Table of Contents (TOC.doc)
1. Abstract (index.doc)
2. Background (2_0.doc)
2.1 Soils and Archaeology
2.2 The SASSA Project
2.3 The SASSA Audience
3. The SASSA Knowledge Base (3_0.doc)
3.1 The User Experience
3.2 The Knowledge Base Software Configuration
4. The SASSA Field Tool (4_0.doc)
4.1 The User Experience
4.1.1 Soil description tool
4.1.2 Soil interpretation tool
4.2 The Field Tool Software Development
5. Making SASSA Mobile (5_0.doc)
6. Gathering Feedback (6_0.doc)
7. The Future for SASSA (7_0.doc)
8. Acknowledgements (8_0.doc)
9. Bibliography (9_0.doc)
1. ABSTRACT
A constant problem for field archaeologists is the need for familiarity with the
core concepts of a diverse range of specialist disciplines. Soils and sediments
are an integral part of archaeological sites, yet the teaching of soils in
archaeology degrees is variable and many archaeologists complain they are
lacking in the confidence and skills required to describe and interpret the
deposits they excavate. SASSA (Soil Analysis Support System for
Archaeologists) is a free-to-use, internet based system designed to familiarise
archaeologists with the concepts and possibilities offered by geoarchaeology
(the scientific study of soils and sediments).
SASSA consists of two core components: the knowledge base and field tool.
The ‘front-end’ of the website is the knowledge base; this uses Wiki
technology to allow users to add their own content and encourage dialogue
between archaeologists and geoarchaeologists. Whilst the field tool uses an
XML data structure and decision tree, decision support system to guide the
user through the process of describing and interpreting soils and sediments.
SASSA is designed for use on both ‘static’ (PC) and ‘mobile’ (PDA and laptop)
hardware in order to provide in-situ field support as well as offering officebased ‘reference book style’ help. This article introduces the aims of SASSA,
presents SASSA as a user might experience it, and discusses the computing
technology used to construct the system.
2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Soils and Archaeology
The relevance of soil science to archaeological investigations has been
recognised for several decades. The early work (1960 – 1970s) of Cornwall,
1958, and Dimbleby, 1966 and subsequently Limbrey, 1975 was instrumental
in demonstrating the potential contribution of soil science to archaeology, but
with a marked emphasis on environmental reconstruction from analysing
buried soils. More recently, there has been the emergence of geoarchaeology
– the application of earth science techniques to archaeological questions based on the recognition that the bulk of many archaeological sites consist of
soils or sediments rather than artefactual or structural evidence (Butzer, 1982;
French, 2003). Soils and sediments are integral to the archaeological record
and thus require analysis and interpretation. Over the last 20 years there have
been major advances in analytical techniques which have enabled new
questions to be addressed, for example, with respect to sourcing of soils or
added materials (Wilson et al. 2006), on-site processes of accumulation and
re-distribution (refs), post-depositional alteration (diagenesis) (ref) and
bioturbation (mixing by flora and fauna) (Canti, 2003), and impacts of
anthropogenic processes such as cultivation and manuring and habitation
(ref; Wilson et al. 2007). However, there has been an increasing gulf in the
development and validation of research analytical tools and their wider
application by the archaeological user community.
The publication of guidelines in geoarchaeology by English Heritage (2004)
has raised awareness of soil science within archaeology, but there still exists
a gap between research techniques and the answering of questions important
to archaeologists.
An informal consultation exercise with field archaeologists revealed the
problem as perceived by archaeologists is:
 Soil analysis is expensive and time consuming and often provides little
useful or new archaeological information.
 Geoarchaeology involves dense terminology and scientific language
making many reports and books on the subject virtually unintelligible to the
non-specialist.
 Soil analysis involves extensive field recording and sampling which is time
consuming and generally requires specialist input.
 There is a general lack of training in soil science that makes field
interpretation and identification of key questions difficult for field
archaeologists.
It was generally felt that although a substantial geoarchaeological knowledge
base already exists, what is lacking is presentation of this material in a
manner that is easily accessible, informative and comprehensible to
archaeologists who are non-specialists.
By contrast many geoarchaeologists complain that at times they are asked to
attend on-site, to find there are no defined archaeological questions for them
to address. The result can be a day spent describing and sampling soils and
sediments with no purpose. This only serves to reinforce the impression of
archaeologists.
2.2 The SASSA Project
Based on initial consultation with commercial archaeologists a need was
identified for an open-access, web based system (SASSA) providing:
 Tutorial type training relating to soil processes in archaeological contexts.
 Information and help with field recording and field interpretation of soils
and sediments. On the spot, field access to such help was also felt to be
important.
 Information on soils techniques, from field based to specialist laboratory
methods, linked to archaeological questions.
 A database of case studies providing details of studies where soil analysis
has successfully been applied to archaeological questions.
 A comprehensive glossary of soil and geoarchaeology terms designed
specifically with archaeologists in mind.
The SASSA project is funded through the UK’s Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC) knowledge transfer programme. This two year
project, based at the University of Stirling, aims to familiarise archaeologists
with the concepts and possibilities offered by geoarchaeology, in which
techniques and methods are clearly linked to pertinent archaeological
questions.
The system consists of two discrete but closely interlinked components
(Figure 1); a knowledge base built around wiki software, and a field tool that
uses an XML data structure and decision tree technology.
Figure 1: sassa system.jpg The structure of SASSA
Whilst the field tool is accessed through the knowledge base it is a stand
alone system and its use requires a separate registration process.
The key features of SASSA are:
 Flexibility and mobility regarding operating platform. This includes graphics
light versions for PDA and Smartphone hat enables lower cost access via
phone networks, and a downloadable version to work independently of
internet connections or phone coverage.
 Interactive and evolving resource. The use of wiki software and flexible
editor options means that SASSA can evolve and adapt to user needs
beyond the end of the development project (December 2007).
 User input and testing during the development stage. The project has
involved close co-operation and consultation with field archaeologists from
across the UK.
2.3 SASSA’s Audience
SASSA’s target audience are commercial field archaeologists, for whom it is
hoped SASSA will function both as a decision support aid for use in the field
and as a training and CPD tool in the office. In order to ensure that SASSA
meets the needs of commercial archaeologists a user advisory group was
assembled consisting of representatives from archaeology units and curatorial
posts across the UK. The potential role of SASSA in university teaching, at
both undergraduate and postgraduate level, however, cannot be understated,
particularly as it these students that will become the archaeological workforce
of the future.
The benefit of a web based system is the international presence, and the
academic advisory group contains representatives from Europe, US, Canada
and Australia to ensure an international element is present in SASSA from the
start. The field tool and many of the case studies that “seed” SASSA are
predominantly drawn from the development teams UK based experience,
however, it is hoped that through the wiki, the international flavour of SASSA
will develop over time. Alternative language pages and additional decision
support trees aimed at questions and soils in different environments could
potentially also be developed by users if an active SASSA community
develops.
3. THE SASSA KNOWLEDGE BASE
The SASSA knowledge base aims to provide non-specialist archaeologists
with reliable, accurate information on a range of earth science and
geoarchaeological topics. Powered by MediaWiki software it consists of
discrete, stand-alone informational pages that can be accessed via the search
facility allowing focussed research on particular topics. However, the pages
are also linked in such a way as to allow students or a reader to work logically
through the individual pages in the manner of a tutorial for more general
research.
3.1 The Structure of the Knowledge Base
One of the comments received from the user advisory group was although
they had invested in a shelf full of specialist geoarchaeology texts they had
“neither the time nor the head space” to read, digest, and interpret their
contents in terms of his own projects and sites. By contrast the structure of
internet web pages allows users to access relevant information quickly and in
manageable chunks, without imposing the linear structure of a paper book.
MediaWiki software was chosen for this project because of the level of
development and support for the software that underpins Wikipedia. One
potential disadvantage, however, is the horizontal structure of pages
characteristic of Wikipedia and Mediawiki. This means that a user coming to
the site in the first instance has to know exactly what they are looking for in
order to find relevant information via the search facility. Crumbtrails and
namespaces have been used in SASSA to provide a more structured feel and
to aid the user in navigating between related web pages if they so wish.
Information pages are grouped through the use of “name spaces”. SASSA
contains nine name spaces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Main Page and SASSA project details
Field Analysis (including access pages to the SASSA field tool)
About geoarchaeology
Tutorial
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Analytical Methods
Case Studies
Glossary
News
Help
In addition Mediawiki provides “special pages” that provide an advanced
search facility and help administrators monitor changes to the wiki.
3.2 Overview of the Knowledge Base
3.2.1 Standard page layout
A standard page format helps the user navigate around SASSA, rapidly
identifying the information they require, and ultimately add to or edit the site
(Figure *: http://www.sassa.org.uk/index.php/Tutorial:Deposition). User
feedback has been very positive regarding the layout and navigation of the
SASSA website.
 A crumb trail at the top of the content page provides a link back through
the nominal hierarchy of the knowledge base to the SASSA home page.
This helps users develop a mental model of the site structure. These links
are static and represent the fixed structure of SASSA, they do not replace
the browser buttons that allow the user to retrace their steps through the
site.
 At the bottom of the content page is a ‘back button’ and where appropriate
a ‘forward button’. In the case studies and analytical pages the back link
allows the user to jump to the parent level. For example, from a page on
soil colour estimation the back button would take the user to the field
analytical methods index page. However, in the Tutorial and Field Analysis
sections forward and back buttons provide a means to follow a linear path
through the pages that mimics the layout of a paper book.
 The SASSA navigation bar down the left hand side of the page provides
direct links to the home pages of each of the name spaces as well as
access to the field tool. A quick search facility and link to external web sites
are also provided. In addition users who are logged in will have access to
an advanced search facility and the special pages through this left hand
bar.
Figure *: Standard article page layout.
3.2.2 About geoarchaeology
The home page of the “Geoarchaeology” namespace provides access to
pages outlining the scope of geoarchaeological research, and the broad
archaeological questions that can be addressed through geoarchaeology. The
aim of this area is to provide the reader with a broad overview of what is (and
is not) geoarchaeology and of the potential for geoarchaeological research.
Figure *: Geoarchaeology home page
3.2.3 Soil / sediment tutorial
The “Tutorial” namespace provides classic text-book type information about
natural processes of erosion, deposition and soil formation, as well as
archaeologically oriented sections on post-burial changes and anthropogenic
deposits. The page layout of the tutorial at the time of writing of this paper is
as follows in Table *.
Tutorial Home Page
Table *: The structure of the SASSA tutorial, click on the section titles to view
the pages.
Processes of weathering and erosion
Weathering; Water erosion;
Wind erosion; Mass movement;
Ice erosion; Tectonic and
volcanic erosion;
Anthropogenic erosion
Processes of deposition and
accumulation
Water deposition; Wind
deposition; Mass movement
deposits; Glacial deposition;
Volcanic deposits; Cave
deposits; Anthropogenic
deposits
Soils, soil forming processes and
classification
Soil forming processes; Soil
features; Soil profiles and
horizons; Soil classification
Processes of post-burial modification
Burial as a process of
preservation; The burial
environment; Processes of
change in the burial
environment; The effects of
post-burial modification
Anthropogenic soils, sediments and
processes
Burning residues; Garden soil;
Anthrosols and plaggen soils;
Buried soils; Ditch and other
fills
Forward and back buttons allow the reader to navigate through the pages in a
linear manner, whilst for reference the hierarchical structure and search
facility allows rapid consultation of individual pages.
3.2.4 Field analysis
The “Field Analysis” namespace can also be navigated in a linear tutorial
manner, however, the main function of the field analysis section is to support
the field tool and archaeologist with field recording and interpretation of soils
and sediments. This section not only contains information about how to
record basic soil properties such as colour, texture and structure following
standard soil and archaeological schemes (e.g. Hodgson, 1976; Soil Survey
Staff, 2002; MoLAS, 1994), but also why and when the archaeologists might
want to record these properties. For example, there are two pages on soil
colour, 1, explains different ways of recording soils (Figure *) and 2, explains
the origins and meaning of soil colour (Figure *). This area also provides
information about sampling - although there is considerable scope for
expansion in this area - and a list of recommended field kit for soil description
including the equipment and chemical for simple field tests.
3.2.5 Analytical methods
“Analytical Methods” provides information about the
3.2.6 Case studies
The “Case Studies” namespace contains a database of previous
geoarchaeological studies. Accessing relevant literature can be difficult for
archaeologists operating outside of universities. This database helps address
this problem, whilst also providing material to illustrate the processes,
questions, and techniques described elsewhere in the knowledge base.
Case studies are organised according to the techniques they employ, the
questions they address, the geographical location, and the age and type of
the archaeological “site”. To date the database includes studies from Europe,
Africa, North America and South America that include examples of sampling,
stratigraphic analysis, element analyses, micromorphology, magnetics and
remote sensing.
A typical case study consists of a protected short summary page in the wiki
and where possible this includes a pdf or a web link to a more detailed paper.
3.2.7 Glossary
A glossary was the most consistently requested feature of SASSA. The
“Glossary” namespace contains an alphabetically arranged series of
definitions for a large number (445 as of 10/10/2007) of earth science and
geoarchaeology related terms. This area is not protected so users registered
with editing rights can add to or amend the glossary.
3.3 Contributing to the Knowledge Base
The great advantage of the Mediawiki software is that it allows SASSA’s
content to be continually updated and added to by the development team, and
the wider academic and archaeological community. Contributions from
geoarchaeologists and earth scientists are sought for tutorial pages on
processes, deposit types and techniques; whilst, the user community can
make a valuable contribution to the case study pages. It is hoped that both
specialist and non-specialist users will contribute to the discussion pages
allowing users to ask questions, discuss issues, and comment on the content
of the related article pages.
The Mediawiki software that powers SASSA is designed by default to allow
editing rights to all registered users. This is in line with Wikipedia policy.
However, the need to ensure that SASSA is a respected and trusted authority
in current geoarchaeological practice and without a team of full-time
administrators to manage the site and correct deliberate and accidental
problems, it was felt that such a model would be inappropriate for SASSA.
Instead a process of post registration validation is required (Table *).
Table *: SASSA Wiki registration and user rights
Non
System
Administrator
registered
registered
registered
View content pages




View discussion pages




Access field tool
(separate registration)




View special pages



Advanced searches



Change preferences



Watchlist





Edit discussion pages


Add pages


Review page history


Upload documents


Edit content /article
Administrator
pages
Change user rights

Block users

Delete pages and
documents

Protect pages

Unregistered users have free-to-view rights to all content based pages of the
SASSA knowledge base. Web-based registration allows the user additional
access to special pages such as advanced search facilities and updates on
page changes, as well as to set their own view preferences and to create
watch lists of pages. However, web registered users have no editing rights.
Upon registration, users are prompted to contact the site administrator – a
designated member of the development team – in order to be given editing
rights. This prevents damage to the SASSA site by automated “bots”. This
approach protects SASSA from vandalism and helps to maintain content
quality and accuracy as only trusted members are given editing rights.
However, a challenge still to be overcome by the SASSA project is to
encourage legitimate users to register with the administrator and to actively
contribute. Links from geoarchaeology pages on Wikipedia and extensive help
files have been used in the hope they would boost activity. However, these
measures have so far been ineffectual. It is crucial that steps are in place to
encourage active participation before the end of the project.
A group of wiki editor ‘champions’ is planned to maintain the feel of an active
site and to encourage contributions by other users. This group will be drawn
from the academic and user community, and will be given training in wiki
editing.
4. SASSA FIELD TOOL
4.1 The User Experience
The field tool is designed to support field archaeologists in the description and
basic interpretation of soils and sediments. It will operate on a range of
platforms (PC, laptop, PDA, smartphone) either through an internet
connection (fixed or wireless) or phone network, and all pages can be printed
for paper-based recording if necessary. The aim is to provide non-specialist
archaeologists with the field-based support necessary to describe their soils
effectively, and to identify key archaeological questions where soil science
techniques may be applicable.
The field tool uses an XML database to record user’s site and soil data. A
separate registration and login from the rest of the SASSA site is, therefore,
required. Registration with the field tool is completely free and is open to all.
When a new user logs in, they are presented with the field tool home page,
which allows the choice of one of two options: the interpretation tool and the
soil description tool.
The description tool provides a format and help with describing soils and
sediments. SASSA does not aim to replace the context recording sheet,
rather to complement it. The focus of the tool is on providing not only the
information necessary for a user to record soils, but also the background as to
“why” they may wish to record extra information and in what circumstances it
may be beneficial to invest extra time and efforts.
The interpretation tool is a decision support system that walks the user
through a series of questions to provide help with common field questions
relating to soils and sediments. For example, “Is this a buried soil?” or “Has
this deposit been affected by bioturbation (mixing by earthworms and other
animals)?” Again the emphasis is on enabling the user to develop there own
understanding of their soils rather than attempting to provide definitive
answers to complex questions.
You may register and log in to try the field tool at
http://www.sassa.org.uk:8080/sassa/fieldtool See sections 4.11 and 4.12 for
more information on using the field tool or refer to the on-line help pages
provided by SASSA.
4.1.1 Soil description tool
Field archaeologists already critically examine the soils and sediments that
comprise their sites. Experienced field workers are finely attuned to the subtle
differences that differentiate contexts. Despite this, context sheets often
record little more than soil colour (a transitory and subjective property) and
texture. Terminology and relevance are two of the reasons why further detail
is not routinely recorded, particularly on time constrained, developer-funded
excavations. It was felt that using SASSA to specify soil information that
should be recorded would be overly restrictive and unreasonable. Such an
approach would do little to improve the image geoarchaeology has acquired
for costliness and irrelevance. Rather the description tool provides a flexible,
mobile format for recording soils information, with detailed support on the why,
when and how of recording soil properties through linkages with the SASSA
knowledge base.
Structure and content of SASSA description tool
Soils information is stored hierarchically according to site, trench or section,
and context. A user may generate multiple sites, each site may contain
multiple trenches or sections and each section may contain multiple contexts.
However, only one soils description can be made for each context. It is left to
the user to define these levels and to ensure that the labelling conforms to the
site standard. Images can be uploaded at all levels of the description.
If wished general information other than an identifier can be entered at each
level but is not required. A development in progress is that of an editor tool
which would allow users with downloaded standalone copies of SASSA to edit
the forms, either to cut unnecessary data fields or to add more if they wish to
tailor the form to their own recording methods and needs.
Colour, composition, structure, texture, stones, inclusions, roots, sedimentary
features, soil features (iron pans, concretions etc.) and boundaries can all be
described. Drop down menus and radiobuttons provide possible answers for
each part of the description, and information buttons link directly to protected
pages in the knowledge base, explaining how and why to complete each
section.
SASSA is not intended to act as a long-term data storage facility as there is
no on-going financial support to increase storage capacity or manage the
database. Users are advised to back up data regularly and to delete
information when it is no longer needed. All information can be exported in
either rtf or pdf format for inclusion in the excavators own site archive. An
example SASSA report can be accessed by clicking here.
Potential applications for the SASSA description tool
Whilst it is possible to use SASSA to complete detailed soil descriptions, the
flexibility of SASSA means that for more routine use only certain properties
need be recorded. SASSA helps provide the excavator with the confidence to
identify which properties are most pertinent. The descriptions will not only
preserve a fuller description of the soils and sediments, but can also provide
much needed field information to geoarchaeological and environmental
specialists who are often on-site only for a limited time. The mobility of
SASSA means that field workers in remote locations can pass photographs
and supporting descriptions back to team members for advice and discussion.
Staff and student training is also an important possible use for the system
both on-site and in the office.
4.1.2 Soil interpretation tool
The SASSA interpretation tool provides “answers” to common, contextspecific queries. Currently the list of queries includes:
 Is this a buried soil?
 Is this the “natural”?
 Has this deposit been affected by bioturbation (earthworms)?





Has this deposit been affected by waterlogging (gleying)?
Is this a colluvial (slope wash) deposit?
Is this a water-lain (alluvial) deposit?
Has this deposit been affected by down washing of iron (podzolisation)?
Has this deposit been affected by in-situ burning?
Using the interpretation tool
The SASSA interpretation tool can be accessed in 2 ways:
1. Directly from the field tool home page for quick non context specific soil
analysis.
2. From the context level of the soil description tool for context specific
soil analysis. This option allows relevant data saved to that context to
be imported directly into the decision tree.
At either level the user chooses a query from the list. The user is then
presented sequentially with a series of questions and answers in order to help
answer the query. The structure of a typical decision tree is shown in figure *.
The user cannot answer question lower down the tree until they are reached
but they may at any time return to and edit the answer to questions higher up
in the tree.
Once the tree is completed the user is presented with a score between 0 and
100. A score of 0 is a strong negative, 100 is a strong positive and 50 denotes
either insufficient information or conflicting evidence and hence no diagnosis
is possible. A table explaining the results is also presented. More important
than the score though are perhaps the links to information about how the
interpretation was made, what other information might be looked for, what the
confounding factors not accounted for by SASSA and ideas of further field
and laboratory tests that could be carried out to confirm or refute the findings,
or to take the analysis of the deposit further. This follow on information
ensures that SASSA does not encourage users to blindly follow the decision
tree. Instead the tool encourages users to examine and question their
deposits differently. An example of the interpretation tool output can be
accessed by clicking here.
Again there is the planned development of an editor tool to enable users to
create their own decision trees, perhaps suited to localised conditions or
questions. With the involvement of an experienced geoarchaeologist this
could provide specific support with sampling as well as interpretation. A future
development of the project could be to create a repository of decision trees
and queries to extend the range of the SASSA interpretation tool.
4.2 SASSA Field Tool Software
MB, JC and DC to complete.
5. MOBILE DECISION SUPPORT
JC to comment and edit
The need for a focus on field questions and problems was a theme that came
through strongly from user feedback at the very beginning of the project. If
SASSA was to support archaeologists working in the field it, therefore, it
needed to be made available in a form that could be taken out and used onsite either in paper form, or via laptop, PDA or smart phone devices. Mobile
computing is a new technology by which users access services via a range of
devices, regardless of their location or movement (Zaslavsky et al, 1998).
Complexities and uncertainties arising from making SASSA available for a
wide range of mobile devices for field use include changes in mode of
operation, high variability in performance and reliability, issues surrounding
visual display capabilities, finite sources of energy, patchy wireless coverage,
and facilitating recognition by the system of the user and device. The often
wet and dirty working environment and the cost implications of mobile devices
for SASSA users also had to be considered.
The approach taken for SASSA was to provide a dual mode system with the
full system for use on PC and laptops, and an ‘image light version for use on a
PDA via either a wireless internet connection or phone network download. A
standalone version of the entire SASSA system and supporting software has
also been developed. Currently this can auto-run from a 512 Mb memory stick
and eventually will be available for download from the website.
6. USER FEEDBACK
The SASSA project has included four main phases of user testing and
feedback. In the first instance views were sought prior to the submission of
the funding application. This took the form of a general request for views on
the application of geoarchaeology in commercial projects, the usefulness of a
web-based resource and the needs of the target community in commercial
archaeology. This took the form of targeted e-mail and phone conversations
with existing contacts internationally. An e-mail request submitted to all
registered commercial units in the UK, and a general request for views
internationally through the medium of archaeology-based discussion groups.
The user and academic advisory groups for the project were drawn from
amongst the respondents to this survey. Once funding was secured, an online
questionnaire was used to gather information on the existing level of
geoarchaeology knowledge, the perception of geoarchaeology’s strengths
and weaknesses and user needs. The responses to this questionnaire were
used to draw up a wish list of features and shape the project, in particular the
field aspect.
7. THE FUTURE OF SASSA
For the foreseeable future the SASSA server will be housed and maintained
at Stirling University by the development team. However, the support that will
be offered after the end of the project is intended to be minimal (Wiki software
updates, registration of users and policing of content, hardware glitches etc.).
Beyond the end of the project it is the wider geoarchaeological and
archaeological community who will shape the future of SASSA.
The internationalisation of SASSA is a key area for future growth. The wiki
structure of the knowledge base freely supports alternative language versions,
whilst the editor function for the field tool allows users to translate the soil
description and interpretation tools into their own language. Where this
happens a database of translations and new interpretation tools outside of the
authors experience of UK geoarchaeology should be made freely available to
all.
The software configuration and approach taken by SASSA, however, is suited
to a range of different applications both in archaeology (for example plant
macro and pollen identification and analysis; borehole logging) as well as in
other disciplines.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The SASSA project is funded by the Natural Environment research Council
(NERC) UK (NE/D000971/1). The project has been overseen by academic
and user advisory groups and many thanks are due to all the members of
these groups and to everyone who has provided feedback, content, and
guidance on the project.
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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<li><a name=”dimbleby1966”><strong>Dimbleby, 1966</strong></a>
Dimblebly, G.W.1966. <em>Environmental studies and archaeology.</EM>
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<li><a name=”french2003”><strong>French, 2003</strong></a> French,
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<li><a name=”limbrey1975”><strong>Limbrey, 1975</strong></a> Limbrey,
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<li><a name=”englishheritage2004”><strong>English Heritage,
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