Test Wednesday, April 2, 2014, Chapters 2 and 4 Chapter 2 Section 1 The Rock Cycle rock cycle – the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes rock – a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter erosion – the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another deposition – the process in which material is laid down composition – the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock texture – the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains Section 2 Igneous Rock intrusive igneous rock – rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface extrusive igneous rock – rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth’s surface Section 3 Sedimentary Rock strata – layer of rock (singular, stratum) stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers Section 4 Metamorphic Rock foliated – the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands nonfoliated – the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands CHAPTER 4 – PLATE TECTONICS Section 1 – Inside the Earth crust – the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle mantle – the layer of rock between the Earth’s crust and core core – the central part of the Earth below the mantle lithosphere – the solid, outer layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle asthenoshpere – the soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move mesosphere – the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core tectonic plate – block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle Section 2 – Restless Continents continental drift – the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations sea-floor spreading – the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies Section 3 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics plate tectonics – the theory that explains how large pieces of the Earth’s outermost layer, called tectonic plates, move and change shape convergent boundary – the boundary formed by the collision of two lithospheric plates divergent boundary – the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other transform boundary – the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally Section 4 – Deforming the Earth’s Crust compression – stress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object tension – stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object folding – the bending of rock layers due to stress fault – a break in a body of rock along which one block slides relative to another uplift – the rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to higher elevations subsidence – the sinking of regions of the Earth’s crust to lower elevations