Slide 1
CETACEA
Slide 2.
A.
B.
“Cetartiodactyla”
Whales are artiodactyls.
Whales and hippos are sister taxa.
Slide 3.
Evolution of a Whale
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
primitive artiodactyls
Pakicetus
Ambulocetus
A primitive, fully aquatic whale
A modern whale
Slide 4.
A.
Pakicetidae
Double-pullied astragalus
Slide 5.
Cetacean Traits, 1
A.
B.
C.
Slide 6.
A.
B.
exclusively aquatic
fusiform body
horizontal flukes
Cetacean Traits, 2
pelvic girdle reduced to vestigial
paddle shaped, anterior limbs with hyperphalangy
Slide 7.
A.
Cetacean Traits, 3
highly modified, telescoped skull
Slide 8.
TELESCOPING
Slide 9.
Adaptations For Diving
Slide 10. Diving
Slide 11. Adaptations for Deep Diving
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Extra capillaries in the lungs
Twice as high a concentration of red blood cells.
2-9 times as much myoglobin
High tolerance to lactic acid.
High tolerance to carbon dioxide.
Slide 12 Respiratory and circulatory changes during deep
diving
A.
B.
C.
Bradycardia
blood is redistributed away from organs.
Lungs collapse
Slide 13. Bradcardia
Slide 14. Adaptations for Diving
Slide 15
A.
B.
Classification
Mysticetes
Odontocetes
Slide 16. MYSTICETI –
A. no teeth
B. baleen
C. Filter feeders
BALEEN WHALES
Slide 17. Baleen
Slide 18. How Baleen Whales Feed
Slide 19. Diet Of Great Whales
A. most baleen whales
B.
Humpback whales
C.
Gray whales
D.
Sperm whales
Slide 20.
A.
B.
C.
Food chain of the blue whale
Upwelling
Productivity
Short food chains
Slide 21. Mysticeti Baleen whales
A. Two external nasal openings in symmetrical skull
B. Sounds to identify sex, social status and location
Slide 22. SOFAR Channel
Slide 23. SOFAR Channel
Slide 24. Family BALAENIDAE (2, 3)
A. Bowhead and right whales
B. Skimmers that feed largely on copepods
Slide 25.
A.
B.
C.
Family Balaenidae
Skimmers
Carcasses float
Northern right whale population
Slide 26. Right whale
Slide 27. Family BALAENOPTERIDAE
A. Rorqual whales: the fin backed and humpback whales.
Slide 28. Balaenopteridae (2, 6)
A. Minke whales
a. 8-10 m, up to 9000 kg.
b. the most numerous of the baleen whales.
B. Blue whale
a. up to 30 m, 200,000 kg.
C. humpback whale
Migratory: summer at high latitudes; winter at low.
Slide 29. Migration Routes of Humpback and Gray Whales
Slide 30. Balaenopteridae
A. Gulpers
Slide 31. Gulping
Slide 32. Gulping
Slide 33. Megaptera novaeangliae
A. Humpback whale
B.
Slide 34.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Vocalizations
Feeding in Humpback Whales
Lunge feed
Side feed
Bubble-net
Fluke feed
Slide 35. Family ESCHRICHTIIDAE - Gray whale (1, 1)
A. Gulping:
a. bottom feeder.
Slide 36. Gray whale
A. bottom feeding
Slide 37. Grey whale countercurrent in tongue
A. Thermoregulation
Slide 38. Gray whales
A. Migratory:
B.
Numbers have increased greatly in recent years.
Slide 39. identifying a wintering gray whale
Slide 40. An example of migration: Gray whales
SLIDE 41.
A.
B.
ODONTOCETI
Teeth present, simple, homodont,
Monophyodont
Slide 42. Odontocetes
A. skull asymmetrical around the single external nare
Slide 43. Odontocete Sounds
A. Intraspecific communication.
B.
Slide 44.
A.
B.
C.
ECHOLOCATION
Generation of Odontoceti echolocation clicks
Blowhole
Skull
"melon"
Slide 45. Odontoceti echolocation
Slide 46. Family DELPHINIDAE--dolphins
A. Largest family [17 genera, 34 spp.]
B. Typically highly gregarious
Slide 47. Tursiops truncatus
Slide 48. Differences between dolphins and porpoises
Slide 49.
A.
B.
C.
Family PHYSETERIDAE--sperm whales [2,3]
Squid predators
Teeth present in lower jaw only.
Dive to depths of > 3200 m
Slide 50
Spermaceti
Slide 51. Family MONODONTIDAE
Narwhal and beluga [2,2]
Slide 52. Monodontidae
A. Beluga
B.
Narwhal
Slide 53. Family Platinistidae
A Long snouted river dolphins [4,5]
Slide 54. Family Ziphiidae
A. beaked whales (18 spp.)
Slide 55. Ziphidae
A. dentition is usually 1-2 teeth/lower jaw
Slide 56. Table from Carwardine, 1999
Species
Original
Population
Sperm whale
2,500,000
Blue whale
350,000
Fin whale
600,000
Sei whale
250,000
Bryde's whale
90,000
Minke whale
850,000
Humpback whale
250,000
Gray whale
20,000
Northern right whale 200,000
Southern right whale
55,000
Bowhead whale
30,000
Present
population
1,500,000
6,000
120,000
40,000
90,000
750,000
18,000
20,000
300
6,000
6,000
Slide 57. Whale Populations – “Then” and Now
Slide 58. Conservation Genetics: Frankham et al. 2002.
Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge
Univ. Press
A.
Conservation genetics
a. Wildlife forensics
b. Genetic management of small populations
c. Units of conservation within and between
species
Slide 59. Wildlife Forensics
A.
Molecular genetic techniques to identify
products of illegal harvest of protected species
Slide 60. Genetic Analysis of Whale Meat
Slide 61. Analysis of 16 Whale Meat Samples
Slide 63. Conclusions