Department of Sociology
University of Toronto
SOC6206
The Sociology of Deviance and Social Control
DRAFT Syllabus
________________________________________________________________________
Paula Maurutto
Associate Professor
Department of Sociology, Rm. 252
p.maurutto@utoronto.ca
416-946-5884
________________________________________________________________________
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Traditional distinctions between domestic and national security, public and private
policing, and public safety and private protection are increasingly eroding. New
configurations of crime control and security are reaching far beyond prisons, to influence
our neighbourhoods, communities, schools and workplace. The course examines the
impacts of new crime prevention, surveillance and security practices on governments and
civil society. Particular attention is paid to how multiple organizations, including
governments, law enforcement agencies, communities and private (for profit and nonprofit) organizations are seeking to govern social life through crime prevention. The
seminar will also focus on how certain segments of society or particular physical sites are
constructed as security risks in need of regulation.
The course begins with an analysis of key conceptual developments in the regulation of
security, including the risk society, crime prevention, community safety, and
surveillance. These concepts are then examined in relation to specific empirical
developments, such as private security, networks of policing, the proliferation of
surveillance technologies, the targeting ‘at risk’ populations, gated communities, urban
design, and anti-terrorism practices. Emphasis is placed on a comparative analysis with
other western countries.
________________________________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENTS:
Article Presentations and Participation: Students will be assigned articles to discuss in
class. The presenter should review the main points of the article as well as generate
questions for discussion. Questions to consider are: What is/are the main ideas or
findings of the article? Are the findings compelling? What aspect of the article seems
unclear or incorrect? How does the article relate to the core concepts of the course? How
does the article extend our understanding of crime control and/or security?
10%
2
Reading responses: At the beginning of the semester, students will sign up for 4 reading
responses (10% each). Each response should be approximately 2-4 pages, double-spaced.
The responses ought to be more than a summary of the reading. They should focus on a
critical question raised within the reading or class discussion. The responses should be
regarded as writing and thinking exercises, not as finished projects. The responses are
due the day of the lecture.
40%
Paper: Students have the option of writing 1) a critical literature review, 2) a research
proposal or 3) a research paper. The critical literature review will incorporate readings
from the required and supplemental reading list and any additional sources relevant to the
topic. The research proposal will include a literature review, a statement of research
questions and a detailed methods section outlining how data will be collected and
analyzed. The research paper will involve an investigation of a topic related to the course
and will normally incorporate original research. I will meet with each of you no later
than week 8 of the semester to discuss your topic for the final paper.
50%
COURSE READINGS:
January 10
INTRODUCTION:
THE CHANGING POLITICS OF CRIME CONTROL
Many sociologists and criminologists suggest that we have entered a new epoch in crime
control. This development has been variously referred to as “the risk society” (Beck),
“the culture of control” (Garland), “actuarial justice” (Feeley & Simon), and “advanced
neo-liberal society” (Rose). We will begin by considering these concepts and the degree
to which they are useful in understanding contemporary developments.
Required:
Garland, David (2001) “Introduction,” The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order
in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zedner, L. (2006) “Policing Before and After the Police: The historical antecedents of
contemporary crime control,” British Journal of Criminology 46:78-96.
Recommended:
 Crawford, Adam (2006) “Networked governance and the post-regulatory state?”
Theoretical Criminology 10(4): 449-479.
 Voruz, Véronique (2005), “The politics of the culture of control: undoing genealogy,”
Economy and Society, Volume 34, Number 1:154-172.
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Garland, David (2000), “The culture of high crime societies: some preconditions of
recent ‘law and order’ policies,” British Journal of Criminology, 40(3): 347-375.
Cavender, Gray (2004), "Media and crime policy: A reconsideration of David
Garland's The Culture of Control," Punishment & Society, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 335-348.
Shichor, David (2000), “Penal policies at the threshold of the twenty-first century,”
Criminal Justice Review, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-30.
January 17
CRIME CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN A RISK SOCIETY
Overview of Theoretical frameworks
This class will examine how the concept of risk has been used to describe contemporary
forms of social control and governance.
Required:
O’Malley, Pat (2010) “Risk and Crime Control,” Crime and Risk. Los Angeles, Sage.
Feeley, Malcolm & Jonathan Simon (1992), “The New Penology: Notes on the emerging
strategy of corrections and its implications,” Criminology 30(4): 449-474.
Simon, Jonathan (2008) “From the New Deal to the Crime Deal,” in M. L. Frampton, I.
H. Lopez, and J. Simon (eds.) After the War on Crime. New York: New York University
Press.
Recommended:
 Ericson, R and A. Doyle (2003) Risk and Morality. Toronto: University of Toronto
Press
 Anderson, Leon and Michelle Brown (2010) “Expanding Horizons of Risk in
Criminology,” Sociology Compass 4 (8): 544-554.
 Garland, David (2003), “The Rise of Risk,” in R. Ericson (ed). Risk and Morality.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 O'Malley, Pat (2004), Risk, Uncertainty and Government. Glass House.
 Hudson, Barbara (2003), Justice in the Risk Society. London: SAGE.
 Beck, Ulrich (1999), World Risk Society. Polity Press.
 B. Hutter and M. Power, eds. (2005), Organizational Encounters with Risk.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-91
 Power, M. 2004. The Risk Management of Everything: Rethinking the Politics of
Uncertainty. London: Demos.
 Douglas, Mary (1999) Risk and Blame. London: Routledge.
 Coaffee, Joan (2003) Terrorism, Risk and the City. London: Ashgate.
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January 24 THE CONTESTABLE NATURE OF COMMUNITY
The readings explore the growing salience of “community” as a new site of security
governance and crime prevention. Attention is paid to the broad framework of
community safety and how it has given rise to growing interest in the dynamics of social
inclusion and exclusion.
Required:
Clear, Todd R. and Eric Cadora (2003) “Criminal Justice and the Community,”
Community Justice. Thomson-Wadsworth.
Crawford, A (1998), “Community Safety and the Quest for Security: holding back the
dynamics of social exclusion,” Policy Studies, 19, 34: 237-253.
Lacey, Nicola and Lucia Zedner (1995) “Discourses of Community in Criminal Justice,”
Journal of Law and Society 22(3): 301-325.
Recommended:
 Hughes, Gordon (2004). “The community governance of crime justice and safety:
Challenges and lesson-drawing,” British Journal of Community Justice, vol. 2, no. 3,
pp. 7-20.
 Prior, David (2011) “Safer Communities and Community Justice,” K. Doolin,, J.
Child, J. Raine & A. Beech (eds.) Whose Criminal Justice. Sherfield: Waterside Press
 Hughes, Gordon (1998), “Communitarianism: Bringing ‘the social’ back into crime
prevention?,” Understanding Crime Prevention: Social Control, Risk and Late
Modernity. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press..
 McKeganey, N., Neale, J. & Parkin, S. (2004). “Communities and drugs: Beyond the
rhetoric of community action” Probation Journal vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 343-361.
January 31 SURVEILLANCE
The readings for this seminar examine the dominant models of surveillance including,
George Orwell’s 1984 depiction of “big brother,” Michel Foucault’s use of Benethom’s
“panopticon,” and Ericson and Haggerty’s “surveillance assemblage.”
Required:
David, Lyon (2001), “Understanding Surveillance,” Surveillance Society: Monitoring
everyday life. Buckingham, U.K.: Open University Press.
Foucault, Michel (1977), “Panopticism,” Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison.
Vintage Books.
Haggerty, Kevin & Ericson, Richard (2000), “The surveillant assemblage,” British
Journal of Sociology, Vol. 41, No. 4: 605-622.
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Recommended:
 Alhadar, Ibrahim and Michael McCahill (2011) “The use of Surveillance Cameras in
a Riyadh Shopping Mall: Protecting profits or protecting morality?,” Theoretical
Criminology 15(3): 315-330.
 Coleman, Roy (2003), “Images from a neoliberal city: The state, surveillance and
social control,” Critical Criminology, 12(1): 21-42.
 Haggerty, K., D. Wilson & G. Smith (2011) “Theorizing Surveillance in Crime
Control,” Theoretical Criminology 15(3): 231-237.
 Lyons, David & David Murakami Wood (2012) Special Issue: Surveillance and
Security, Canadian Review of Sociology.
 Lyons, David (2007) Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 Whitaker, Reginald (1999). The End of Privacy : how total surveillance is becoming
a reality. New Press.
 Bennett, C. (2005) “What Happens When You Book an Airline Ticket? The
Collection and Processing of Data Post-9/11,” in E. Zureik and M. Salter, eds.,
Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity. Cullompton: Willan.
 Haggerty, K. and R. Ericson (eds.). 2006. The New Politics of Surveillance and
Visibility. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen eighty-four. Clarendon Press.
 McGrath, J. E. (2004). Loving big brother: Performance, privacy and surveillance
space. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
February 7
SECURITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Required:
Zedner, Lucia, (2009) “The Semantics of Security,” & “Governing Security,” Security.
New York: Routledge.
Ericson, Richard V. (2007) “National Security,” Crime in an Insecure World.
Cambridge: Polity Press.
McCulloch, Jude and Sharon Pickering (2009) “Pre-crime and Counter-terrorism:
Imagining future crime in the ‘war on terror,” British Journal of Criminology 49:628645.
Recommended:
 Bostaph, L. G.; Hamilton, C.; Santana, S. A. (2004), “The use of security technology
to protect battered women,” Security Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 35- 51.
 Cabinet Office (2007) Security in a global hub: Establishing the UK’s new border
arrangements. London: HMSO
 Dupont, B. and Wood, J (eds) (2006) Democracy, society and the governance of
security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Goold, Benjamin, Ian Loader and Angelica Thumala (2010) “Consuming security?
Tools for a sociology of security consumption,” Theoretical Criminology 14: 2-30.
Loader, I and Walker, N (2007) Civilizing security, Cambridge: Cambridge
Unviersity Press.
Valverde, M (2010) “Questions of Security: A framework for research,” Theoretical
Criminology 15(1): 3-22.
February 14 ACTUARIAL JUSTICE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
The articles examine the production of risk knowledges through actuarial techniques and
their implications on social control and regulation. We will examine the extent to which
local political cultures and social conditions impact and shape the nature of risk-based
forms of regulation.
Required:
Andrews, D. A. and Craig Dowden, (2007) “The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model of
Assessment and Human Service in Prevention and Corrections,” Canadian Journal of
Criminology.
Maurutto, P. and K. Hannah-Moffat (2006) “Assembling Risk and the Restructuring of
Penal Control,” British Journal of Criminology 46(3): 438-454.
Harcourt, B. (2007) Against Prediction: Profiling, policing and punishing in an actuarial
age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Chapter 1)
Recommended:
 Feeley, M. and J. Simon. 1994. ‘Actuarial Justice: The Emerging New Criminal
Law,’ in D. Nelken, ed., The Futures of Criminology. London: Sage, 173-201.
 Kemshall, H. 2003. Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice. Maidenhead: Open
University Press
 Rosenfeld, R. (2011) “From Mass Incarceration to Targeted Policing: Introduction to
the Special Issue,” Criminology and Public Policy 10(1): 3-54. (see series of articles
in this special issue)
 Harcourt, B. (2007) Against Prediction: Profiling, policing and punishing in an
actuarial age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Cameron, H.E. (2008) “Risk Theory and ‘Subjective Fear’: The Role of Risk
Perception, Assessment, and Management in Refugee Status Determinations,”
International Journal of Refugee Law 20(4):1-19
 O’Malley, P. 2004. Risk, Uncertainty and Government. London: Gladstone Press.
 Shelden, Randall G. & Brown,William B. (2000). “The crime control industry and the
management of the surplus population” Critical Criminology, vol. 9, no. 1/2, pp. 3962.
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February 28 RISK, BORDERS AND CITIZENSHIP
The readings examine how new security and crime prevention practices impact border
practices and the risk management of refugees and immigrants. A central focus of this
week’s readings is the impact of crime prevention on configurations of citizenship and
due process rights.
Required:
Bosworth, Mary (2012) “Subjectivity and identity in detention: Punishment and society
in a global age,” Theoretical Criminology, 16(2): 123-140.
Pratt, A. (2010) “Between a Hunch and a Hard Place: Making Suspicion Reasonable at
the Canadian Border,” Social and Legal Studies 19(4): 461-480.
McCulloch, Jude (2001) “Paramilitary Surveillance: S11, Gobalisation, Terrorists and
Counter-terrorists,” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 13(1): 23-35.
Recommended:
 Aas K. (2001) “‘Crimmigrant’ bodies and the bona fida traveller: Surveillance,
citizenship and global governance,” Theoretical Criminology 15(3): 331-346.
 Aas K. and Mary Bosworth (2013) Migration and Punishment: Citizenship, Crime
Control and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Dembour, M-B and Kelly T. (eds.) (2001) Are Human Rights for Migrants: Critical
Reflections on the status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States
Abingdon: Routledge.
 DiGiorgi, A. (2010) “Immigration control, post-Fordism, and less eligibility: A
materialist critique of the criminalization of immigration across Europe,” Punishment
and Society 12(2):147-167.
 Pratt, A. (2005) Securing Borders: Detention and Deportation in Canada.
Vancouver: UBC Press.
 Zedner, Lucia (2010) “Security, the state and the citizen: The changing architecture of
crime control,” New Criminal Law Review 13(2):379-403.
 Bosworth, Mary and Mhairi Guild (2008) “Governing through migration control,”
British Journal of Criminology. 48:703.
 Bosworth, Mary, (2008) “Border control and the Limits of the sovereign state” Social
and Legal Studies 17:199.
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March 7
NETWORKS OF POLICING
These readings explore the intersection and rise of networks between the public police
and other agents or institutions involved in the security and prevention nexus.
Required:
Bayley, David and Clifford Shearing (2009) “The Future of Policing,” in Tim Newburn
(ed). Key Readings in Criminology. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
Burbidge, Scott. (2005) “The governance deficit: Reflections on the future of public and
private policing in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
47(1): 63-86.
Bennett, Darcie, David Eby, John Richardson & Kevin Tilley (2008) Security Before
Justice: A study of the impacts of private security on homeless and under-housed
Vancouver residents. Vancouver: Pivot Legal Society.
Recommended
 Rigakos, George S (2002). The new parapolice: Risk markets and commodified
social control. University of Toronto Press, c2002.
 de Lint, Willem (2003). “Keeping open windows: Police as access brokers,” British
Journal of Criminology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 379-397.
 Singh, Anne-Marie (2005) “Private Security and Crime Control,” Theoretical
Criminology 9(2): 153-174.
 Kempa, Michael & Stenning, Philip & Wood, Jennifer (2004). “Policing communal
spaces: A reconfiguration of the 'mass private property' hypothesis,” British Journal
of Criminology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 562-58.
 Button, Mark (2002). Private Policing. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
 Rigakos George S & Greener David R (2000). “Bubbles of governance: Private
policing and the law in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society, vol. 15, no.
1, pp. 145-185.
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March 14 BROKEN WINDOWS & ZERO TOLERANCE VS. COMMUNITY
POLICING
Required:
Lum, Cynthia (2009) “Community Policing or Zero Tolerance,” British Journal of
Criminology 49:788-809.
Kelling, George L. & William J. Bratton, “Declining crime rates: Insiders’ views of the
New York City story,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, (Summer 1998).
Leighton, Barry, “Community policing in Canada: Something old, something new,
something borrowed, something blue,” in Julian Roberts and M.G. Grossman (eds.)
Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 2008.
Klockars, Carl B. (2009) “The rhetoric of community policing,” in Tim Newburn (ed.)
Key Readings in Criminology. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
Recommended:
 Kelling, George L. & William J. Bratton (2001), "'Broken Windows' and the Culture
Wars: A Response to Selected Critiques," in Matthews Roger; Pitts John (eds).
Crime, disorder and community safety. London; New York: Routledge.
 Harcourt, B. & J. Ludwig (2006) “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York
City and a Five-City Social Experiment,” University of Chicago Law Review 73.
 Hancock, Lynn (2003), “Urban Regeneration and Crime Reduction: Contradictions
and Dilemmas" in Young, Jock, John Lea and John Pitts (eds.) The new politics of
crime and punishment. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan.
 Eck, J. and E. Maguire (2006) “Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?”
in A. Blumstein and J. Wallman (eds.) The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge
University Press.
 Steinberg, Jonny (2011) “Crime Prevention goes abroad: Policy transfer and policing
in post-apartheid South Africa,” Theoretical Criminology 15(4): 349-364.
 Payne, B. K. & Berg, B. L. & Sun, I. Y. (2005). “Policing in small town America:
Dogs, drunks, disorder, and dysfunction,” Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 33, no. 1,
pp. 31-41.
 Websdale, Neil (2001). Policing the poor: From slave plantation to public housing.
Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
 Adams, R. E.& Rohe, W. M. & Arcury, T. A. (2005). “Awareness of communityoriented policing and neighborhood perceptions in five small to midsize cities,”
Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 43-54.
 Chappell, A. T. (2009) “The Philosophical Versus Actual Adoption of Community
Policing: A Case Study,” Criminal Justice Review 34(1): 5-28.
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March 21
CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
These articles expand on the previous readings by examining the production and
management of “at risk” and “risky” populations. We will consider the implication of
security and risk information on the management of neighbourhoods, schools, victims,
offenders, welfare recipients, and refugees.
Required:
Crawford, Adam (1998) “Social and Communal Strategies,” in Crime Prevention and
Community Safety. Harlow, England: Longman. Pg 103-129.
Ericson, Richard V. (2007) “Social Security,” Crime in an Insecure World. Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Simon, Jonathan, (2007) “Safe Schools” Governing Through Crime. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Recommended:
 Giroux, H (2003). “Zero Tolerance, Domestic Militarization, and the War Against
Youth,” Social Justice 30 (2): 59-65.
 Leonard, Lucie, Giselle Rosario, Carolyn Scott and Jessica Bressan, (2005) “Building
Safer Communities: Lessons Learned From Canada’s National Strategy,” Canadian
Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 47(2): 233-250.
 Chunn, D. and S. Gavigan. 2004. ‘Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral
Regulation of the “Never Deserving” Poor.’ Social and Legal Studies 13: 219-243.
 Casella, Ronnie (2001). At Zero Tolerance: punishment, prevention and school
violence. New York: Peter Lang.
 Berger, R (2002). “Expansion of Police Power in Public Schools and the Vanishing
Rights of Students,” Social Justice 29, 1-2 (87-88): 119-130.
 Kelly, P. (2000) “The Dangerousness of Youth-at-risk: The possibilities of
surveillance & intervention in uncertain times,” Journal of Adolescence 23: 463-472.
 Bessant, J. (2001) “From Sociology of Deviance to Sociology of Risk: Youth
Homelessness and the Problem of Empiricism,” Journal of Criminal Justice 29.
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March 28
CRIME PREVENTION
(SITUATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL)
Required:
Clarke, Ronald V (1983). “Situational crime prevention: its theoretical basis and practical
scope,” in Crime and justice: an annual review of research, (Volume 4). University of
Chicago Press.
Brantingham, Patricia L., Paul J. Brantingham & Wendy Taylor (2005), “Situational
Crime Prevention as a Key Component in Embedded Crime Prevention,” Canadian
Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 47: 271-292
Shearing, Clifford D. and Philip C. Stenning (1985), "From the Panopticon to Disney
World: The Development of Discipline," in A. Doob, Perspectives in criminal law:
essays in honour of John LL. J. Edwards. Aurora, Ont: Canada Law Book.
Recommended:
 Hummer, D. (2004). “Serious criminality at U.S. colleges and universities: An
application of the situational perspective,” Criminal Justice Policy Review, vol. 15,
no. 4, pp. 391-417.
 Crawford, A., (ed.) (2009) Crime Prevention Policies in Comparative Perspective,
Willan Publishing
 Coaffee, Joan (2003) Terrorism, Risk and the City. London: Ashgate.
 Garland, David (2000). Ethical and social perspectives on situational crime
prevention. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing. (Chap 3)
 Lersch, Kim Michelle (2004). Space, time, and crime. Durham, NC: Carolina
Academic Press, 2004.
 Colquhoun, I (2004). “Design out crime: Creating safe and sustainable communities,”
Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.
57-70.
 Schuck, Amie M., “American Crime Prevention,” Canadian Journal of Criminology
and Criminal Justice, 47 (2005): 447-462.
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April 4
DEFENSIBLE SPACE
Required:
Von Hirsch, Andrew and Clifford Shearing (2000), “Exclusions from public space,” in A.
von Hirsh, D. Garland & A. Wakefield (eds.) Ethical and Social Perspectives on
Situational Crime Prevention. Portland: Hart Publishing.
Landman, Karina and Martin Schonteich, (2002) “Urban Fortresses: Gated communities
as a reaction to crime,” African Security Review 11:4.
Beckett, Katherine and Steve Herbert. (2008). “The Punitive City Revisited: The
Transformation of Urban Social Control,” in M. L. Frampton, I. H. Lopez, and J. Simon
(eds) After the War on Crime. New York: New York University Press.
Recommended:
 Tshehla, Boyane (2003). "Barricaded in the suburbs: Private security via road
closures," SA Crime Quarterly, vol. 6, pp. 17-20.
 Beckett, K. and S. Herbert (2010) Banished: The New Social Control in Urban
America. New York: Oxford University Press
 Miao, P (2003). “Deserted streets in a jammed town: The gated community in
Chinese cities and its solution,” Journal of Urban Design, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 45-66.
 Blakely,Edward J & Snyder,Mary Gail (1997). “Fortress America: gated communities
in the United States,” in Nan Ellin (ed.) Architecture of Fear. New York: Princeton
Architectural Press, 1997.