BIOL 1114
EXAM 3 (Hard Form)
April 15, 2002
Use a # 2 pencil to fill in the information portion of your NCS answer sheet including the appropriate circles
(bubbles). Write “Hard Form” – above your name in the margin of your NCS answer sheet. Read all questions
and answers carefully before choosing the single BEST response for each question. Feel free to ask the
instructor for clarification. Don’t be shy.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Use the following information to answer the next 14 questions:
An OSU graduate student (Stella Luna) is studying the genetic relatedness of the members of a population of
Ozark Big-eared bats in a cave in eastern Oklahoma. These bats spend the day inside the cave and leave at dusk
to forage for insects and drink water from a nearby stream. During the winter months, both sexes can be found in
the same cave (hibernaculum), however, in June, the females group together in maternity caves where they give
birth to their young and stay with them until they are weaned. By the end of November, they rejoin the males in the
hibernaculum. Over a period of 3 years, Stella has netted all the bats in a particular hibernaculum and taken small
pieces of skin from the wing membranes using a device similar to a hole punch for paper. She will be able to obtain
DNA from the wing samples and a comparison of certain regions of the DNA will be used in her genetic analyses.
At the end of the first year of her study Stella found a total of 60 bats in the hibernaculum. During the second year
of her study she recorded 26 births and 20 deaths. Stella also calculated the area of the hibernaculum as 100
cubic meters.
G=rN
G=rN((k-N)/k)
r=b-d
1. The population growth rate (r) for the bat population during the second year was ______.
a.
6 bats/bat/year
b.
1 bat/year
c.
0.1 bat/bat/year
d.
66 bats/bat/year
e.
6 bats
2. The bat density in the hibernaculum at the end of the second year was ________.
a.
6 bats
b.
60 bats/cubic meter
c.
60 bats
d.
0.66 bats/cubic meter
e.
6 bats/cubic meter
3. The expected population growth increment (G) for the bat population during the third year would be _____.
a.
6 bats/bat/year
b.
0.1 bat/bat/year
c.
66 bats
d.
6 bats
e.
6.6 bats
4. If within any particular year the number of deaths is greater than the number of births for the bat population,
population growth rate (r) will be _________, the population growth increment (G) will be _______, and
population size (N) will _______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
(r)
positive
positive
negative
negative
negative
(G)
negative
positive
negative
negative
positive
(N)
increase
decrease
increase
decrease
decrease
5. The holes in the wing membranes of the bats will heal (fill in) by a type of cell division called ________.
a.
exocytosis
b.
meiosis
c.
mitosis
d.
translation
e.
transcription
6. The cells that fill in the hole in the wing membrane will contain _______ chromosomes than (as) the cells
surrounding the wound.
a.
more
b.
less
c.
the same number of
7. The baby bats that are born in June were formed from the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm cells). These
gametes are formed by a type of cell division known as ________.
a.
exocytosis
b.
meiosis
c.
mitosis
d.
translation
e.
transcription
8. Each gamete from an adult bat contains _______ chromosomes than (as) their own wing membrane cells.
a.
more
b.
half the number of
c.
the same number of
d.
Can't determine it varies from year to year.
9. Small moths are one of the favorite foods of the Ozark Big-eared bat. Each adult bat can consume up to 40-50
moths per night and bats are considered a contributing factor in stabilizing moth population growth. You would
correctly describe this type of population control on the moths as
a.
logical
b.
autotrophic
c.
density-independent
d.
density-dependent
e.
exponential
10. One of the sections of DNA that Stella is studying contains 600 base pairs. How would you determine the
number of codons contained in the mRNA for this piece of DNA.
a.
divide by 3
b.
multiply by 3
c.
add 3
d.
Nothing - the number of codons equals the number of bases.
11. If you were told that the above section of DNA contained 40% cytosine (C), which one or more of the following
proportions would you correctly predict for the other nitrogen containing bases in the DNA?
a.
40% guanine (G)
b.
60% adenine (A)
c.
10% thymine (T)
d.
All of the above would be correct predictions.
e.
Only (a) and (c) are correct predictions.
12. How many amino acids would be coded for by an mRNA containing 600 bases?
a.
1800
b.
600
c.
300
d.
200
e.
100
13. Which one or more of the following would you correctly predict as possible results of a change (mutation) in a
DNA sequence of a bat?
a.
Longer ears
b.
A change in an enzyme's structure/function.
c.
A change in an mRNA sequence.
d.
A change in phenotype.
e.
All of the above are possible results of a mutation.
14. Stella continues to monitor the bat population for an additional 5 years. She finds that the size of the bat
population has stabilized at 150 bats. Which one or more of the following is (are) the best hypothesis(es)
concerning the bat population.
a.
The bats have reached the carrying capacity of the cave.
b.
The bat population is primarily affected by density-independent control factors.
c.
The bat population is primarily affected by density-dependent control factors.
d.
The bats decided not to have any more babies.
e.
Both (a) and (c) are correct hypotheses.
Use the following information to answer the next 3 questions:
Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis (CGH) is an X-linked dominant trait that results in excess facial and upper
body hair that covers extensive areas of skin.
15. Which one of the following would you correctly predict concerning the offspring of a man with CGH and a
homozygous unaffected woman.
a.
All sons will have CGH.
b.
All daughters will have CGH.
c.
Both sons and daughters will have CGH.
d.
All offspring will be unaffected because the mother is unaffected.
16. Which one or more of the following would you correctly predict concerning a woman who is heterozygous for
the CGH allele?
a.
She could have inherited the dominant CGH allele from either her mother or her father.
b.
She could have only inherited the dominant CGH allele from her mother.
c.
She could only inherit the dominant CGH allele from her father.
d.
She will pass the dominant allele with equal frequency to her sons and daughters.
e.
Both (a) and (d) are correct.
17. Which one or more of the following would you correctly predict concerning a man who expresses CGH?
a.
He inherited the CGH allele from his mother.
b.
He inherited the CGH allele from either his mother or her father.
c.
He inherited the CGH allele from his father.
d.
He will pass the allele equally to his sons and daughters.
e.
Both (a) and (d) are correct.
18. Which one or more of the following are possible parent child combinations?
Combination
1
2
3
4
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Mother's blood type
A
A
A
O
Baby's blood type
O
O
A
A
Father's blood type
B
AB
AB
O
possible?
Only combination 1 is possible.
Only combination 3 is possible.
Both 1 and 2 are possible.
Both 1 and 3 are possible
1, 2 and 4 are possible.
19. If some of the human blood cells used in the blood typing test above were accidentally dropped into a solution
containing less salt than what is found inside blood cells, what would you correctly predict would happen to the
cells?
a.
Cells would shrink because water would move into the cell.
b.
Cells would shrink because water would move out of the cell.
c.
Cells would swell because water would move into the cell.
d.
Cells would swell because water would move out of the cell.
e.
Cells would shrink because salt moved into the cells.
Use the following information to answer the next 6 questions:
Dr. Marley, an instructor of Biology 1114, has been reading about various diseases that affect equines (horses,
zebras, etc.) because he recently acquired a horse named Sassie. There are three types of Equine
Encephalomyelitis - Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan. The virus that results in Eastern Equine
Encephalomyelitis (EEE) is carried by small birds (primarily house sparrows and house finches) in North America.
The virus apparently does not harm the birds. The EEE virus can be transmitted to humans or horses by
mosquitoes that feed on birds and then horses and humans. This infection results in an inflammation of the brain
and the spinal cord. The virus has been isolated and a vaccine for prevention of the disease has been produced.
Veterinarians highly recommend that you vaccinate horses against this potentially lethal disease.
In a recent article published in the Journal of Medical Entomology, a group of scientists in Massachusetts were
interested in determining the effect of the EEE virus on the survivorship of three different species of mosquitoes.
Female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on anesthetized chicks that were infected with EEE. Mosquitoes were
then placed in cardboard containers covered with netting, provided corn syrup as a food source, and monitored
twice a day for a period of 2 weeks. Infection with EEE significantly reduced survival in one species of mosquito.
The Eastern and Western forms of encephalomyelitis are not transmitted directly from horse to horse. However,
the Venezuelan virus is contagious. Not only is it spread by mosquitoes from birds to other horses, but also it
spreads from horse to horse when they rub noses, or share water and feed containers.
20. When Dr. Marley vaccinates his horse against EEE he will inject the horse with a solution that contains
numerous copies of the killed virus so that the virus will not multiply in the horse's body. However, the horse's
immune system will respond by producing which one or more of the following?
a.
antibiotics
b.
specific antibodies against the virus
c.
antigens
d.
specific memory cells against the virus
e.
Both (b) and (d).
21. The horse's immune system is stimulated by the presence of which one of the following in the vaccine?
a.
antibiotics produced by the virus
b.
antibodies on the virus
c.
antigens on the virus
d.
Both (a) and (b).
22. Which one or more of the following would play a role in how fast Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
spread through an area?
a.
density of the horse population
b.
density of the mosquito population
c.
density of the infected bird population
d.
Only (a) and (b).
e.
(a), (b), and (c) would all contribute to the spread
23. In the article published in the Journal of Medical Entomology the scientists presented some of their data in the
form of a graph. They correctly presented Days post-infection as the ___________ variable on the _______
axis of their graph.
a.
independent(manipulated/predictor) Y
b.
independent(manipulated/predictor) X
c.
dependent (response)
Y
d.
dependent (response)
X
24. They correctly presented Proportion surviving as the _________ variable on the _______ axis of their graph.
a.
independent (manipulated/predictor) Y
b.
independent (manipulated/predictor) X
c.
dependent (response)
Y
d.
dependent (response)
X
25. A suitable control for the above experiment would be which one of the following?
a.
Allowing all members of one of the three species to feed only on uninfected chicks.
b.
Allowing some members of each species to feed on uninfected chicks.
c.
Allowing some members of each species to feed only on corn syrup.
d.
Allowing all members of one of the three species to feed only on corn syrup.
e.
How silly - what a waste of time - we don't need no controls in experiments.
Use the following information to answer the next 2 questions:
Another concern of horse owners is botulism. It is caused by toxins produced by the bacteria known as Clostridium
botulinum. C. botulinum is an anaerobic prokaryote that lives in oxygen-free pockets of soil. The bacteria are
also capable of becoming inactive and forming spores that can survive in the presence of oxygen. Spores are
sometimes found in the soil and on decaying plant or animal matter and can be ingested when horses feed on dirty
hay or eat in dirty feeding locations. Once ingested the C. botulinum becomes active and produces a powerful
toxin that enters the blood stream and eventually moves into the presynaptic axon terminals that synapse with
muscles. The major feature of botulism is muscle weakness or paralysis. Botulism can also occur when deep
puncture wounds are contaminated with Clostridium botulinum.
26. Which one or more of the following hypothesesis (are) consistent with the effect of the toxin?
a.
It removes of acetylcholinesterase from the synapse.
b.
It stimulates release of more acetylcholine.
c.
It prevents formation of vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.
d.
It increases cellular secretion.
27. The fact that the EEE virus does not kill the birds that it parasitizes indicates ________.
a.
that natural selection favors parasite host adaptations that promote some level of mutual tolerance
between in the species involved
b.
adaptive radiation
c.
that the bird and virus have coevolved certain defenses against each other that prevents harm to
one another
d.
that the bird decided to allow the virus to live in its body unharmed
e.
Both (a) and (c) are correct.
28. During the 17th Century, the great brown rat was first reported in New England, an apparent result of a few
stowaways on the great sailing ships that brought colonists from England to the New world. A century later, the
great brown rat was the predominant rodent species in New England even though its brown rat “cousins” in
England were, on average, 40% smaller in size. Compared to the rats in New England, the English rats would
have _____________ surface to volume ratio.
a.
a greater
b.
a smaller
c.
the same
Use the following information to answer the next 9 questions
While the research on the biological basis of human behavior still has most of the story to unravel, interesting
progress has been made in understanding the genes that affect behavior through effects on reception of
neurotransmitters. One line of research is on the D4DR gene which appears to affect the probability that a person
will be a high novelty seeker or a low novelty seeker (Note there are many other genes involved and the overall
effect is highly affected by environment and experience). When sequenced, the gene appears in two forms - one
much longer than the other. The gene codes for the receptor for the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is released
from axon bulbs in the nucleus accumbens, the “pleasure center” of the brain. The longer form of the gene results
in a receptor on the dendrite that is less able to bind with the dopamine. People with one or two long-forms of the
gene are more likely to seek stimuli that stimulate dopamine release because they are less stimulated by dopamine
than those with two short-forms of the gene.
D4DR gene
Binds
Dopamine
Novelty Seeking
Number of alleles needed
dopamine
effectiveness
behavior
to show effect
Long form
Less well
lower
Higher
1 or 2
Short form
better
higher
lower
2
29. Based on the information provided, you would correctly classify the long-form of the gene as
a.
dominant
b.
recessive
c.
could be either (a or b)
30. A high novelty-seeking female whose mother, father, grandparents, and all 15 of her siblings were high
novelty-seekers marries a man who is a low-novelty seeker. You would correctly predict that their children
would be ____ high-novelty seekers
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%
31. Which of the following hypotheses is most consistent with the data provided and explains why those who are
heterozygous for this trait are high-novelty seekers?
a.
They lack dopamine receptors
b.
They have a higher than average number of dopamine receptors
c.
The have a higher proportion of dopamine receptors that are hard to stimulate than those with twoshort forms of the gene and therefore seek new stimuli that result in high dopamine release.
d.
The have a lower proportion of dopamine receptors that are hard to stimulate than those with twoshort forms of the gene and therefore are easily stimulated by less novel situations.
e.
The have a lower proportion of dopamine receptors that are hard to stimulate than those with twoshort forms of the gene and therefore seek stimuli that result in high dopamine release.
32. The following are hypothetical segments in the middle of the template DNA that codes for the dopamine
receptor in question. Which of the following would result in a SHORT form of the gene (decode from left to right
- there are more codons both before and after this segment).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
...TAT CTT TAC CGC CCA ...
...TAT CCA AAC TCC GAG ...
...TAT CCC GCA ATT CGA ...
...GCA GCA CGG ACC GCA ...
...GCG GCT TCT TCC GCC ...
33. Which of the sequences in the previous question would produce a polypeptide (or protein) with the most
arginine?
a. b. c. d. e.
34. You would correctly predict that when dopamine triggers one of the receptors it
a.
Opens a sodium gate and the influx of sodium triggers an action potential.
b.
Permanently closes potassium gates.
c.
Stops the NA+-K+ pump from running.
d.
Destroys acetylcholine.
e.
Releases ATP.
35. One of the ways of detecting the presence of dopamine receptors is by producing a protein that binds with
them. If the proteins that would bind to the dopamine receptors were produced and released by cells, you
would correctly predict that their production would involve
a.
translation
b.
cellular secretion
c.
exocytosis
d.
endoplasmic reticulum
e.
all of the above.
36. If the proteins that would bind to the dopamine receptors were produced and released by cells, you would
correctly predict that you could speed up the total production of the protein by
a.
adding chemicals that stimulated mitotic division of these cells.
b.
adding chemicals that decreased the number of ribosomes in these cells.
c.
adding chemicals that inhibited exocytosis.
d.
removing any chemicals that stimulated mitotic division.
e.
adding chemicals that inhibited production of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
37. A brain tumor in the nucleus accubens might result in an increase in dopamine production. If so, you would
correctly hypothesize that this might be caused by
a.
the rapid destruction of neurons.
b.
the rapid production of dopamine-producing cancer cells by mitosis
c.
the rapid production of dopamine-producing cancer cells by meiosis
d.
the rapid production of dopamine-producing cancer cells by cellular secretion
e.
the rapid destruction of dopamine-producing cells by mitosis
38. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if it had been found, would have refuted the Theory of
Endosymbiosis?
a.
Ribosomes had membranes
b.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum had ribosomes
c.
Animal cells had a central vacuole
d.
Neither mitochondria nor choroplasts had DNA
e.
All DNA were circular
39. Translation occurs _______________.
a.
only during mitosis.
b.
only when cells are preparing to divide.
c.
whenever a protein is needed.
d.
only in sunlight.
e.
only when an organism is growing.
40. How many codons code for histidine?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
depends on the species