1
The Volgograd State Medical University. Department of Medical
biology.
QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN BIOLOGY.
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF LIFE.
1. Define the concept “LIFE”. Fundamental characteristics of life(
1-6). Levels organization of living things ( Molecules. Cell.
Tissue…).
2. Viruses. Structure. Medical value.
3. Cell. Compare features prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ( 89-99).
Origin of mitochondria and plastids ( 511 ).
4. Cell Theory: stages of development, main issues.
5. Evolution of eukaryotic Cells (116-117). Eeukaryotic
chromosomes.
6. Plasma membrane structure and roles ( 68-72). RNA structure and
functions( 207).
7. Structure and functions of organelles ( 99-113).
8. Structural components of a nucleus.Chromosomes.Chromatin.
The Quantity of DNA in cell. The structure of DNA( 187 -190).
9. Information in the cell. Structure and functions of nucleic acids
(187-210).
Origin of genetic information ( 447).
10. Genetic code. Transcription and translation ( 210-221). Protein
synthesis.
11. Kariotype. Characteristics of the standard kariotype of a person.
12. Mitosis. Life cycle of the cell.
REPRODUCTION
13. Reproduction as an universal characteristic of living organism.
Evolution of gametes (423).
Biological aspect of human reproductions .
14. The forms reproduction of the organisms: asexual and sexual
Origin of sexual reproduction(422).Hermaphrodism(425).
15. Gametogenesis. Characteristics of main periods.
Structure of sperm and ovum .
16.Oogenesis. Structure of main periods. Construction of ovum.
17.Spermatogenesis. Structure of main periods. Construction of
sperm.
18.Meiosis. Genetic reassortment. Nondisjunction and Translocation.
19. Fertilization. Parthenogenesis (419). Sexual dimorphism (426).
2
HEREDITY and VARIABILITY
20. The Main stages of the development of genetics. Scientific
contribution in to the development of genetics.
21. Heredity and variability as fundamental characteristics of life.
Genetic material and its characteristics: preservation and
expression of the genetic information.( chapter 9 ,10 )
22. Mendelian Genetics. Regularities of inheritance and their
cytological base. Test cross.
23. Multiple alleles and polygene inheritance . Human АВО Blood
Groups. Polygenic
characters( 332- 334).
24. Interaction of nonallele genes: epistasis, polymeria
complementation.
25. Interaction of allele genes: dominance, incomplete dominance,
codominance.
26. Linkage groups .Chromosom theory of heredity.
27. Sex determination. Sex chromosomes . Sex linkage
28. Genotype.Phenotype.Phenotype as a result of expression of
hereditary information in particular conditions of ambience.
29. Gene control in eukaryotes. Regulatory Sites ( 228-233).
30. Chromosomal proteins (233-235 ).
31. Control of transcrition in prokariotes. The lak Operon.
32. Human as specific object genetic analysis. Studying heredity of
person: genealogical, twins-analysis, dermatoglific-analysis.
33. Value geneticists for medicine. Cytological and biochemical
methods of studying heredity of human.
34. Population method. The Hardy-Weinberg law.
35. Genetic Basis of Cancer ( 238-239) .
36.Adaptive nature of modifications. Interaction of environment and
genotype . Phenotype.
37. Genetic recombination. New assortments of Chromosomes.
38. Mutations. Mutations in sexuals and somatic cells. Phenotypic
expression of
mutations(327-332). Gene and chromosome disease.
39. Immune system. Cellular and humoral responses.AIDS (738-750).
Antibody classes.
40. Mutation. Classification of mutation. Mutagens.
41. Reparations of genetic material. DNA repair.
BIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
42. Life cycles of organisms as a reflection to their evolutions.
Ontogenesis . Direct
and indirect development. Animal structure ( 594 – 596 ).
43. The Stages of animal development: fertization, zygote,
3
cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis (242-250, 592 -596).
44. Differentiation and determination. Embrionic Induction (250257).
45. Ontogenesis . Role of heredity and environment .
46. Ontogenesis and its periods. Role of endocrine system (250).
47. Biological and social aspects of ageing and deaths (259).
48. Regeneration (258).
49. Biological rhythms. Biological clocks ( 876-881).
50.Embrionic genes. Homeotic mutation in Drosophila. Gap genes.
(252).
51.Homeostasis. Principles of homeostasis. Control mechanisms and
feedback.
52.Genetic Engineering.
54. Clinical and biological death. Reanimation.
Evolution and Natural Selection.
55. History of the Theory of evolution. Lamarckism. Darwin and
Wallace..
56. The evidence for Evolution by natural Selection.
57. Evolution by means of Natural selection. (366)
58. Notion on the biological spesies. Spesiation ( 405-408,461).
59. Population Genetics and Speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg law.
60. Human population. Specifics of natural selection in the human
populations.
61. Genetic load and its biological essence. Specifics of natural
selection in the human populations.
62. Micro- and macroevolution (414).
63. Phylogenesis of Nervous system .
64. Phylogenesis of Circulatory system.
65. Chordata. Classification. Cephalochordata. Amphioxus. 639-642.
66. Determination. (253)Cell division and cell death (256) .
67. Origin of life. Prebiotic Earth ( 443).
68. History of life on Earth. Origin of Eukaryotes. Move to land.
69. Human evolution. The first Hominids ( 667- 671).
70. The First settlings of people. Classification of the Primates.
BIOSPHERE
71. The Biosphere. Biomes. Aquatic communities.
72. The Biosphere. Biogeochemical cycles( 1043-1047).
73. The Biosphere. The water cycle. Pollution(1095-1106).
74. The Components of ecosystems. Heterotrophs and
autotrophs(449).
Food webs. Producers, consumers, decomposers.
4
75 .Productivity. Pyramids of Energy and Biomass.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY OF HUMAN
76. Human Ecology and Natural resourcers. Human population
growth.
Human Evolution ( 667 ).
77. Biological variability of people. Ecological types of the people.
78. Agriculture and indastry.
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PARASITISM
79. Parasites, Parasitism, and Host relations.
80. Adaption to Parasitism.
81. Effects of the Parasite on the Host and Host on the Parasite.
82. Life cycles of parasites. Interleaving of generations and
phenomenon of the
change of the host. Intermediate and
definitive host.
83.Prevalence of Parasitic Infection. Life Cycles of Protozoa and
Helminths. Bio- and Geo-helminths.
PARASITOLOGY
84. Protozoa. Classification. Medical value. ( add 518 – Biology )
85. Entamoeba hystolytica. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development,
control.
86. Trichomonas and Lamblia. Morphology, life cycle , methods an
diagnostics ,
prevention.
87. Leishmania, Morphology and methods of laboratory diagnostics
and prevention.
Epidemiology.
88. Trypanosoma. Morphology, cycles of development, methods of
laboratory diagnostics and preventive maintenance.
89.Malaria. The Life cycle of Plasmodium. Systematic position,
morphology. Control. Symptoms. Diagnosis.
90. Toxoplasma. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle
,preventive maintenances.
91. Important Groups of Animal Parasites ( 13-16).
92. Platyhelmintes ( 601 – Biology ).General feature of class
Trematoda.
93. The sheep liver fluke. Systematic position, life cycle and
preventive .
94. The Opistorchis . Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development, diagnostics and preventive .
95. The Blood flukes.Morphology, life cycle , preventive.
96. Platyhelmintes ( 601 – Biology ). General feature of class
Cestoda. Types of larva of tapeworm.
5
97. The Beef tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development,
control.
98.The Pork tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development,
Cycticercosis.
99. The Dwarf tapeworm Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development, preventive maintenance.
100. The Fish tapeworm. Systematic position, cycle of development,
prophylaxis.
101. Echinococcus. Systematic position, life cycle, diagnostics,
prophylaxis
102. The Nematodes. ( add Biology 606 ) Classification. Medical
value.
103. Ascaris. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle , diagnostics,
prophylaxis.
104. The Whipworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle ,
methods of diagnostics, prophylaxis.
105. The Pinworm. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development, methods of laboratory diagnostics, control.
106. Ancylostoma. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development, methods of laboratory diagnostics, control.
107. Trichinella. Systematic position, morphology, cycle of
development, methods of laboratory diagnostics,control.
108. Guinea Worm. Systematic position, morphology, control.
109. The Blood- and Tissue – Dwelling Nematodes , cycle of
development, control.
110. Examination of Stool spesimens, Blood , other body fluids and
tissues, stupum
and urine.
111. Arthropod Group . Classification. ( add Biology 614). General
feature. Medical value.
112. Class an Arachnida. General feature.Classification. Medical
value. Poisonous arachnida.
113.The Ticks and Mites. Systematic position , morphology,
development, Medical value.
114. Class an Insecta. General caracteristic.Classification. Medical
value.
115. Lice And fleas. Classification , Morphology, preventive
maintenance. Medical value.
116. Mosquito. Classification. Morphology, preventive maintenance.
Medical value.
117. Diptera, Morphology, preventive maintenance. Medical value.
Myasis . (631-634)
( In brackets pages from the
textbook are written)