Supplementary information for Nature’s web site
Figure A. Molecular phylogenies of 15 species of fig wasps, estimated using nucleotide
sequences 816 base pair long collected from the 3’ end of the cytochrome oxidase subunit
I gene (COI)1. Data was deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers AF302052 to
AF302067). Analyses were carried out with version 4.0b1 of PAUP*, written by David L.
Swofford. Maximum likelihood methods were used to reconstruct the phylogeny. The
general reversible model with rate heterogeneity was used2, and the parameters of the
model were estimated from the data (proportion of sites assumed to be invariable =
0.284265; rates (for variable sites) assumed to follow a gamma distribution with shape
parameter = 0.865608). The tree topology was estimated using an heuristic algorithm
with branch swapping (tree bisection-reconnection). The heuristic search was repeated 3
times and the consensus tree from the best 3 trees was used for generating the final
phylogeny. Here we show the topology of two of the 3 final trees (-log (L) = 5679.00011).
Numbers above branches are the bootstrap values (>50%; 500 replications) for the same
nodes of the neighbour joining (NJ) tree reconstructed using Tamura-Nei distances3. The
NJ tree has an almost identical topology as the ML trees, the only major difference being
the well supported monophyly of genus Ceratosolen (85% bootstrap support). The
monophyly of Ceratosolen is highly supported by additional sequence data1 and by
morphology. The sequences of C. solmsi and C. constrictus are part of a lineage of fig
pollinators in which there is a significant increase in substitution rate in COI and COII1.
Figure B. Consensus molecular based phylogeny of the species of fig wasp for which
injury levels were scored. The species scored for male injury level that were not present
in the molecular phylogeny (Figure A) were added to the nodes leading to species of the
same genus or subfamily. The topology of this phylogeny agrees completely with other
molecular data1,4,5.
REFERENCES
1. Machado, C. A. Molecular Natural History of Fig Wasps 1-187 (University of
California, Irvine, CA, 1998).
2. Yang, Z. Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution J. Molec. Evol. 39, 105-111
(1994).
3. Tamura, K. & Nei, M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the
control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10,
512-526 (1993).
4. Machado, C. A., Herre, E. A., McCafferty, S. & Bermingham, E. Molecular
phylogenies of fig pollinating and non-pollinating wasps and the implications for the
origin and evolution of the fig-fig wasp mutualism J. Biogeogr. 23, 531-542 (1996).
5. Rasplus, J.-Y., Kerdelhue, C., Le Clainche, I. & Mondor, G. Molecular phylogeny of
fig wasps. Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences
de Paris, Sciences de la vie/Life Sciences 321, 517-527 (1998).
1
A.
Blastophaga nipponica
98
Eupristina verticillata
Ceratosolen galili
Ceratosolen solmsi
100
Ceratosolen constrictus
Eujacobsonia sp
100
Apocrypta sp
Sycoryctes sp
88
Sycoscapter sp
Philotrypesis sp
Heterandrium sp
Eukoebelea sp
97
Apocryptophagus sp
99
Idarnes sp6
99
Idarnes sp2
0.05 substitutions/site
Blastophaga nipponica
98
Eupristina verticillata
Ceratosolen galili
Ceratosolen solmsi
100
Ceratosolen constrictus
Eujacobsonia sp
Philotrypesis sp
100
Apocrypta sp
88
Sycoryctes sp
Sycoscapter sp
Heterandrium sp
97
Eukoebelea sp
Apocryptophagus sp
99
99
Idarnes sp6
Idarnes sp2
0.05 substitutions/site
2
B.
Blastophaga sp.
Subfamily
Deilagaon annulatae
Eupristina adempta
Ceratosolen sp.
Agaoninae
(pollinators)
Ceratosolen solmsi
Ceratosolen constrictus
Apocrypta bakeri
Apocrypta varicolor
Sycorictes sp1
Sycorictes sp2
Sycoscapter sp1
Sycoryctinae
Sycoscapter sp2
Sycoscapter sp3
Arachonia sp.
Eujacobsonia genalis
Otites ellinae
Philotrypesis spinipes
Philotrypesis pilosa
Philotrypesis sp1
Sycoryctinae
Philotrypesis sp2
Philotrypesis sp3
Lypothymus sundaicus
Otitesellinae sp.
Otites ellinae
Epychrisomallinae sp.
Epychrysomallinae
Eukoebelea sp1
Eukoebelea sp2
3
Sycophaginae