enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) , enteropathogenic E.coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E.coli
(EIEC) and enterohaeomorrhagic E.coli (ETEC). In addition 2 less well-defined E.coli
categories recognized in animal and human are enteroaggregative and cytotoxin
necrotizing factor-positive.
In the present study faecal samples (40) from sheep Breeding Farm, Keva, Sheep
Breeding Farm, Goabal, Cattle Breeding Farm, Mansbal, and Military Farm, Srinagar
were collected. Out of these 10 samples were intestinal contents from 10 dead lambs
which showed symptoms of septicaemia and haemorrhagic enteritis and 10 samples were
from live diarrhoeic lambs as well 20 were from live diarrhoeic calves. The samples
were processed for bacterial isolation. Out of 40 diarrhoeic faecal samples, 30 isolates of
E.coli were recovered. Out of these 30 isolates, 2 isolates untypable and 3 were rough.
The remaining 25 E.coli isolates belonged to 15 different serotypes as : O3, O8, O9,
O15, O26, O38, O55, O59, O75, O75, O78, O88, O102, O107, O114 and O170. In the
present study, O8 was the most predominant serotype isolated from 13.33% of the
samples followed by O38 (10.00%) and O170, O114, O75, O107 and O55 (6.66% each).
The remaining serotypes i.e. O3, O9, O15, O59, O78, O88 and O102 has the prevalence
rate of 3.33%.
The isolates were subjected to anti-microbial sensitivity test against 8 antibiotics.
The in-vitro sensitivity showed that all isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, 90%
to gentamicin, 86.6% to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin and 26% to tetracycline while as
all isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, cefadroxil and ampicillin/ cloxaccillin.
(9)
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS : AN EMERGING FOOD BORNE ZOONOSES
Rashid, M ( Asstt. Prof.)
Division of Vety. Public Health & Hygiene
F.V.Sc. & A.H. R.S.Pura, 181102 ( S.K.U.A.S.T-J)
Historical Background : theodore Eschrich ( 1986) described small vibrios in large
intestinal mucous of an infant, but he may unable to cultivate them due to unusual
growth requirement.
Campylobacter (originally vibrio fetus) was first recognized by McFadyean and
Stockman ( 1913), as associated with infectious infertility and abortion in sheep and
cattle. A few years later Smith isolated a similar organism from fetuses of aborting
cows and named it Vibrio fetus ( Smith and Taylor-1919). The first isolation of
Campylobacters in man came in 1938, when an organism, presumptively c.Jejuni was
isolated in a milk borne out break of acute diarrhea in USA (Levy-1946), Elizabeth King
(1957) was the first to give the proper description of these enteric Campylobacters or
“related vibrios” as she called them and pointed out that they were associated with
bloody diarrhea. Campylobacter is wide spread in intestinal tract of warm-blooded
animals and is one of the most often encountered bacteria responsible for human gastrointestinal infections in the world (Allos and Blasé, 1995, Shane, 2000, Chattopadhyay et
al. 2001, Solomon and Hoover-1999) the generic name Campylobacter was given to the
group of bacteria formally known as the “Microaerophilic Vibrious”. (Sebald and Veron
1963). This enteric pathogen developed a worldwide recognition after the introduction
of selective fecal culture techniques, (butzler et.al, 1973, Skirrow-1997) Campylobacter
fetus subsp.fetus may be found in the genital tract of cattle and sheep in which it may
cause genital tract infection and sporadic abortion (Vargas et.al.2003, Maclaren and
Agumbah-1988). Initially organisms were included in the genus Vibrio but due to
several fundamental differences between the true vibrios and the microaerophilic vibrios
they are placed in new genus Campylobacter (Sebal and Veron-1963). The genus
currently contains the following species. Catalase positive group ; C.fetus ssp.
Venerealis, C.coli, c.Jejuni, C.lari, C.faecalis, C. faecalis, C.hyointestinalis,
C.upsalienses catalse negative group ; C.sputorum ssp. Sputorum, C.sputorum ssp
bubulus, c.sputorum ssp mucosalis C.concisus (Skerman et.al. 1980).
Epidemiology and Epizootiology :- campylobacteriosis is almost exclusively a food
borne disease. Chickens, pigs, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats and wild birds have been found to
be carriers of the organisms, in most instances without showing any symptoms of clinical
infection (bruce et al. 1980, Avrain,. et al. 2003 and Vargas et al. 2003, Chattopadhayay
et al. 2001).
a. Prevalence :- Many reports have been published indicating the worldwide
prevalence of Campylobacter enteritis. The organism has been isolated from
infected Patients in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Australia and
Asia. It is not surprising that the organism has been implicated in traveller’s
diarrhea. In a national survey it is determined that the prevalence of C.Jejuni
infection was 10 and 46 times m9ore. Frequently than Salmonella and Shigella
respectively. This high incidence of isolation from the adult population indicates
B.
that the organism is an enteropathogen deserving of considerable attention (Doyle
1989).
Outbreaks of Campylobacter enteritis :1. Milk borne infections :- Most cases of milkborne Campylobacter have been
associated with the consumption of unpasteurised milk. The largest reported
foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis was associated with consumption
of raw milk and resulted in illness among 2500 school children. It has been
reported that C.jejuni can produce a mastitic condition in the milk of cows and it
is also excreted in the milk rather than fecal contamination. (Doyle-1989)
2. Other food and waterborne outbreaks :- Poultry is the premior vehicle in
transmitting C.jejuni foodborne enteritis. Ss
Poultry, eggs and beef have been implicated as vehicles of transmission in
most of the other outbreaks not associated with raw milk. The first prominent
outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis reported in association with undercooked
chickens occurred in the Netherlands among soldiers. A large outbreak of
Campylobacter enteritis occurred in Japan where 800 of 2500 school children
became ill after eating vinegared pork.
In addition to foods of animal origin and foodhandlers being implicated in
Campylobacter outbreaks, water borne outbreaks have been reported in Sweden
and the United States. (Doyle-1989, Mentzing-1981)
C.
D.
Animal Reservoirs :- Campylobacter species commonly are found as
commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of wild or domesticated cattle, sheep,
swine, goats, dogs, cats, rodents and all classes of poultry. Extensive reports in
the scientific literature demonstrates the reservoirs of organisms in the animals
cause infection and disease in humans. Both well and sick dogs or cats may
transmit direct infection to man. (Hui et al. 1994).
Non domestic Animals and flies :- Many reports indicate that C.jejuni is part of
the normal intestinal flora of wild birds and migratory waterfowl. This source of
C.jejuni is of particular importance because wild birds may introduce the
organism into water and fed of domestic animals used for human food
production. The organism has been also isolated from house flies which suggest
possible rate of thus in transmission to humans.
Prevalence of Campylobacter species in foods
Product
Percentage
Country
Red
1.0%
U.K
Sheep
30.6%
Cattle
10.5%
Pig
6.0%
Chicken
29.7%
U.S
Pork chop
5.0%
Pork sausage
4.2%
Ground Beef
3.6%
Beef flank
4.7%
Lamb stew
8.1%
Fresh Pork
12.5%
-
Raw milk
Mushrooms
0.9-1.5%
1.5%
FOOD
FOOD
ESTABLISHMENT
United States
-
“ A STUDY ON MICROFLORA OF FRESH AND FROZEN CHICKEN WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA SPECIES”
(Dr. Qazi Reyaz Ahmad (MVSc.) Associate Professor & Head division of, Faculty of
Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology )
In the present study a total of 125 fresh and 50 frozen chicken samples collected from
north, south, east and central zones of Srinagar city were processed for isolation and
identification of different food borne microorganisms. Both fresh and frozen chicken
samples were found contaminated with common food borne microorganisms with fresh
chicken having a higher percentage of contamination (690.8) compared to frozen chicken
(26.00). The mean viable count of fresh chicken samples was 3.759+ 0.276 cfu/g and
that of frozen chicken was 1.197 + 0.161 cfu/g. the microorganisms isolated included
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, E.coli and Salmonella
species. Among fresh chicken samples, contamination with Staphylococcus aureus was
highest in the east zone ( 20.00%) and lowest (8.00%) in the west zone. Contamination
of frozen chicken with Staphyloccus aureus was confined to west zone (10.00%) and east
zone (20.00%). From fresh chicken Bacillus ceraus was isolated from all the zones
under study. The maximum percentage of contamination (20.00) was experienced in the
east zone and the minimum (8.00) in the north zone. None of the frozen chicken samples
from any of the zones revealed contamination with Bacillus cereus. Fresh chicken in the
north, east, west and central zones was found contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis.
The highest percentage of contamination (8.00) was registered in the north zone. E.coli
contaminated both fresh and frozen chicken in all the zones. Among fresh chicken
samples, maximum percentage of contamination ( 36.00) was reported from each of
north and west zones and the minimum ( 16.00) from the south zone. The percentage of
E.coli contaminated frozen chicken samples ranged from 10.00 to 20.00. Both fresh and
frozen chicken meat samples revealed contamination with Salmonella species and the
rate of contamination was 2.4 and 4.00 percent, respectively. From fresh and frozen
chicken Salmonella enteritidis constituted 80.00 percent of the total Salmonella serotypes
recovered and of those, 75.00 percent were isolated from fresh chicken. Salmonella
reading was isolated from only frozen chicken samples. The crude enterotoxin
preparations of Salmonella enteritidis produced inflammatory changes in LRIL
demonstrated by accumulation of watery to blood tinged fluid in the gut and also by
hyperaemia and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa. The inflammatory changes produced
by the Salmonella enteritidis were also demonstrated in the rabbit skin by I/D route
where hyperaemia, oedema and necrosis were the predominant features. The enterotoxin
of Salmonella reading failed to produced any such response. All the Salmonella
serotypes were sensitive to naldixic acid, chloramphenicol and pefloxacin but showed
resistance towards erythromycin.
( 14 )
ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA SCHWARZENGRUND FOR THE
FIRST TIME IN INDIA
Z.H. Munshi1, A.T.sherikar2, J.B.Khot3 and B.R.Gupta
Division of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health
Bombay Veterinary College
Parel, Mumbai-12
A study was conducted in Deonar abattoir, Mumbai to find the prevalence of
Salmonella wherein one isolate was identified as Salmonella schwarzengrund ( 1,4,12,27
: d: 1,7) from the floor of the storage hall. The antigenic formula was identified on being
agglutinated with O: 1,4,12 and H: 1,7 serum which is Salmonella Schwarzengrund as
per Kauffman-White Scheme. Though it was not possible to find the origin of the
contamination by human beings or animals, the presence of the same cautions the public
health importance in views of its prevalence as causative agent for nosocomial
Salmonellosis. This is probably by far the first report of Salmonella schwarzengrund in
India.
1. M.V.Sc. Scholar, Presently Assistant Professor, Division of Veterinary Public
Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & A.H. Shuhama ( Alusteng) Srinagar,
Kashmir 190006- India.
2. Associate Professor, Department of Food Hygiene & Veterinary Public Health,
Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Bombay, 12. Presently Vice Chancellor,
University of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Nagpur.
3. Professor, Department of Food Hygiene & Veterinary Public Health, Bombay
Veterinary College, Parel, Bombay-12- India.
4. Professor & I/C National Salmonella Center, Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Izzatnagar 243122 (U.P) India.
( 16 )
EMERGING FOOD BORNE AND OTHER ZOONOTIC DISEASE :
PROSPECT AND CHALLENGES
Mohammad Rashid, Abdul Rashid and S.Kotwal
ABSTRACT
“The health of humans is directly related food and consumers demand. Food that
is free from health hazards besides being nutritious. Foods of animal origin are potential
vehicles for many pathogens ( including their toxic products, some of which may be of
zoonotic significance). The risk of such diseases depends upon the food source, method
of production, processing and handling besides consumers individual susceptibility to
such pathogens.
There are 36 bacterial genera and four protozoa,l which occur in food of man
from the various source ( Table-1) ( Jay, James, M-2000). Some of the important
zoonotic diseases of our State are :-
Brucellosis,
Salmonellosis,
Tuberculosis,
Listeriosis,
Campylobacteriosis,
Leptospirosis,
Rabies,
Myiasis,
Q.fever,
Collibacillosis,
Taeniasis,
Toxoplasmosis,
Ciardiasis, Ringworm, Candidiases, Aspergillosis, etc. Among them Campylobacters
Listeria, monocytogenes, Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli ( O 157:h7), motile Aeromonas,
bird flue and Corona virus related with SARS are considered as emerging diseases.
Eighty percent of all described human infections are shared in nature by other vertebrate
animals and at present there are more than 300 clinical entities that have been grouped as
Zoonoses, covering all major etiologies of bacterial, viral, rickettsial, chlamydial,
mycotic and parasitic origin.
discussed in this paper”.
A few important and emerging diseases have been
( 11 )
PREVALENCE OF FOOD BORNE MICRO-ORGANISMS
IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Syed Akram, Rafia Rashid and M.M.Willayat
Division of Veterinary Public Health
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and A.H. Srinagar
ABSTRACT
A total of 78 bacterial isolates were recovered from 40 samples of milk, burfi,
Khoa, rosgulla and rosmalai. Identified isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (27),
Staphylococcus albus (22), Bacillus cereus ( 12), E.coli (12), Klebsiella (3) and Proteus
(2) . Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus were recovered from all the milk
samples while E.coli and Bacillus cereus were recovered from 60% and 40% of samples,
respectively. Burfi and Khoa was contaminated with Klebsiella and Proteus species
while Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus contaminated rosgulla and rosmalai.
Mean bacterial counts in milk, burfi, rasgola, rasmalai and khoa, were 40.75 x105 /ml,
12.0 x 10 3/g, 5.2 x103 /g, 2.5 x 103/g and 1.95 x 103/ g respectively.
All the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, E.coli and
Proteus were sensitive to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin and resistant to ampicillin and
amoxicillin.
(3)
HUMAN HYDATID DISEASE IN KASHMIR NORTH INDIA :
A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY
B.A.FOMDA*, B.A.SOFI, M.A.THAKUR, D.K.KUKRU
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, SHERI-I-KASHMIR INSTITUTE OF
MEDICAL SCIENCES, SOURA
SRINAGAR -190011, KASHMIR – INDIA
Echinococcosis is zoonotic disease caused by larval forms of dog tapeworm,
Echnicoccus granulosus.
The diagnosis, treatment and overall containment remains
important public health problem. The present study was undertaken to know the
prevalence of human hydatid disease in Kashmir, North India. Serum samples were
obtained from 5808 patients clinically suspected of having hydatid disease. Out of them,
4422 were male and 1386 female, with male to female ratio of 3.2:1. The commonest
site of clinical presentation was liver (60%) followed by lungs (33.23%),
kidney
(3.71%) ovary (1.18%), brain (1.01%) pancreas (0.34%), multiple cysts in liver and
lungs (0.20%), spleen (0.12%), urinary bladder (0.08%) and abdominal wall (0.01%),
Casoni’s intradermal test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done
using human hydatid cyst fluid (HHCF) antigen. A total of 1308 (22.5%) were positive
by Casoni’s intradermal test and 2604 (44.83%) by ELISA. The cyst were confirmed by
surgery in 705 (12.13%) cases. In clinically suspected patients, Casoni’s test and ELISA
were positive in 884 ( 17.32%) and 1899 ( 37.21%) respectively, whereas in surgically
confirmed cases, Casoni’s test and ELISA were positive in 424 ( 60.14%) and 705
(100%) respectively. The results of study indicate high prevalence of hydatid disease
and demands prompt institution of control measures.
Keywords : Casoni’s test , ELISA, Hydatid Disease
( 13 )
PREVALENCE OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN RAW AND COOKED RICE
M.M. WILLAYAT, G.N.SHEIKH* AND J.A.KHAN**
DIVISION OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH
FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
POST BOX 580 , G.P.O. SRINAGAR-190001
ABSTRACT
Fifty samples each of local and non-local rice varieties were collected from five
arbitrary zones of Srinagar city for detection and enumeration of Bacillus cereus.
Overall, contamination percentage of Bacillus cereus in raw and cooked rice was 75.0
and 17.0 respectively. The local and non-local varieties of raw rice were contaminated to
an extent of 60.0 and 90.0 percent respectively. Highest percentage (28.0) of heat stable
strains of Bacillus cereus were recorded in non-local varieties compared to (6.0) in the
local varieties.
Mean Bacillus cereus counts in local raw and cooked rice were
3.3964+ 0.4308 and 0.1999+ 0.1170 cfu/g, whereas, in non-local variety the mean counts
were 6.1158+ 0.3465 and 1.2724+ 0.2960 cfu/g, respectively.
*Associate Professor, Veterinary epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.
** Deputy Director, Sheep Husbandry Department, Kashmir
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI MASTITIS IN
KASHMIR
G.N.SHEIKH, M.M.WILLAYAT*, AKRAM HUSSAIN* AND ASIFA NABI**
DIVISION OF VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
POST BOX. NO. 13, G.P.O. SRINAGAR- 190001
ABSTRACT
Epidemiology of Escherichia coli mastitits in Kashmir was investigated from
September 2001 to October 2003. Escherichia coli was isolated from 48 ( 19.5%) of
246 clinical cases of mastitis. Prevalence was highest during winter ( 56.25%) and
least in autumn ( 6.25%). High prevalence was recorded in the 3rd lactation and least
in 1st lactation (10.41). of the 110 infected udder quarters, 6.25% were recorded one
week before parturition whereas, 16.6, 18.75, 10.4 and 6.25% were recorded
respectively in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks after parturition with highest percentage in
the first month. Infection rates of 69.09 and 30.91% were recorded in rare and front
quarters respectively. Seventeen serotypes of Escherichia coli were recovered from
milk and the bedding material.
Serotypes 0109, 0141, 030 were recovered
exclusively from milk whereas, 017, 022, 02 and 058 from the bedding material.
The mean Escherichia coli viable counts were highest in winter ( 8.01+ 0.36) and
lowest in autumn ( 2.17+ 0.31).
Ceftriaxone was the most effective antibiotic
( 90.62%) against Escherichia coli by disc diffusion test. However, clinical recovery
was recorded only in 78.18% quarters.
* Division of Veterinary Public Health.
** Research Associate, Division of Veterinary Public Health.
(6)
SHELF LIFE OF HURDLE TREATED READY-TO-EAT SPICED
BUFFALO MEAT PRODUCT UNDER AEROBIC AND VACUUM
CONDITIONS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
A.H. MALIK & B.D.SHARMA
Division of Livestock Products Technology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P)- 243122
The shelf-stable ready-to-eat spiced buffalo meat (SRBM) product processed
using hurdle technology was packaged separately in aerobic PET jars and under
vacuum in multilayered nylon laminates stored at 30+ 3°C for 7 weeks. There was
highly significant ( P<0.01) effect of packaging type on TBA values and moisture
content and significant effect on soluble hydroxyproline content whereas other
parameters viz. pH. Water activity, residual nitrite, haem pigments, FFA, protein
solubility, fact, protein, ash and shear force value of the product were not
significantly affected. The effect of interaction of storage and packaging was highly
significant affected. The effect of interaction of storage and packaging was highly
significant only on TBA values. The pH, residual nitrite, total meat pigments,
soluble hydroxyproline, protein solubility and moisture decreased during storage.
The water activity value did not change much during storage except for a minor
increase on first week. FFA value showed a significant increase during the period of
storage,
although TBA values did not increase more than 0.77 mg
malonaldehyde/kg. Aerobic packaged product had more soluble hydroxyproline and
TBA values than vacuum packaged. No change in shear force value was recorded
during the storage period as a result of packaging. The packaging had no significant
effect on sensory attributes whereas storage had significant effect only on
appearance, texture and overall palatability of SRBM product. The scores for
appearance, texture and overall palatability decreased during storage whereas
flavour, juiciness, saltiness and sourness were not affected. However, the scores for
all the sensory attributes remained between 6 and 7 indicating good to very good
acceptability.
The microbiological quality of the SRBM product was fairly satisfactory. Staph.
aureus was absent throughout the storage period. Packaging had significant effect on
TPC, anaerobes as well as on yeast and mold counts. Although storage caused
significant increase in all the organism but counts were low. After 7 weeks storage
the mean counts for the microbes were : TPC log-3.54, yeast and mold count-log
2.73 and anaerobic plate count-log 2.09. Thus, the product was microbiologically
quite safe. The findings clearly indicate that the shelf stable ready-to-eat spiced
buffalo meat product could be stored at ambient temperature for 7 weeks without any
significant deterioration in quality.
( 12 )
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTH
PARASITES IN CATTLE OF KASHMIR VALLEY.
B. A. PANDIT, R. A. SHAHARDAR, M. A. A. BANDAY, M. M. DARZI* AND
F. A. MATTOO**.
DIVISION OF PARASITOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
S. K. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, OF KASHMIR,
SHUHAMA, ALUSTENG, POST BOX NO. 580, GPO, SRINAGAR 190001.
ABSTRACT
A survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in cattle of Kashmir, under two
different Managemental practices was conducted. Out of 741 and 11221 animals
examined from organized and unorganized sectors, 72.46 and 75.02 percent were
found to harbour different type of parasitic infections, respectively. The parasites
identified were:- Fasciola gigantica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Paramphistomum
cervi, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Fishchoederius spp.,
Gigantocotyle explanatum, for trematodes, Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni
from
cestodes
and
Haemonchus,
Ostertagia,
Mecistocirrus,
Nematodirus,
Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, Trostongylus, Trichuris and Strongyloides from
nematodes. There was significant effect of season on the incidence of helminth
infections in both farm and filed managed stocks (P<0.05).
Key words:- Cattle, Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal helminthes, Kashmir.
* Head, Division of Pathology.
** Associate Director Research/Incharge Cattle Breeding Farm, Manasbal.