Tool: Understanding CBNRM, CBT and the principles of CBNRM
Objectives


To clarify the meaning of CBNRM and CBT.
To explore underlying principles of CBNRM, and identify examples of CBNRM and CBT that
illustrate these principles.
Materials and Preparation
Flipcharts, Markers, Coloured cards (two different colours), 17 Principles with explanations, printed in
size 20 font (for principles) and size 16 font (for explanations) on A3 size paper.
Time
About one and a half hours.
Procedure
Step 1:
Cut up the principles and explanations in individual pieces, beforehand. Put 3-4 principles, together with
their explanations in envelopes (thus, about 5 envelopes for 5 groups; or else fewer groups but more
principles per envelope).
Step 2:
 Break the participants into random groups and give each group an envelope with the principles and
explanations of each principle on separate slips.
Step 3:
Ask participants to define the abbreviations CBNRM and CBT (Community Based Natural Resources
Management and Community Based Tourism) on cards as follows:
Colour 1 Meaning of CBNRM
Colour 2 Meaning of CBT
Step 4:
Ask groups to match each principle with an explanation, through discussion and clarification.
Step 5:
Then ask them to give an example of a CBNRM or CBT activity in their area, where the specific principle
is applicable.
Step 6:
Let the groups then present each principle with an explanation and an example where it is applicable,
together with definitions of CBNRM and CBT, in plenary after 30 minutes, for discussion and clarification.
Step 7:
Highlight common descriptions of CBNRM and CBT.
Examples of Outcomes from MET Training
South
Principle
1. Clearly defined boundaries
2. Communities hold
responsibility authority over
resources through legallyrecognized rights
3. Clearly defined community
4. Community must be
appropriate size
Namib
Principle
5. Stakeholders are identified
and included in planning,
implementation and
monitoring
6. Community need to be
united
7. Conflict resolution
mechanisms
8. Recognition the legitimacy
of the local institution and
community
North central
Principle
Explanation
The boundaries of the area managed must be clearly
defined and agreed upon by both members of the
community and outsiders/neighbours
These rights must include the right to determine how,
when, who and where resources are used, and the
right to benefit fully from management. Rights need
to provide the long term security to make future
investments worthwhile
Individuals or households who have rights to exploit
resources must be clearly identified
Community must be small enough, within ecological
and social limits, to rely on face-to-face interactions
and be able to make decisions together. A community
must be small enough to share a collective interest,
exert control on each other, and reside in close
proximity to the resources
Example in the region
1. Kalkplateau
2.Ai-Ais hotspring
Ganibobes hot spring
Brukaros mountain
3. CBNRM
Kalkplateau game viewing
Ganigobes hot spring and game
viewing
3. CBT
Tourist attraction landscape
Hot spring
Hardap game park
Explanation
Members of a community are not at all the same and
the different interests must be identified and
considered. Institutions must be representative of this
diversity of stakeholders, so that most needs and
motivations are addressed.
Local institutions should be able to overcome
community differences so that collective interest is
stronger than individual ones
Resources users need to be able to use quick, low-cost
mechanism to solve conflicts among users.
The rights of the users to make rules are not
challenged by outside authorities. Community must be
able to call upon a higher authority to enforce their
rights. Community institutions must be able to state
their views to outsiders.
Example in the region
CBNRM
Brandberg- managed by the
community
Explanation
Example in the region
Constitution, nature
conservation, conservancy
committee, NGO
9. Appropriate rules for using
and maintaining the resource
Rules need to limit when, how, who and where
resources can be used. Rules are appropriate to the
resource and easily understood
10. Agreement to rules by all
involved
The people affected by the rules must be able to
participate in changing them.
CBT
Sptizkoppe community rest
camp
CBT
NACOBTA is waiting for the
to start with tourism activities
e.g. opening of Andoni gate,
11. Effective monitoring
procedures
North East
Principle
12. Graduated punishment
Monitors of the rules are either users of the resources,
or people accountable to them. Monitoring must be
easy to carry out
Explanation
Users of the resource who break rules are likely to
face punishments which become tougher depending
on seriousness of the offense. Sanctions are assessed
and imposed by fellow users, or official accountable
to them
13. The resources must be
worth something
To be able to determine whether the benefit of taking
care resources is worth the effort and costs, the
resource must have measurable value to the
community
14. People who have the most
costs from wildlife get the
most benefits
Those communities living with the resources and thus
bearing a higher cost should receive higher benefits
than those who do not.
Central/Opuwo
Principle
Explanation
15. Capacity of community
and institutional actors
Capacity, skills and knowledge, must be increased so
that communities can implement activities well.
16. Development objectives
are critical
Conservation for rural farmers is an investment in the
sustainable use of their resources. Their objective to
maintain or improve their lives is most important. The
conservation objective, under the right conditions,
may also be achieved.
This will facilitate links between cost and benefit,
authority and responsibility.
17.The same institution should
manage the resources and
their benefits.
construction of lodges and rest
camp
CBNRM
There is CBNRM committees
for Omuthiya constituency and
others
Example in the region
Salambala
Salambala/ CBT Lizauli
traditional village
Example in the region
Driehoek, Ehirovipuka and
Omatendeka triangle
Hoanib – dorsland trekkers
monument.
Devil’s claw - Gobabis,
Okakarara, Opuwo
Purros Conservancy – Purros
campsite, unfair distribution of
benefits
CBNRM – nursery and cultural
centre in Okakarara, Ovahimba
traditional village at Okatjetjete
CBT – U-penduka, Marienfluss