RELAVENT READINGS
TEXT BOOK CHAPTER
 Pgs 663-674 (skip “Caloric expenditure”)
 You will want to put a lot of emphasis on the lectures for this material as the textbooks
organization/presentation is a bit piecemeal.
MAIN OBJECTIVES
 Describe the regulation of hunger by the digestive system and adipose tissue
 Describe the activities of the absorptive and post-absorptive state.
 Describe regulation of blood sugar and the primary organ that is almost entirely dependent on
glucose for metabolism
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Describe the regulation of hunger by the digestive system and adipose tissue
1. What part of the brain receives hormones involved with hunger regulation and is involved with
your sense of hunger and satiation?
2. What hormones regulate hunger on a short-term basis? Which suppresses/inhibits hunger?
Which promotes/stimulates hunger?
3. What hormones regulates hunger on a long term time scale? Do they suppress or promote
hunger?
4. What organ releases ghrelin and under what conditions is ghrelin release increased and
decreased?
5. What organ releases CCK and under what conditions is CCK released?
6. What organ releases PYY and what is the level of PYY related to?
7. What is the general term for the hormone released by adipocytes?
8. What kinds of cells/tissue release leptin?
9. What is the level of leptin release related to?
10. If the amount of adipose tissue you had increased what would happen to your leptin levels? If
your adipose levels decrease?
11. Given the function of leptin, what affect would increased adipose tissue have on a person’s long
term hunger level?
12. Given the function of leptin, what affect would decreased adipose tissue have on a person’s long
term hunger level?
Describe the function of adipose tissue and the hormonal influences of adipose tissue on hunger and
insulin response
13. What is the function of adipocytes?
14. What general affect do adipokines have on skeletal muscle response to insulin? How would this
affect insulin’s ability to low blood glucose levels?
15. Given that type II diabetes is a condition where the body does not respond to normal insulin
levels how is obesity related to the development of type II diabetes?
16. What influence does leptin have on the immune system, onset of puberty, and menstruation?
17. Why would low adipose levels (e.g., starvation) have on immune function and menstruation?
Describe the actions of insulin and glucagon and how these hormones regulate blood sugar level
18. List the primary target cells of insulin. What affect does insulin have on these cells?
19. What influence does insulin have on blood sugar and the level of other nutrients in blood?
20. What condition promotes the release of insulin? Inhibition or insulin release?
21. What cell from what organ release insulin?
22. Describe the conditions that would trigger increased insulin release and explain the series of
events that would follow including changes in blood glucose levels.
23. What affect does glucagon have on cells?
24. What influence does glucagon have on blood sugar?
25. What condition promotes the release of glucagon? Inhibition or glucagon release?
26. What cell from what organ release glucagon?
27. Describe the conditions that would trigger increased glucagon release and explain the series of
events that would follow including changes in blood glucose levels.
28. What organ is almost completely dependent on glucose for energy?
29. What is the only organ that can release glucose into blood?
30. What hormone(s) promotes gluconeogenisis?
31. What hormone(s)The breakdown of glycogen and lipids?
32. Which hormone(s) promotes the creation of glycogen, uptake of amino acids and fatty acid?
33. What would you expect insulin and glucagon levels to be like shortly after the absorption of
nutrients from a recent meal?
34. What would you expect insulin and glucagon levels to be like if you hadn’t eaten is 8-10 hrs (i.e.,
“fasting”)?
describe the activities of the absorptive and post-absorptive state.
35. What is the absorptive state?
36. What absorbed nutrients enter blood and the hepatic portal system?
37. What absorbed nutrients enter the lymphatic system?
38. What does the liver due to/with absorbed glucose? amino acids?
39. What cells uptake absorbed lipids?
40. What do adipose cells do in the absorptive state?
41. What is the liver doing in the absorptive state?
42. What are muscle cells doing in the aborptive state?
43. What are “other peripheral” tissues duing during the absorptive state? The brain?
44. What is the primary hormone that promotes the activities of the absorptive state?
45. During the absorptive state would most cells be using stored energy to generate ATP or would
they be using plasma based nutrients to generate ATP?
46. What are lipids being used for in the absorptive state?
47. What is glucose being used for in the absorptive state?
48. What are amino acids being used for the absorptive state?
49. What is the post-absoprtive state?
50. What is the hormone(s) that regulates activity in the post-absorptive state?
51. What are adipose cells doing in the post absorptive state?
52. What does the liver do in the post-absoprtive state?
53. What do muscle cells do in post-absoprtive state?
54. What are “other peripheral” tissues doing during the post absorptive?
55. Describe the energy reserves of the body in terms of what amount of energy reserves are in the
form of carbs, proteins, and lipids
56. Besides glucagon and insulin, what other hormones can influence basic metabolism of
substrates/energy reserves through anabolic and catabolic activities?
57. In what phase are cells storing away energy and creating energy reserves through anabolic
activities?
58. In what phase are cells using stored energy and releasing nutrients for use by cells elsewhere in
the body?
59. Define/describe the following terms:
a. Glycogenisis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Gluconeogenisis
d. Transamination
Describe regulation of blood sugar and the primary organ that is almost entirely dependent on glucose
for metabolism
60. What organ is almost entirely dependent on glucose for metabolism/energy?
61. Why/how is the liver important in ensuring the brain has adequate access to glucose during the
postabsorptive state?
62. Describe how blood sugar is kept within the normal range by glucagon and insulin and how
energy reserves including non-carbonhydrate substrates can be utilized to maintain adequate
blood sugar in the absence of newly absorbed glucose.
QUESTIONS FROM TEXT: 6, 7, & 16,