Appendix 1
Definition of comorbidities and exposures that were related in the
present study
Definition
Comorbidity
Hypertension
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg according to
JNC71.
Diabetes mellitus
Fasting blood glucose ≥ 7mmol/L or 2-h postprandial blood
(DM)
glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L2.
Chronic kidney
Kidney damage (proteinuria) or glomerular filtration rate
disease(CKD)
(GFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 lasting for 3 months3, 4.
Anemia
Hemoglobin < 120 g/L in males and postmenopausal females,
and hemoglobin < 110 g/L in nonmenopausal females.
Coronary
Clear history of coronary artery disease, for example, a
atherosclerotic
coronary bypass operation had been performed or coronary
heart disease
angiography showed a lesion of one or more coronary arteries
(CAD)
on admission.
Stroke history
Patients had a clear history of a cerebrovascular event, or
related-imaging examination showed a cerebrovascular event
on admission5, 6.
Chronic
Diagnosis was confirmed by spirometry. The presence of a post
obstructive
bronchodilator FEV1 < 80% of the predicted value in
pulmonary
combination with an FEV1/FVC < 70% confirmed the presence
disease(COPD)
of airflow limitation that was not fully reversible7.
Malignant
Discovered within one year, active treatment had been carried
neoplasm
out in the last year.
Exposures
Infection
Clear focus of infection could be found and/or bacteria culture
was positive. No toxemia was found, with or without fever.
Sepsis
Sepsis was diagnosed according to the criteria of the American
College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care
Medicine8.
Acute Heart
Rapid onset of symptoms and signs secondary to abnormal
Failure(AHF)
cardiac function was defined as AHF9.
Surgery
Patients underwent surgery with renal function declining in
72h, who then transferred to the department of nephrology.
Shock
A low-perfusion state could be confirmed by clinical
manifestation and/or laboratory detection.
Arrhythmia
Any disturbances of normal rhythmic beating of the heart or
myocardial contraction, diagnosed by electrocardiography.
Acute myocardial
Patients with typical clinical manifestation such as durable
infarction(AMI)
severe chest pain, supported by increase of myocardial necrosis
markers and progressive change of ECG10.
Rhabdomyolysis
Identified by symptoms of muscle pain or tenderness and
(RM)
weakness with an increase of serum creatinine kinase(CK) MM
subtype11.
Cerebral
Stroke performance and diagnosed by imaging tests.
infarction
Upper
Haematemesis, melena and peripheral circulatory failure signs
gastrointestinal
with further etiological diagnosis by endoscopy, etc.
bleeding(UGB)
Multiple organ
The development of progressive physiologic dysfunction in two
dysfunction
or more organ systems after an acute threat to systemic
syndrome(MODS) homeostasis12.
Mechanical
Mechanical ventilatory support was required when patients’
ventilation
ventilatory and/or gas exchange capabilities of respiratory
system failed.
Electrolyte
Pathological disorders of body’s water-electrolyte.
imbalance
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