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Mechanical or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks without changing the chemical make up of the rock
Original remains are remains where all or most of the organisms has been preserved in
Ice, Amber or Tar pits. Fossils are preserved remains.
Metamorphic rocks that have banded layers of light and dark minerals are considered foliated
Absolute magnitude is a stars actual brightness apparent magnitude is how bright a star appears from Earth A star that is far away may appear dim even though it is brighter then a closer dim star
At divergent boundaries where two plates are moving apart ridges and volcanoes form from magma rising up to the surface at the boundary
Igneous rocks that are coarse grained and have dark grains contain the mineral magnetite
Limestone bedrock are associated with sinkholes and cave formations
In chemical weathering Carbon Dioxide and water form a weak acid known as carbonic acid. This acid will over many years dissolve limestone and create caves & sinkholes
In deposition in calm water particles settle on the bottom according to size Gravel, Sand,
Silt, Clay and organic matter on top
Stars are distributed throughout the universe in galaxies that are unevenly distributed throughout space
The coastal plain of Virginia is subjected to the geologic process of Erosion and deposition from the Appalachian mountains.
The characteristics of metamorphic rocks are: Flattened crystals, bent or wavy patterns and colored parallel layers.
Forest soils contain more humus in the topsoil then in the deeper layers.
Fossils usually form from the hard parts of organisms like teeth, bones and shells
Drought cause a decrease in the water table which can cause wells to dry up
The size of particles deposited on riverbanks is related to the speed of the water that is flowing in the river
Photosynthetic organisms would not be found in caves due to lack of sunlight
If fossils, rock types and mountains are found on different continents this can be explained by the continents being joined at one time.
The most productive wells drill to the zone of saturation.
Some soils have large pore space but the individual pores are too small (clay soils)
Index fossils can show how long it takes to create a sedimentary rock layer
The folding and faulting of the Blue ridge province in Virginia occurred because of 2 continental plates colliding
Volcanic ash can preserve ancient plant and animals Example the village of Pompeii in
Italy
Chemical Weathering is when rocks are dissolved by acids
Most stars are made up primarily of the Element Hydrogen
Parallax is way to measure a stars distance from earth
Metamorphic rocks found next to an igneous intrusion have undergone Contact
Metamorphism. The rock was subjected to heat but not melted.
In the rock cycle any rock can create igneous rock by melting and crystallization
Extrusive igneous rocks (like obsidian) can be glassy in appearance because they cool so quickly grains or crystals cannot form.
The story of rock layers that tell the past are part of the same processes that have been occurring since the Earth formed.
The fall line indicates an area where rapids and waterfalls occur blocking ships from going up river. These rapids and waterfalls are the result of the Piedmont dropping several hundred feet in elevation.

From the weathering, erosion and deposition of the Appalachian Mountains
The coastal plains of Virginia would be covered in sand gravel and clay.
Caves are found in the valley and ridge province because the bedrock is made of
Limestone
The law of super position states that the oldest layers are at the bottom of a rock layer and the youngest on top. The theory of Cross-cutting states that igneous intrusions and fault lines that cross a rock layer are always younger then the rock they cut across
Water moves very slowly through clay particles because clays pores are very small
The best tools to measure density of a small irregular shaped object would be a graduated cylinder (to find volume) and a balance (to measure mass)
Pluto has an orbit that is so eccentric that it crosses the orbit of Neptune
Stalagmites and stalactites form from mineral rich water that deposits the minerals as they drip from the top of a cave onto the floor of the cave.
When the Northern portion of the Earth is tilted toward the sun the northern hemisphere is in summer. The southern hemisphere has the opposite season.
When finding the density of odd shaped objects likes rocks we use a graduated cylinder to measure water displacement. This gives us Volume. We then measure its mass using a scale and divide Mass over Volume to calculate density
The Law of superposition states that the oldest rock layer is at the bottom. Any crosscuts of igneous intrusions or fault lines are always younger then the layers they cut across.
In a core sample the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest at the top. Just like in the Law of superposition.
Decayed organic matter in topsoil is known as humus and comes from the remains of plants and animals
In soil profiles the upper layer Horizon A contains topsoil and is most likely to be weathered and eroded because it is exposed to wind and rain
The zones in the water table go in order the surface, the zone of aeration, the zone of saturation, and the layer of impermeable rock
Fossils are most likely to be found in sedimentary rock layers
Animals that consist of soft body parts like jelly fish rarely fossilize because their soft bodies decay quickly
Rivers, springs and aquifers are all freshwater sources
Wetlands are primarily found in the coastal plain because it is flat and near the ocean
The more wells that drain an aquifer the lower the water table will drop
In soil formation bedrock begins to erode, Organic matter from lichens builds up, The A
Horizon begins to form, and all the horizons A, B, and C become well developed
Sand Dunes are great example of wind deposited sediments
Limestone being dissolved by acids are an example of Chemical weathering
When mountains contain fossils from the oceans we have evidence of the Earth’s crust going through major changes