Spring 2014
ENVSCI 315 - PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY (PETC)
INSTRUCTORS:
I. J. Clark (jclark@vasci.umass.edu) - Course Coordinator, VASCI,
545-1052
II. S. Simkins (ssimkins@umass.edu) SSA, 545-5211
T.A. S. Andrewes (sandrewe@mcb.umass.edu) MCB, 545-1038
TIME:
T/Th, 4:00-5:15 pm.
PLACE:
Marston Hall, Rm 132
COURSE
DESCRIPTION:
Three fundamental areas of environmental science are presented in an
integrated, interdisciplinary sequence of lectures: (1) environmental
toxicology, (2) environmental chemistry, fate, and degradation of toxicants, (3)
effect of toxins in the environment
CREDITS
3.
PREREQUISITES:
Introductory Biology 101, Organic Chemistry (1 semester).
COURSE GRADE:
Three (3) one-hour exams (100 pts. each, 300 pts. total) to be
administered after the completion of each third of the course.
EXAM FORMAT:
Four sections:
I 28% True-false
II 28% Fill-in
III 28% Multiple choice
IV 16% Definitions, Computations
Note: Calculators may be used during all exams
I. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (J. CLARK).
Dates
1/21
1/23
1/28
1/30
2/4
2/6
2/11
2/13
2/18
2/20
2/25
2/27
3/4
Lec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Title
Introduction
Biochemistry of toxicology I (lipid structure and function)
Biochemistry of toxicology II (protein structure and function)
Biochemistry of toxicology III (protein structure and function)
Receptor-ligand interactions I - toxicologic response
Receptor-ligand interactions II - structure activity relationships
MID-SESSION REVIEW
Dose-response relationship / Acute and chronic toxicity
Monday Class Schedule
Absorption (penetration) and distribution of toxicants
Metabolism and elimination of toxicants - Phase I and II reactions
Section Conclusions and Summary / END-SESSION REVIEW
EXAM 1 - Environmental Toxicology, 1 hour
1
Spring 2014
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIODEGRADATION (S. SIMKINS).
Dates
Lec
3/6
3/11
3/13
(3/15 – 3/23)
3/25
3/27
4/1
9
10
11
12
13
14
4/3
Title
Neurotoxins of axonic transmission, e.g., tetrodotoxin and DDT.
Neurotoxins of synaptic transmission, e.g., parathion and sarin.
Environmental “absorption”: toxicant classes, sources, and routes of entry
Spring Break
Intro to environmental distribution and partitioning.
Environmental distribution of toxicants (part 2): partitioning, transport, and exposure.
Environmental distribution (part 3): ionization. Hysteresis in desorption.
EXAM 2 - Neurotoxins and Environmental Distribution, 1 h
4/8
4/10
4/15
15
16
17
4/17
4/22
4/24
4/29
18
19
20
Final Exam Period
Partitioning and remediation: soil vapor extraction vs. “pump and treat”
Water-table lowering, aquifer sparging, off-gas treatment.
Biochemical “fates” of organic toxicants. Environmental analogues of Phase 1
reactions: important oxidases and peroxidase
Mineralization as Phase II: aerobic chain and ring catabolism
Bioventing and land farming
Anaerobic mineralization and reductive dehalogenation. Applications to remediation
Section Conclusions and Summary/ END-SESSION REVIEW
EXAM 3 -, 1 hour
REQUIRED READINGS:
I.
PETC Notebook
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (J. CLARK).
Lecture
1-2
3
3-4
4
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
Reading
Cellular Components are Bounded by Membranes
Proteins Consist of Chains of Amino Acids
Proteins Structures Extremely Versatile
How Do Proteins Fold Into the Correct Conformation?
Toxicant-Receptor Interactions: Fundamental Principles
The Typical Dose-Response Curve
The Probit and Similar Transformations
The Logit Transformation
Acute Toxicity and Chronic Toxicity
Absorption and Distribution
Metabolism of Toxicants: Phase I & II Reactions
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIODEGRADATION (S. SIMKINS).
12
13
14
15
16
To be uploaded
To be uploaded
Classes … envion. toxicants; Route of environ. absorption
Environ. partitioning
Environ. Distribution of Toxicants II (and following figures)
2
Spring 2014
17
18-19
20
21
22
23
24
Figures illustrating hysteretic sorption. Ionic Environ. Toxicants.
To be uploaded
Environmental elimination of toxicants; Characteristics of oxygenases
Predicting mineralizability; Beta-oxidation
To be uploaded
Anaerobic elimination of toxicants. Applications to remediation
To be uploaded, if necessary
RECOMMENDED READINGS: Toxicological Chemistry (3rd Ed), S.E. Manahan
I. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (J. CLARK).
Lecture
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
1
3
3
3
6
6
7
8
6
7
Pages
1-38
59-61
61-69
69-78
124-138
115-119
161-164
167-180
120-124
141-157
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIODEGRADATION (S. SIMKINS).
Lecture
Chapter
Pages
22-25
26
27-28
29-31
Handout
Handout
Handout
Handout
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
Environmental Toxicology:
Goldstein, A., Aronow, L. and Kalman, S. 1974. Principles of Drug Action. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Hodgson, E. and Gurhie, F.E. 1980. Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology. Elsevier North Holland,
Inc., New York.
Doull, J., Klaassen, C.D. and Amdur, M.O. 1980. Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: the basic science of
poisons. 3rd Ed. Macmillan Publ. Co., Inc., New York.
Lehninger, A.L. 1975. Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Worth Publ., Inc., New York. Chapters 3 and 11.
3
Spring 2014
Environmental Fate and Biodegradation:
Lecture Notes: Most of the readings envisioned for this section of the course will be in the form of
handouts prepared to accompany lectures covering two different kinds of material: i, for the most
introductory subjects, e.g., cometabolism vs. mineralization; and ii, for topics that are very active areas of
research, and for which no up-to-date review articles are available, e.g., covalent incorporation of synthetic
aromatics into growing humic compounds. These handouts will include figures or tables modified from
those in recent, original research articles.
Review Articles:
Alexander, M., and K.M. Scow. 1989. Kinetics of biodegradation in soil, p. 243-270. In B.L. Sawney and
K. Brown (ed.) Reactions of movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America,
Madison, WI.
Bollag, J.-M., and S.-Y. Yiu. 1990. Biological transformation processes of pesticides, p. 169-212. In
H.H. Cheng (ed.) Pesticides in the soil environment; Processes, impacts, and modeling. Soil Science
Society of America, Madison, WI.
Kuhn, E.P., and J.M. Sufflita. 1989. Dehalogenation of pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms, p. 111180. In B.L. Swaney and K. Brown (ed.) Reactions of movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil
Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Thauer, R.K., K. Jungermann, and K. Decker. 1977. Energy conservation in chemtrophic anaerobic
bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:100-180. (Only selected sections will be assigned.)
Original Research Articles: The following papers hold sufficiently important implications to merit
assignment as readings for this course:
Dolfing, J. and J.M. Tiedje. 1987. Growth yield increase linked to reductive dechlorination in a defined
3-chlorobenzoate degrading methaogenci coculture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:102-105.
Grbie-Galic, D., and T.M. Vogel. 1987. Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methaogenic
cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:254-260.
4