YEAR
MONTH
ISSUE
(LVII) 2012
SEPTEMBER
3
STUDIA
UNIVERSITATIS BABEŞ-BOLYAI
STUDIA EUROPAEA
3
EDITORIAL OFFICE: Hasdeu no. 51, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA
Phone +40 264 405352
SUMAR – CONTENTS – SOMMAIRE – INHALT
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
PHILIPPE BEKE
EU Enlargement, Past, Present and Future .......................................................... 5
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
ŞEVKET OVALI
From Europeanization to Re-Nationalization: Contextual Parameters of
Change in Turkish Foreign Policy…........................................................................17
KOKOU FOLLY LOLOWOU HETCHELI
Intégration et prévention des conflits dans l’espace ouest-africain: la CEDEAO
face a la crise sociopolitique au Togo .....................................................................39
LAURA MARIA HERŢA
Peacekeeping and (Mis)management of Ethnic Disputes. The Cyprus Case.... 59
ADRIAN-CIPRIAN PĂUN
A Political-Juridical Approach to the Post-Lisbon Agenda in Central and
Eastern Europe ........................................................................................................... 77
EUROPEAN HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
GABRIEL TROC
Patterns of Migration and Economic Development in Southern Danube Microregion....................……………………………............................................................85
LUCIAN T. BUTARU
Eminescu and the Pattern of Romanian Antisemitism ...................................... 117
PHILIPP HOCHBAUM
Südosteuropa als Migrationsraum am Beispiel der serbischen Besiedlung des
Habsburgerreichs bis zum 18. Jahrhundert..........................................................129
VLAD MUREȘAN
L’esprit faustien occidental et la crise écologique ............................................... 149
MIHAI MURARIU
The Political Uses of Spatiality: Temporality, Telos, Legitimacy ...................... 169
ADRIANA BICHIŞ
De Vichy à la résistance: Le cas du diplomate Jacques Truelle.......................... 189
COMAN (ANDREICA) ALINA
The Ossian Pattern in the Matter of Identity Romanian Construction .............. 209
EU ENLARGEMENT, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Philippe Beke
Conference by Ambassador Philippe Beke
Cluj-Napoca, Babeș-Bolyai University
28th of May 2012
FROM EUROPEANIZATION TO RE-NATIONALIZATION:
CONTEXTUAL PARAMETERS OF CHANGE IN TURKISH FOREIGN
POLICY
Şevket Ovalı
Abstract
The aim of this essay is to examine the contextual parameters that culminated in
Turkey’s retreat from Europeanization and subsequent move towards renationalization in terms of its foreign policy. The paper is organized into three
sections. The first section examines the analytical tools that may provide
explanations for the transformations in Turkey’s foreign policy domain, while the
second section discusses the early effects of European integration after 1999, with
the aim of decoding Europeanization in terms of changes in the foreign policy
domain. The third section scrutinizes the contextual parameters of change, which
resulted in Turkey’s disenchantment with the EU integration in relation to certain
topics on Turkey’s foreign policy agenda. The empirical parts of the essay focus on
Turkey’s relations with Greece, Cyprus and Armenia since the shifts in Turkey’s
policy preferences are more profound and observable in these areas.
Keywords: Europeanization, nationalization, conditionality, socialization
INTEGRATION ET PREVENTION DES CONFLITS DANS L’ ESPACE
OUEST-AFRICAIN : LA CEDEAO FACE A LA CRISE
SOCIOPOLITIQUE AU TOGO
INTEGRATION AND PREVENTION OF CONFLICTS IN THE
WESTERN AFRICAIN AREA. THE ECOWAS AND THE SOCIAL
POLITICAL CRISIS IN TOGO
Kokou Folly Lolowou Hetcheli
Résumé
La CEDEAO, dans sa dynamique d’intégration, est passée d’une organisation à
vocation économique à une sécurité collective de proximité. C’est ainsi qu’elle ne
cesse de mettre en place des mécanismes juridico-politiques pour faire face aux
problèmes sécuritaires de son espace géographique. Ces mécanismes lui pemettent
d’intervenir dans ses Etats membres confrontés à des conflits ou des crises. Son
intervention dans la crise togolaise est diversement appréciée par les acteurs de la
vie sociopolitique du pays. On note cependant une constante dans les discours :
l’incapacité de cette institution à régler les problèmes politiques complexes en toute
impartialité.
Mots-clés: Crise, CEDEAO, intégration, intervention, Togo
Abstract
The ECOWAS in its integration process has evolved from an organisation with
economic mission to a local collective security. It is in this perspective that in order
to solve the security issues in its geographical space, it continues to set and develop
legal and political mechanisms. These mechanisms allow the institution to
intervene in member states facing conflicts or crises. The intervention of ECOWAS
in the crisis of Togo is valued differently by the stakeholders. We have to notice
however a constant in the the socio-political speeches: the incapacity of the
institution to resolve impartially the complex political issues.
Keywords: crisis, ECOWAS, integration, intervention, Togo
PEACEKEEPING AND (MIS)MANAGEMENT OF ETHNIC
DISPUTES. THE CYPRUS CASE
Laura Maria Herţa
Abstract
The article explores the dynamics of the Cyprus conflict and aims at proving that
the failure of resolution stemms from the psysical and mental segregation of Greek
Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. The main purpose of this article is to identify the
weaknesses of long term peacekeeping operations, using the example of UNFICYP,
and to prove that in the case of Cyprus, monitoring the separation of military
forces has also led to the preservation of ethnic division. We argue that, despite its
efforts to reach a peaceful solution to the conflict, the United Nations, through the
presence of UNFICYP and its subsidiary tasks, actually contributed to the
preservation of internal borders.
Keywords: Cyprus, frozen conflicts, intercommunal dispute, peacekeeping,
ethnic separation
A POLITICAL-JURIDICAL APPROACH TO THE POST-LISBON
AGENDA IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Adrian-Ciprian Păun
Abstract
The effects of the Lisbon Treaty at the Central and East-European level have
revealed a set of significant patterns, germane to the political and juridical changes
that characterise the post-Lisbon agenda in this geographical area. Thus, each
member state of the European Union from this ex-communist space has been able
to play a role, for the first time in history, in the juridical modelling of the new
institutional configuration at the Community level. This article presents some of
the most prominent implications of this participation.
Keywords: Lisbon Treaty, ratification process, Central and Eastern Europe,
institutional configuration
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IN SOUTHERN DANUBE MICRO-REGION
Gabriel Troc
Abstract
Being theoretically located within the debate regarding the positive or negative
consequences of the migrant’s remittances for local development, the paper is the
result of field research in the rural area of Southern Danube Micro-region, from
Teleorman County, Romania. The main contribution of the paper resides in
challenging the general assumption that transnational migration from rural
Eastern Europe is always caused by underdevelopment, and in proving instead
that the local process of development itself, in its particular post-socialist-cumneoliberal form, may determine and enhance migration. As the argument goes, the
paper gives an assessment of the extent and the general causes of transnational
migration from this region to Spain, and reveals the formation of different patterns
of migration along the generational, confessional and ethnic lines. The statements
of the paper are illustrated ethnographically with instances from the village with
the highest rate of migration. Among the important findings of the research are
that the emergence of entrepreneurial behavior, as result of migration, tends to be
linked with the minority group of the Adventists, and that the mass migration of
the Ursari Roma has resulted in a geographical and a social repositioning of this
ethnic group within the villages.
Keywords: post-socialism; transnational migration; rural development;
minority group entrepreneurship; Roma migration
EMINESCU AND THE PATTERN OF ROMANIAN ANTISEMITISM
LUCIAN T. BUTARU
Abstract
After the Congress of Berlin (1878), the international pressure to eliminate from
the Constitution the exclusions based on religious criteria produced an ideological
battle, which raised the Romanian antisemitism to a new level. Of the
representatives of the Romanian antisemites, Mihai Eminescu is the figure that has
the widest public recognition. We can find in Eminescu’s writings a pattern of
discourse which it was used later (without any nuances) in the Romanian
antisemitic discourse. Eminescu contributed to the development of a specific
Romanian antisemitic understanding of the Jewishness, as a cultural product – a
function of religion, of economic interest and of ethnicity.
Keywords: antisemitism, citizenship, Jewish identity, racism, ideology
production
SÜDOSTEUROPA ALS MIGRATIONSRAUM AM BEISPIEL DER
SERBISCHEN BESIEDLUNG DES HABSBURGERREICHS BIS ZUM
18. JAHRHUNDERT
SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE AS AN AREA OF MIGRATION:
THE SERBIAN COLONIZATION OF
THE HABSBURG EMPIRE UNTIL THE 18TH CENTURY
Philipp Hochbaum
Abstract
South-Eastern Europe´s ethnic shape was highly influenced by migration
throughout its history, which can be defined as a “migration history”. Probably the
most important of them is the Serbian immigration to Southern Hungary, which
was later to become Ottoman territory and – as a result of the Ottomans being
defeated by Austria – part of the Habsburg Monarchy thereafter. Of outstanding
importance is the Serbian Migration organized by patriarch Arsenije III.
Čarnojević from 1690, also known as „The Great Migration“(Velika Seoba). With
the Serbs also settling in Banat, this multiethnic region became an object of
retroactive, ethnicity-based claims in modern Serbian and Romanian
historiography. They both reproject ethnic differences and identities upon a
population that was ethnically diverse, but not yet nationally differentiated
according to contemporary criteria.
Keywords: migration, multiethnical societies, religion, modern national
identities, re-projection of national identity
L’ESPRIT FAUSTIEN OCCIDENTAL ET LA CRISE ECOLOGIQUE
THE FAUSTIAN WESTERN SPIRIT AND THE ECOLOGICAL
CRISIS
Vlad Mureșan
Abstract
The ecologic crisis is undeniably the product of the Western civilisation,
particularly of the modern ameliorative task, now projected on a planetary scale. Is
it, however triggered by a more profound determinism, which finds its roots in the
original religious vision of Christianity? More precisely, in the biblical mandate
God has given men to multiply and dominate the Earth as a king over his
dominion? There are, actually, some ecologist “prosecutors” who are making
exactly this point. Christianity is, on the long term, to be held as ultimate
responsible for the heavy mass of this “eco-cide” civilisation. Evaluating such
spiritual roots of the disaster, we discovered however, in the “epileptically”
advancing Western history a fundamental differentiation between this royal status
given to man in the Bible over the Earth, and the “psychosis” of modern Faustian
project. Given the fact that, from a theological standpoint, such a divine mandate
implied however a divine surveillance and correction, the neurotic progressivism of
the Faustian principle was not completely released, until the proclamation of the
Death of God. It is in this way only that man could become his own master. He was
now able to freely dispose of the great cosmic reservoir without accounting in front
of any instance higher than himself. It is, in conclusion, not in the least the
contemplative Christianity to be hold responsible for the ecological crisis, but,
indeed, the Faustian modernity.
Keywords: Faustian spirit, Western civilization, Christianity, Modernity,
Ecologist movement
THE POLITICAL USES OF SPATIALITY: TEMPORALITY, TELOS,
LEGITIMACY
Mihai Murariu
Abstract
This paper aims to present several of the most important aspects concerning
political spatiality and its various dimensions, such as the physical, symbolic and
charismatized aspects. This analysis will serve a two-fold purpose: 1) depicting the
main types of spatiality, while concentrating more on the difficulty in defining and
categorising sacred space; 2) how the use of spatiality can aid in the creation of
ideological hegemony, of social homogeneity and, ultimately, of a distinct
teleological narrative which may legitimize communities, as well as modern
ideocratic regimes.
Keywords: spatiality, hegemony, regime, charismatization, legitimacy
DE VICHY A LA RESISTANCE :
LE CAS DU DIPLOMATE JACQUES TRUELLE
FROM VICHY TO RESISTANCE: THE CASE OF DIPLOMAT
JACQUES TRUELLE
Adriana Bichiş
Abstract
The aim of the current article is to analyze the actions of the French diplomat
Jacques Truelle who from his early position as a Vichy diplomat later rallied
himself to General de Gaulle in June 1943. Firstly, our aim is to evaluate the
difficulties he encountered into joining the Resistance movement, and those
regarding the acceptance of de Gaulle’s persona as the leader of Free France.
Furthermore, we seek to outline his “double game” policy and the role he played
regarding the fate of Jews he encountered in the turmoil of the Second World War.
Keywords: diplomacy, ambassador, Vichy, Resistance, Truelle, Second
Word War.
THE OSSIAN PATTERN IN THE MATTER OF IDENTITY
ROMANIAN CONSTRUCTION
Coman (Andreica) Alina
Abstract
James Macpherson, the young rhapsode (etymologically speaking) with poetic
aspirations who is stimulated or even “obligated” to prove the existence of other
founding traditions in the European culture besides the Greek and Latin ones,
“invents” Ossianic epic poems by resorting to oral and popular literature.
Elements of the Ossianic model were identified in the Romanian culture during the
construction of the national state and identity. By “inventing traditions”, to use
Hobsbawm’s terminology, the Romanian modernity was built on the concept of
rurality, term that was later applied to the entire Romanian culture.
Keywords: pattern Ossian, tradition, construction, identity, modernity