Disclaimer Statement
Contributions of many individuals and from written resources have
collectively made this curriculum guide possible. The major authors,
however, do not claim or guarantee that its contents will eliminate acts of
malpractice or negligence. The responsibility to adhere to safety standards
and best professional practices is the duty of the practitioners, teachers,
students, and /or others who apply the contents of this document.
This guide was developed with federal Carl Perkins Act funds.
2005
Career-Technical Education
North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
In compliance with federal law, including the provisions of Title IX of the Education Amendments of
1972, NC Public Schools does not discriminate on the basis of race, sex, religion, color, national or
ethnic origin, age, disability, or military service in its policies, programs, activities, admissions or
employment. Inquiries or complaints should be directed to the Office of Curriculum and School
Reform Services, 6307 Mail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-6307. Telephone (919) 807-3761;
Fax (919) 807-3767
i
FOREWORD
This course – Drafting – Engineering II – introduces students to the use of the graphic tools necessary
to communicate, analyze, and understand the ideas and concepts found in the areas of engineering,
science, and mathematics. Topics include teaming and communication skills, 3D modeling,
manufacturing processes, dimensioning and conventional tolerancing, sectional views, auxiliary views,
and pattern development.
This course is demanding, requiring the application of complex visualization and computer skills.
These skills will be used to assess, communicate, and design virtual and physical models used in
science, mathematics, manufacturing, transportation, and structural systems.
This guide has been developed to help teachers offer a focused, demanding and exciting program of
study addressing the advanced concepts and principles of engineering graphics. Included are specific
learning objectives, evaluation tools, recommended activities, equipment list, facility specifications, a
bibliography of reference media, and the names and addresses of media vendors.
It is our goal to provide the children of our state education of the highest quality. As this guide reflects
our goal of continuous improvement, we encourage you to communicate to us ways to improve the
material within this publication. Your suggestions will be welcomed and appreciated.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SECTION I
Foreword
.
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ii
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iv
Using the Curriculum Materials
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v
Course Blueprint
.
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viii
Acknowledgments
.
.
SECTION II – UNITS OF INSTRUCTION
Unit A
Leadership Development
.
.
.
.
.
1
Unit B
3D Modeling .
.
.
.
.
.
4
Unit C
Manufacturing Processes
.
.
.
.
14
Unit D
Dimensioning and Conventional Tolerancing
.
.
29
Unit E
Sectional Views
.
.
.
.
.
.
43
Unit F
Auxiliary Views
.
.
.
.
.
.
55
Unit G
Pattern Development .
.
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.
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63
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.
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68
.
SECTION III - APPENDICES
A.
Bibliography / References
B.
Vendor's Addresses for Texts, Videos, Literature, and Software
.
69
C.
Equipment List
.
.
.
71
D.
Facility Design Specifications for Drafting Program .
.
.
72
E.
Curriculum Products Evaluation Form
.
.
74
.
.
.
.
iii
.
.
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Division of Instructional and Accountability Services and the Trade and Industrial Education staff wish to
give special thanks to the individuals who spent many hours revising the Drafting Engineering II curriculum and
test-item banks. The process included a review of international literature, review of suggestions offered by
teachers and administrators from throughout the state, and many hours spent in constructive discussion and
development.
The following individuals developed the Summer 2005 Drafting Engineering II blueprint, curriculum guide and
classroom and secure test-item banks:
Ted Branoff
David Lambert
Ansel Slagle
Amber Thompson
Sonny Tomberlin
Patty Weavil
Team Leader, Associate Professor
Drafting Teacher
Drafting Teacher
Drafting Teacher
Drafting Teacher
Drafting Teacher
NCSU
Northwest Guilford High School
NCSU
Isothermal Community College
Union County Career Center
South Rowan High School
We would like to extend our gratitude and thanks to those who have contributed their time and effort to previous
versions of the Drafting Engineering Curriculum. We appreciate their hard work. Finally, we would like to
thank the teachers, directors, and others who have taken their time to critique our progress and offer suggestions
during this process. Our work is better for their effort.
Tom Shown
Consultant, Trade and Industrial Education, NCDPI
Rebecca Payne
Section Chief, Industrial Technology and Human Services, NCDPI
Wandra Polk
Director of Secondary Education, NCDPI
iv
USING THE CURRICULUM MATERIALS
Purpose
The Drafting – Engineering II Curriculum Guide was developed as a resource for teachers to use in
planning and implementing a competency-based instructional management drafting program in their
school. These materials are tools used in the curriculum management process.
Curriculum Guide Description
Drafting – Engineering II was designed to be a one unit course (135-180 hours of instruction). This
course introduces students to the use of the graphics tools necessary to communicate, analyze, and
understand the ideas and concepts found in the areas of engineering, science, and mathematics. Topics
include teaming and communication skills, 3D modeling, manufacturing processes, dimensioning and
conventional tolerancing, sectional views, auxiliary views, and pattern development. Skills in
communication, mathematics, science, leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving are reinforced in
this course. Hands-on work experience and Skills-USA leadership activities provide many opportunities
to enhance classroom instruction and career development.
General Instruction
Drafting – Engineering II may be taught using individualized, whole class, or small team strategies or a
combination of each. Regardless of the method used, it is essential that the activities reflect the
competencies and objectives of this course.
The course demands much from the student and teacher in terms of its complexity and the brevity of
time in which the materials are to be mastered. Because of time limitations and the amount of material
to be covered, one cannot teach objectives as discrete units of instruction. Objectives must be taught
concurrently within the larger context of activities. This allows for the efficient use of time as well as
reflecting good pedagogy.
Blueprint
The blueprint (See the Drafting – Engineering II Blueprint on the following pages) lists the
competencies the student is to achieve. Competencies are mastered when a student masters the
objectives which make up the competency. Course weight is the degree of importance given to each
objective in relation to the entire course of study. This in turn will determine the number of test-items
per objective on any test developed by the state department. For example, on a state EOC 100 item
assessment, a cognitive objective having a value of 10% will have 10 test-items representing that
objective.
v
Units of Instruction
The Units of Instruction section is designed to give the teacher detailed information directly correlated
to the blueprint and test-item bank. It attempts to explain in more detail what information or behavior
the student is expected to know or do. Unless a student has an individualized education plan, he/she
will be expected to become competent in all areas covered within this course at the end of 135-180
hours of instruction.
Leadership Development Unit
Objective 1.01 covers material on preparing and delivering a technical presentation. This section is
useful for all students who will have to present material or give a talk in front of a group. It is
particularly useful to those teachers and students who participate in SkillsUSA-VICA. Objective 1.02
covers information on team building skills.
3D Modeling Unit
Although this section can be completed using the 3D modeling capabilities of AutoCAD®, it is
strongly recommended that the teacher use a constraint-based modeling software such as Inventor®,
ProDesktop®, SolidWorks®, or SolidEdge®. Objective 2.01 builds on the 3D modeling activities in
Drafting I by covering techniques for creating 3D geometry. Objective 2.02 presents techniques for
modifying and duplicating 3D geometry. Objective 2.03 is a performance activity requiring students
to produce a 3D model. A rubric is included for the performance assessment.
Manufacturing Processes Unit
Objective 3.01 introduces students to the concepts and terminology found in manufacturing.
Objective 3.02 covers the types of notation that are necessary on engineering drawings to describe
particular manufacturing processes. Objective 3.03 is a performance activity requiring students to
construct drawings and apply notations that best describe the processes used to manufacture the
object. A rubric is included for the performance assessment.
Dimensioning and Conventional Tolerancing Unit
In Objective 4.01, students are introduced to intermediate dimensioning techniques. Objective 4.02
presents procedures for determining tolerance dimensions. Objective 4.03 requires students to
construct three drawings and correctly apply dimensions to them, including tolerance dimensions. A
rubric is included for the performance assessment.
Sectional Views Unit
Objective 5.01 covers the concepts and principles of sectional views. Included are the types of
sectional views and the conventional practices that are followed for these types of drawings. In
Objective 5.02 is a performance activity requiring students to complete a multiview drawing with a
sectional view. A rubric is included for the performance assessment.
Auxiliary Views Unit
In Objective 6.01, students are presented with the concepts and principles of auxiliary views.
Objective 6.02 requires students to correctly construct a multiview drawing with the required
auxiliary view to describe the size and shape of the object. A rubric is included for the performance
assessment.
Pattern Development Unit
Objective 7.01 introduces students to the techniques necessary to construct pattern developments for
things such as car bodies, packaging, and other objects formed from flat materials. Objective 7.02
vi
requires students to create two pattern developments. A rubric is included for the performance
assessment.
Bibliography/References (Appendix A)
This section provides the texts’ author(s), name of the texts, and publishers of the texts listed within
the Units of Instruction section.
Vendor’s Addresses for Texts, Literature, and Film (Appendix B)
We have included a partial listing of where and who to contact for obtaining texts, literature, software,
and videos.
Equipment List (Appendix C)
The equipment list (updated as of this printing, June 2005), gives the minimum number of tools,
equipment, and software necessary for the instruction of Drafting – Engineering II.
Facility Design Specifications for Drafting Program (Appendix D)
These are updated facility design specifications for a drafting program.
Drafting – Engineering II Curriculum Products Evaluation Form (Appendix E)
Included in this guide is an evaluation form. We sincerely want your thoughtful suggestions for
improving the curriculum products. Many of the improvements within this guide and the test-item
bank is the result of teachers who have taken the time to make suggestions for improvement. Please
take the time to respond to us on ways to improve our work.
Final Comment
If you have any questions regarding any aspect of this course, curriculum guide, test-item bank,
equipment, literature, or software needs, please call or write Tom Shown 919.807.3880,
tshown@dpi.state.nc.us.
vii
VoCATS
Course Blueprint
Trade and Industrial Education
Special thanks to the following educators and business people who
reviewed and approved this blueprint for technical content and
appropriateness for the industry.
7972 Drafting – Engineering II
Ted Branoff – NCSU
David Lambert – Northwest Guilford High School
Ansel Slagle - NCSU
Amber Thompson – Isothermal Community College
Sonny Tomberlin – Union County Career Center
Patty Weavil – South Rowan High School
Public Schools of North Carolina
State Board of Education  Department of Public Instruction
Curriculum and School Reform Services
Division of Instructional Services
This blueprint has been reviewed by business
and industry representatives for technical
content and appropriateness for the industry.
Contact tshown@dpi.state.nc.us for more
information.
Raleigh, North Carolina
Summer 2005
viii
VoCATS Course Blueprint
A course blueprint is a document laying out the framework of the curriculum for a given course.
Shown on the blueprint are the units of instruction, the core competencies in each unit, and the specific objectives for each competency.
The blueprint illustrates the recommended sequence of units and competencies and the cognitive and performance weight of the
objective within the course.
The blueprint should be used by teachers to plan the course of work for the year, prepare daily lesson plans, construct instructionally
valid interim assessments. Statewide assessments are aligned directly with the course blueprint.
For additional information about this blueprint, contact program area staff. For additional information about VoCATS, contact program
area staff or VoCATS, Career-Technical Education, Division of Instructional Services, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction,
301 North Wilmington Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2825, 919/807-3876, email: rwelfare@dpi.state.nc.us.
Interpretation of Columns on VoCATS Course Blueprints
No.
1
2
3
4&5
Heading
Comp#
Obj.#
Unit
Titles/Competency
and Objective
Statements
Time
Hrs
Course Weight
Cognitive
Performance
6
7
8
Type
Behavior
Integrated
Skill Area
Core
Supp
Column information
Comp=Competency number (two digits); Obj.=Objective number (unique course identifier plus competency number and two-digit objective number).
Statements of unit titles, competencies per unit, and specific objectives per competency. Each competency statement or specific objective begins with an
action verb and makes a complete sentence when combined with the stem “The learner will be able to. . .” (The stem appears once in Column 2.)
Outcome behavior in each competency/objective statement is denoted by the verb plus its object.
Space for teachers to calculate time to be spent on each objective based on the course blueprint, their individual school schedule, and analysis of
students' previous knowledge on the topic.
Shows the relative importance of each objective, competency, and unit. Weight is broken down into two components: cognitive and performance. Add the
cognitive and performance weights shown for an objective in columns 4 and 5 to determine its total course weight. Course weight is used to help
determine the percentage of total class time that is spent on each objective. The breakdown in columns 4 and 5 indicates the relative amount of class
time that should be devoted to cognitive and performance activities as part of the instruction and assessment of each objective. Objectives with
performance weight should include performance activities as part of instruction and/or assessment.
Classification of outcome behavior in competency and objective statements. (C=Cognitive; P=Performance)
Shows links to other academic areas. Integrated skills codes: A=Arts; E=English Language Arts; CD=Career Development; CS=Information/Computer
Skills; H=Healthful Living; M=Math; SC=Science; SS=Social Studies.
Designation of the competencies and objectives as Core or Supplemental. Competencies and objectives designated "Core" must be included in the
Annual Planning Calendar and are assessed on the statewide assessments..
Career-Technical Education conducts all activities and procedures without regard to race, color, creed, national origin, gender, or disability. The responsibility to
adhere to safety standards and best professional practices is the duty of the practitioners, teachers, students, and/or others who apply the contents of this document.
TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION
COURSE BLUEPRINT for: 7972 ENGINEERING II
(Recommended hours of instruction: 135-180 hours)
Comp #
Obj #
Unit Titles/Competency and Objective Statements
(The Student will be able to:)
Time
Hours
1
2
3
Course Weight
Cognitive
Performance
4
5
Type
Behavior
Integrated
Skill Area
Core
Supp
6
7
8
C3P
C3P
C3P
C
C
C
Core
Core
Core
100%
Total Course Weight
51%
49%
A
D401.00
D401.01
D401.02
LEADERSHIP
Demonstrate communication, problem solving, and team building skills.
Demonstrate communication skills
Demonstrate problem solving and team building skills.
1%
1%
2%
1%
1%
B
D402.00
D402.01
D402.02
D402.03
3D MODELING
Demonstrate 3D solid modeling techniques.
Explain techniques for creating 3D geometry.
Explain techniques for modifying and duplicating 3D geometry.
Construct a 3D solid model.
10%
7%
3%
10%
10%
C3
C3
C3P
Core
Core
Core
Core
Comp #
Obj #
Unit Titles/Competency and Objective Statements
(The Student will be able to:)
Time
Hours
1
C
D403.00
D403.01
2
3
D403.02
D403.03
D
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Demonstrate basic manufacturing processes.
Explain the concepts of manufacturing processes.
Explain the ANSI standards of applying annotations to a drawing that best
describes the manufacturing processes.
Demonstrate the skills needed in applying annotations to a drawing that best
describes the manufacturing processes.
Course Weight
Integrated
Skill Area
Core
Supp
7
8
Cognitive
Performance
4
5
6
10%
4%
9%
C3P
C2
Core
Core
C3
Core
9%
C3P
Core
9%
C3P
Core
9%
C2
C3
C3P
Core
Core
Core
C3P
C3
C3P
Core
Core
Core
C3P
C3
C3P
Core
Core
Core
6%
D404.01
D404.02
D404.03
DIMENSIONING AND CONVENTIONAL TOLERANCING
Demonstrate intermediate dimensioning and conventional tolerancing
techniques.
Explain intermediate dimensioning techniques.
Explain procedures for determining tolerance dimensions.
Construct drawings that require conventional tolerances.
E
D405.00
D405.01
D405.02
SECTIONAL VIEWS
Demonstrate the correct techniques for preparing sectional views.
Explain the concepts and principles of sectional views.
Construct sectional views.
9%
9%
F
D406.00
D406.01
D406.02
AUXILIARY VIEWS
Prepare primary auxiliary views.
Explain the concepts and principles of primary auxiliary views.
Construct primary auxiliary views.
6%
6%
D404.00
Type
Behavior
9%
4%
5%
9%
9%
5%
5%
Comp #
Obj #
Unit Titles/Competency and Objective Statements
(The Student will be able to:)
Time
Hours
1
G
D407
D407.01
D407.02
2
3
PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
Prepare pattern developments.
Explain techniques and procedures for constructing pattern developments.
Construct pattern developments.
Course Weight
Type
Behavior
Integrated
Skill Area
Core
Supp
7
8
Cognitive
Performance
4
5
6
6%
6%
5%
C3P
C3
C3P
5%
Engineering II
Summer 2005
Leadership Development
001.
Demonstrate communication, problem solving, and team
building skills
001.01
Demonstrate communication skills
001.02
Demonstrate problem solving and team building skills
13
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT A: Leadership
Competency: D401.00
Demonstrate communication, problem solving, and team building skills
Objective: D401.01
Demonstrate communication skills
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to develop leadership skills focusing on communication
strategy.
(Reference: T&I Leadership Teacher Guide)
Explain the following:
A.
Please see the questions written in your classroom test-item bank. These will reflect the
content to be covered.
B.
For more detailed information, use your T&I Leadership Teacher Guide: Level II,
Communication Skills
14
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT A: Leadership
Competency: D401.00
Demonstrate communication, problem solving, and team building skills
Objective: D401.02
Demonstrate problem solving and team building skills
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to develop leadership skills focusing on problem solving
and team building.
(Reference: T&I Leadership Teacher Guide)
Explain the following:
A.
Please see the questions written in your classroom test-item bank. These will reflect the
content to be covered.
B.
For more detailed information, use your T&I Leadership Teacher Guide: Level II, Team
Building Skills.
15
Engineering II
Summer 2005
3D Modeling
002.
Demonstrate 3D modeling techniques
002.01
Explain techniques for creating 3D geometry
002.02
Explain techniques for modifying and duplicating 3D geometry
002.03
Construct a 3D model
16
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT B: 3D Modeling
Competency: D402.00
Demonstrate 3D solid modeling techniques.
Objective: D402.01
Explain techniques for creating 3D geometry.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to build on the 3D CAD concepts and commands that were
learned in Drafting I. When covering the 3D CAD material, it is recommended that one of the
following constraint-based CAD programs be used: Inventor®, ProDesktop®, SolidWorks®, or
SolidEdge®. Although it is possible to use AutoCAD® (not AutoCAD® LT) for most of the concepts,
engineering firms that do serious 3D part modeling are using constraint-based or parametric modelers.
Basic methods for creating geometry
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Extruding a profile
Select a construction plane.
Create a 2D profile on the selected construction plane.
Specify the direction of the extrude.
Specify the distance of the extrude.
Specify the taper angle.
Figure 1. Extruding a Profile.
D.
Revolving a profile
1. Select a construction plane.
2. Create a 2D profile on the selected construction plane.
3. Create or select an axis to rotate the profile about (axis must be in the same plane as the 2D
profile).
4. Specify the direction of the revolve.
5. Specify the angle of the revolve.
Figure 2. Revolving a Profile.
E.
Making linear cuts to remove material
1. Select a construction plane.
2. Create a 2D profile on the selected construction plane.
17
Engineering II
Summer 2005
3. Specify the direction of cut.
4. Specify the distance of the cut (through the whole object or to a specified depth).
Figure 3. Making Cuts in Existing Parts.
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Making revolved cuts to remove material
Select a construction plane.
Create a 2D profile with a centerline on the selected construction plane.
Specify the direction of cut.
Specify the angle of revolution.
Figure 4. Making Revolved Cuts in Existing Parts.
Advanced Feature Creation Commands
A.
Creating New Construction Planes or Workplanes - Most objects that require more than just
simple extrudes or revolves usually require construction planes other than the 3 default planes
within the software. Typical methods for constructing new planes include:
1.
2.
Offset a new construction plane from an existing surface or plane.
Creating a new construction plane parallel to an existing surface or plane
through a point.
3.
Creating a new construction plane at an angle to an existing surface or plane.
Offset at a Distance
Offset Through a Point
At an Angle to a Plane
Figure 5. Creating a New Construction Plane or Workplane
18
Engineering II
B.
Summer 2005
Lofting - Lofting is a 3D modeling technique where the user creates at least two, 2D profiles on
separate construction planes and the software interpolates the solid geometry between the two
profiles. Most constraint-based software allows the user to add or remove material with a loft.
1. Create construction planes for each 2D profile.
2. Construct the 2D geometry on each profile.
3. Activate the loft command and select each profile.
4. Identify any guide curves or rails used to help the computer with the interpolation between the
profiles.
Figure 5. Lofted Objects.
C.
Sweeps - Sweeps are typically defined by a profile and a path. The profile determines the crosssection of the sweep and the path defines the direction of the sweep. As with the loft, most
constraint-based software allows the user to add or remove material with a sweep.
1. Create a sketch to define the path of the sweep.
2. Create a sketch to define the profile of the sweep. Make sure the profile and the path intersect.
3. Activate the sweep command and select the profile and the path.
Figure 6. Swept Objects.
19
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT B: 3D Modeling
Competency: D402.00
Demonstrate 3D solid modeling techniques.
Objective: D402.02
Explain techniques for modifying and duplicating 3D geometry.
A.
Shell – The shell command is used to “hollow out” solids.
1. Select the faces of the solid that will be eliminated.
2. Determine a wall thickness for the shell.
Figure 1. Object Created with a Shell.
B.
Helix or Coils – A helix or coil can be used to create several types of parts. When combined
with a sweep, it is especially good for creating springs and for cutting threads. Most software will
allow a helix or coil to be defined by the following parameters:
1. Pitch and revolution.
2. Height and revolution.
3. Height and pitch (good when used to produce threads).
Figure 2. Objects Created with a Helix or Coil.
G.
Fillets (most CAD software does not distinguish between fillets and rounds)
1. Select the edges to be filleted.
2. Specify a radius of the fillet.
Figure 3. Creating Fillets.
H.
Chamfers
1. Select the edges to be chamfered.
20
Engineering II
Summer 2005
2. Specify the distance and angle of the chamfer.
Figure 4. Creating Chamfers.
Duplicating Geometry or Features
A.
Patterns or Arrays - These can be created at the 2D or 3D level.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
c.
Linear or Rectangular Patterns or Arrays
Select the 2D or 3D feature(s).
Specify a direction for copying the objects in one direction.
Specify the distance between features as well as the number of features to duplicate in that
direction.
Specify a direction for copying the objects in another direction.
Specify the distance between features as well as the number of features to duplicate in the
second direction.
Figure 5. Linear Patterns.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Circular or Polar Patterns or Arrays
Select the 2D or 3D feature(s).
Specify an axis of rotation for the feature(s).
Specify a direction for copying the objects.
Specify the angle between features as well as the number of features to duplicate.
Figure 6. Circular Patterns.
B.
Mirroring 3D Features
a. Select the 3D feature(s).
b. Specify a 2D plane to mirror the features about.
21
Engineering II
Summer 2005
Figure 7. Mirroring 3D Features.
22
Engineering II
Summer 2005
Manufacturing Processes
003.
Demonstrate basic concepts of manufacturing processes
003.01
Explain the concepts of manufacturing processes
003.02
Explain the ANSI standards of applying annotations to a drawing that
best describes the manufacturing process
003.03
Demonstrate the skills needed in applying annotations to a drawing
that best describes the manufacturing process
23
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT C: Manufacturing Processes
Competency: D403.00
Demonstrate basic concepts of manufacturing processes.
Objective: D403.01
Explain the concepts of manufacturing processes.
Introduction: Before preparing a drawing for the production of a part, the drafter/designer must
consider what manufacturing processes are to be used. These processes will determine the
representation of the detailed features, choice of dimensions, and machining accuracy.
The purpose of this unit is to provide the student with information about terms and processes used in
manufacturing that will assist them with the skills needed to development mechanical drawings for
industry.
Manufacturing: R1 (271)
The word manufacturing is derived from the Latin “manu factus”, meaning “made by hand”.
Modern meaning of the word manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into
products.
B.
The manufacturing process involves three important phases: 1) product design, 2) selection of
materials, and 3) the selection of various manufacturing production methods and techniques.
C.
Any number of process methods may be used by industry. For this reason, the designer and the
drafter must have a working knowledge of the various processes that could produce a part in order
to lower cost and reduce production time.
D.
The information needed to produce a part in a manufacturing department, most often comes in
the form of a working drawing.
A.
Manufacturing Processes: R1 (281), R3 (226), R4 (293)
A.
In the actual processing of a part consists of three main stages: 1) Rough forming, 2) Finishing,
and 3) Assembly.
B.
Rough Forming – consist of shaping the part by casting, forging, and welding.
1.
Casting
a.
Sand Casting is made by pouring molten metal into a cavity in damp sand.
Once it cools and is removed from the mold the part is then machined.
b.
Die Castings are formed by forcing molten metal into cavities between metal
dies.
i.
This process is much faster than sand casting and is used where rapid
production is used.
ii.
It also requires little or no machining.
2.
Forging
a.
Drop forging is produced by hammering heated bars of metal between dies.
b.
Press forging is produced by applied by a slowly squeezing action.
c.
Advantage of forgings over castings is that forgings are much stronger.
3.
Welding
a.
The process of fusion or joining of two pieces of metal by means of heat.
24
Engineering II
Summer 2005
b.
Usually a part is built up from cut stock forms, assembled, and welded
together.
C.
Finishing – is largely done in the machine shop to finish sizing holes and surfaces.
1.
Machining
a.
Machining might require the use of a grinding machine, lathe, milling machine,
and or drill press
b.
The above machines will allow the machinist to: turn, bore, ream, mill, and
grind a part to a specific size and shape.
2. Finishing might include: polishing, burnishing, deburring, surface treating, coating, and plating.
D.
Assembly – various parts are put together to complete the product. This may require additional
machining however this retooling costs money and downtime. Manufacturers look to their
company designers and engineers to keep manufacturing cost in check. One way of accomplishing
this is to produce 3D solid models using CAD software that allows designers and engineers to
update and modify their assembly drawings to fit changing criteria.
Manufacturing Materials: R1 (279), R4 (287)
A.
There is a wide variety of materials available for production manufacturing that fall into three
general categories: metal, plastic, and inorganic materials.
B.
Metals are classified as ferrous, nonferrous, and alloys.
1. Ferrous metals contain iron, and steel.
2. Nonferrous metals do not have iron content, such as copper and aluminum for examples.
3. Alloys are a mixture of two or more metals.
C.
Inorganic materials include carbon, ceramics, and composites.
1. Carbon and graphite or classified together and have low tensile strength (ability to be
stretched).
2. Ceramics are clay and glass materials. These materials are resistant to heat, chemicals, and
corrosion.
D.
Plastics - See “Plastics Processing” below for more information.
Heat-Treating: R3 (240)
The process of changing the properties of metals by heating and cooling is referred to as heat-treating.
A.
Annealing – is the process generally used to soften metal by heating followed by slow cooling.
B.
Hardening – requires heating and then rapid cooling in oil or water.
Plastics Processing: R3 (242), R4 (290)
A.
The plastics industry represents one of the major manufacturing segments. There are two main
families of plastics, thermosetting and thermoplastic.
1. Thermosetting Process – These products are formed into a permanent shape by heat and
pressure and may not be altered after curing. This process is more expensive and can be more
difficult than others because thermoset materials cannot be remelted once they have been
melted and formed for the first time. Thermoset products are the choice when the product is
used in an application where heat exists such as plastic parts found on or near the engine of a
car. The most common production process is casting.
2. Thermoplastic Process – Plastic material may be heated and formed by pressure. Upon
reheating, the shape can be changed. Most plastic products are made with this process because
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
they are easier to mold into various shapes. These products cannot be used where heat might
exist.
B.
Typical plastic processing operations include:
1. Extrusion Process– used to make continuous shapes such as moldings, tubing, bars, water hose,
weather stripping, and any part that has a constant shape. This process creates the desired
continuous shape by forcing molten plastic through a metal die.
2. Blow Molding Process – used in the production of hollow products such as bottles and
containers. The molten plastic enters around a tube that also forces air inside the material,
which forces it against the interior surface of the mold to create the shape desired.
3. Injection Molding – is the most commonly used process for creating thermoplastic products.
The process involves injecting molten plastic material into a mold that is in the form of the
desired shape. Injection molding is used to create products such as housings for electronic
implements, automotive interior components, food storage containers, and components for
medical applications.
C.
Thermoforming of Plastic Process – is used to make all types of thin-walled products, such as
containers, guards, fenders, food packages, and cosmetic packaging. The process works by taking a
sheet of plastic material and heating it until it softens. Vacuum pressure is then applied to suck the
hot material down against the mold to conform to the desired shape.
Computers in Manufacturing: R1 (273), R3 (242), R4 (322)
A.
Computer-aided drafting / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is the process of
developing a design drawing on a CAD system and producing the part on a computerized machine.
B.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is the method of controlling the movements of machine
components by direct insertion of coded insertion of coded instructions in the form of numerical
data.
C.
The advantages of the CNC machining are: better production and control, increased
productivity, decreased labor, and production costs.
Measuring Devices Used in Manufacturing: R1 (284), R3 (233)
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Machinist Steel Rule.
Used for common fractional measurements.
The smallest division of this rule is 1/64”.
Caliper
Used when more precise measurements are required.
Measurements may be given in decimal, fractional, or metric.
Often used by drafters to record dimensions from a machined prototype or part.
Caliper instrument will give the machinist four types of measurements; Step, Inside, Outside,
and Depth. See Figure 1.
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Engineering II
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METRIC
(mm)
FRACTIONAL
(1/64”)
Figure 1. 6 Inch Dial Caliper
27
DECIMAL
(.XX)
Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT C: Manufacturing Processes
Competency: D403.00
Demonstrate the basic concepts of the manufacturing processes.
Objective: D403.02
Explain the ANSI standards of applying annotations to a drawing that best describes the
manufacturing process.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to generate student awareness of the use of
detailed annotations needed to describe the manufacturing process in the development of a
part.
Manufacturing Annotations: R1 (292-328), R2 (229-275) R3 (193-223), R4 (332-385)
A.
Two Kinds of manufacturing notes:
1.
General Note – applies to general information about the part as a whole. Such as:
FILLETS & ROUNDS ARE TO BE R.125.
FINISH ALL OVER.
2.
Local Note – is a note that is connected to a leader pointing to the appropriate area
applying to a specific machining operation.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Drilling Terminology and Callouts
Drill - Is the process used to cut a cylindrical hole with a drill press and drill bit.
Boring - Enlarges the hole slightly and making it rounder and straighter.
Ream - To enlarge a hole to a more accurate size and surface quality.
Machined holes by their profiles (see Figure 1):
a.
Through – a through hole is one that passes all the way through the object.
b.
Blind – a blind hole cuts into but does not pass completely through the object.
c.
Counterbore - To enlarge the end of a drill hole to a specific diameter and
depth in order to recess a mating part.
d.
Countersink - To recess a hole with a conically (cone) shaped tool to provide
a seat for flat head screws.
e.
Spotface - The cutting of a shallow counterbore, usually about .0625 deep
(depth symbol is omitted). The spotface depth does not need to be specified. The spotface
provides an accurate bearing surface for the underside of a bolt head.
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Engineering II
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Figure 1. Types of Holes
5. Standards for annotations and symbols when identifying hole callouts.
a.
Notes should always be lettered horizontally on the drawing paper.
b.
Always attach leaders at the front of the first word of a note, or after the last
word.
c.
When sizing a drill hole the arrowhead of the leader should point towards the
center of the circle. When the circular view of the hole has two or more concentric circles,
as for a counterbore, the arrowhead should touch the most outer circle.
d.
Fractional size drills are available drill sizes of 1/16” diameter to 3-1/2”
diameter. It is common practice (as recommended by ANSI) to give the drill size in decimalinch size for all diameters.
e.
For numbered or letter-size drills it is recommended that the decimal size be
given in parentheses; thus,
#25 (.1495) DRILL, E (.250) DRILL.
The word DRILL may be omitted from the note.
f.
g.
Metric drills are usually listed separately with a decimal-millimeter value.
Repetitive drill holes with the same diameter are specified by the use of an X
following the number of times the hole is required; thus, 4X n.375 (four holes with a
diameter of .375)
h.
Holes equally spaced about a common center are located by giving the center
of the holes and diameter of the bolt circle (BC). See Figure 2.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Figure 2. Holes Spaced Equally about a Center.
i.
The order of the drill callout corresponds to the order of procedure in the shop
in producing the hole. For example: The smaller drilled hole is given first, then the
counterbore diameter, followed by the depth.
Counterbore Example:
Countersink Example:
Spotface Example:
Note:


C.
The symbol is placed in front of the decimal size.
The depth for spotface is commonly know to be .0625 and is not
normally required with the hole callout.
Surface Texture Symbols:
1.
Used to indicate that a surface is to be machined, or finished.
2.
It is not necessary to show the finish marks for machining processes such as drilling,
reaming, boring, etc.
3.
The check mark symbol is the preferred symbol by ANSI. See Figure 3.
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Engineering II
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60°
3H
1.5H
Figure 3. Surface Texture Symbol.
4.
The point of the vertex of the finish mark should be directed inward toward the body of
the part. Such as that of a cutting tool.
5.
The finish mark symbol should be positioned to read from the bottom of the sheet or
from the right side of the sheet, as shown in Figure 4.
6.
The finish mark is only shown on the edge view of a finished surface and is repeated in
any other view in which the surface appears as a line, even if the line is a hidden line.
7.
If a part is to be finished all over, finish marks are omitted and a general note such as,
FINISH ALL OVER or FAO should be placed in the lower portion of the sheet, next to the
title block.
Figure 4. Orientation of Finish Marks to Machined Surfaces.
D.
Knurling – is a roughened surface commonly found on thumbscrews and handles of various
kinds to provide a better grip. Also can be created to provide a press fit between two parts (see
Figure 5).
1.
Types of Knurls
a.
Diamond – crossing diagonal groves.
b.
Straight – parallel groves
2.
Dimensioning of Knurls.
a.
For handgrip knurls, only the pitch of the knurl (sometimes listed as fine,
medium, or coarse), the type of knurl (diamond or straight), and the length of the knurl area
are required.
b.
For a press fit type knurl, the tolerance diameter of the class of fit is given
before the actual knurling note. The most commonly used diametrical pitches (DP) are 64
DP (coarse), 96 DP (medium), 128 DP (fine), and 160 DP (extra fine).
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Engineering II
c.
Summer 2005
A knurl symbol (hatching pattern) does not have to be shown on the drawing
when a local note is applied.
1.89
.82
Ø1.25
96 DP
STRAIGHT KNURL
Figure 5. Dimensioning a Knurl.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
F.
Fillets and Rounds - are normally found on cast, forged, and plastic parts.
The purpose of fillets and rounds is to add strength and protection from sharp edges.
A rounded interior corner is called a fillet.
A rounded exterior corner is called a round.
The presence of the curved surfaces is indicated only where they appear as arcs.
Runouts – is the method of representing fillets in connection with plane surfaces tangent to
cylinders. See Figure 6.
Figure 6. Conventional Fillets, Rounds, and Runouts.
G.
Conventional Edges – rounded and filleted intersections eliminate sharp edges and sometimes
make it difficult to present a clear shape description. True projection may actually be misleading.
Projection lines should project from the actual intersection of the surfaces as if the fillets and
rounds were not present (see Figure 7).
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Engineering II
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No Line
Figure 7. Conventional Edges.
H.
Chamfer – is a beveled edge and it is dimensioned by giving the length of the offset and the
angle (see Figure 8).
.
Figure 8. External and Internal Chamfers
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Engineering II
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Dimensioning and
Conventional Tolerancing
004.
Demonstrate intermediate dimensioning and conventional
tolerancing techniques
004.01
Explain intermediate dimensioning techniques
004.02
Explain procedures for determining tolerance dimensions
004.03
Construct drawings that require conventional tolerances
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Engineering II
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UNIT D: Dimensioning and Conventional Tolerancing
Competency: D404.00
Demonstrate intermediate dimensioning and conventional tolerancing techniques.
Objective: D404.01
Explain intermediate dimensioning techniques.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to cover intermediate dimensioning techniques and the area
of tolerance dimensioning. When students begin dimensioning parts, especially parts that interact
within an assembly, it is critical that they understand the differences between clearance and
interference fits. Modern industry relies on interchangeable manufacturing so that parts can be
manufactured in widely separate localities and then brought together for assembly without further
machining. After this unit, students should be able to define terminology related to tolerance
dimensioning, identify different types of fits given two dimensioned parts, and correctly apply limit
dimensions to a part when given the type of fit.
Explain the following:
A. Dimensioning prisms, cylinders, cones, and spheres. R1(305-308), R2(237-241), R3(200-204).
1. Rectangular prisms
2. Cylinders – The diameters of cylinders should be dimensioned in the rectangular view. Unless
a hole is present in the cylinder, only one view is necessary.
3. Cones
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
4. Spheres
B. Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning – This type of dimensioning system is specifically used
when computer-controlled production machines are used to manufacture parts. Notice in the
examples that all dimensions are referenced from an origin or 0,0 location. The designer should
consult with personnel in manufacturing to ensure that the origin is located in an appropriate
position. R1(321-322), R2(246).
1. Coordinate Dimensioning with Dimension Lines
2. Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines.
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Engineering II
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C. Tabular Dimensioning. Tabular dimensioning is used when a series of parts consists of the same
features or geometry but vary in dimension. Letters are used in place of dimension values, and the
values are then placed in a table. Most standard parts are dimensioned this way in catalogs, the
machinery handbook, and in the back of most textbooks. R1(320-321), R2(471).
D. Dual Dimensioning – used to show both metric and decimal inch dimensioning on the same
drawing. R1(299-300), R2(234), R3(219).
1.
Position Method – millimeter value is placed above (or below) the inch value
or separated by a dash.
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Engineering II
2.
Summer 2005
Bracket Method – millimeter value is enclosed in square brackets. A note
should be placed on the drawing such as: DIMENSIONS IN [ ] ARE MILLIMETERS.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT D: Dimensioning and Conventional Tolerancing
Competency: D404.00
Demonstrate intermediate dimensioning and conventional tolerancing techniques.
Objective: D404.02
Explain procedures for determining tolerance dimensions.
Explain the following:
A. Define the following terms: R1(330-339), R2(246-249), R3(213-217).
1. Interchangeable - Parts that are made to easily fit mating parts without additional machining at
the time of assembly.
2. Actual size - The actual size is the measured size.
3. Basic size - The basic size is the size to which allowances and tolerances are added to get the
limits of size.
4. Nominal size - The nominal size is a designation used for general identification. Typically this
is a fraction when working in inches.
5. Design size - The design size is the size from which the limits of size are derived by the
application of tolerances.
6. Tolerance - The total amount a single dimension can vary. The difference between the upper
and lower limits.
7. Allowance - Allowance is the minimum clearance or maximum interference intended between
the maximum material condition (MMC) of mating parts. Example: Smallest hole with the
largest shaft. The tightest permissible fit.
8. Limit dimensions - A tolerancing method showing the maximum and minimum size values.
The maximum dimension is placed above the minimum dimension. When expressed in a single
line, the lower limit precedes the upper limit.
9. Unilateral tolerance - A tolerance that allows variation in one direction.
10. Bilateral tolerance - A tolerance that allows variation in both directions from the design size.
11. Clearance fit - A fit between mating parts having limits of size so prescribed that a clearance
always results in assembly.
12. Interference fit - A fit between mating parts having limits of size so prescribed that
interference always results in assembly.
13. Transition fit - A fit between mating parts having limits of size so prescribed as to partially or
wholly overlap, so that either a clearance or interference may result in assembly.
B. Tolerance dimensioning.
1. Expressing tolerances on a drawing. Tolerance dimensions can be expressed in the following
ways:
a. Limit dimensions – This is the preferred method for expressing tolerances. Show both the
upper and lower limits. The high or upper limit is placed above the low or lower limit. In a
single-line note the lower limit precedes the upper limit and they are separated by a dash.
Limit Dimension
Single-Line Limit Dimension
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Engineering II
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b. Plus-or-minus dimensions – For this method, the basic dimension is followed by a plusor-minus expression.
Unilateral
Bilateral-Equal
Bilateral-Unequal
2. Describe the following types of systems as they relate to tolerance dimensioning:
a. Basic hole system - In a basic hole system, the design size of the hole is the basic size and
the allowance is applied to the shaft. The basic hole system can be used to keep the costs of
tooling down since standard tools such as a ream or broach can be used for machining.
Notice that the lower limit of the hole is the basic size 1.5000.
b. Basic shaft system - In a basic shaft system, the design size of the shaft is the basic size
and the allowance is applied to the hole. The basic shaft system should only be used when a
standard size shaft is needed. Notice that the upper limit of the shaft is the basic size
1.5000.
3.
Describe the differences between the following types of fits: Be able to
find/specify the following types of fits on a standard table.
a. Running and Sliding Fits - These fits provide a similar running performance, with suitable
lubrication allowance, throughout the range of sizes.
b. Locational Clearance Fits - These fits are intended for parts that are normally stationary
but can be freely assembled or disassembled.
c. Locational Transition Fits - These fits are intended where accuracy of location is
important, but either a small amount of clearance or interference is permissible.
d. Locational Interference Fits - These fits are intended where accuracy of location is of
prime importance, and for parts requiring rigidity and alignment with no special
requirement for bore pressure.
e. Force and Shrink Fits - These types of interference fits are normally characterized by
maintenance of constant bore pressures throughout the range of sizes.
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Engineering II
C.
Summer 2005
Looking up specified fits on tables.
1.
Looking up fits in inches. Below is a portion of a table listing American National
Standard Running and Sliding Fits. One of the first things to notice about the table is that all of
the values are in thousandths of an inch (so a value of +1 is really + .001).
a.
Determine the type of fit necessary (eg. close sliding fit, sliding fit, precision
running fit, etc.). Find the fit at the top of one of the columns labeled as RC1, RC2, etc.
b.
Find the row on the left that contains the range for the nominal size of the
shaft or machined hole.
c.
Find where the column and the row intersect to find the correct values.
d.
Example: Sliding fit with a system that has a nominal size of 1.500.
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Engineering II
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Running and Sliding Fits – American National Standard
RC 1
RC 2
RC 3
RC 4
Close Sliding Fits are intended for the accurate location of parts which must assemble without permissible play.
Sliding Fits are intended for accurate location, but with greater maximum clearance that class RC1. Parts made to
this fit move and turn easily but are not intended to run freely, and in the larger sizes may seize with small
temperature changes.
Precision Running Fits are about the closest fits which can be expected to run freely and are intended for precision
work at slow speeds and light journal pressures, but they are not suitable where appreciable temperature
differences are likely to be encountered.
Close Running Fits are intended chiefly for running fits on accurate machinery with moderate surface speeds and
journal pressures, where accurate location and minimum play are desired.
Basic hole system. Limits are in thousandths of an inch.
Limits for hole and shaft are applied algebraically to the basic size to obtain the limits of size for the parts.
Data in boldface are in accordance with ABC agreements.
Symbols H5, g5, etc., are hole and shaft designations used in ABC System.
To
0-0.12
0.12-0.24
0.24-0.40
0.40-0.71
0.71-1.19
1.19-1.97
0.1
0.45
0.15
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.25
0.75
0.3
0.95
0.4
1.1
Class RC 2
Standard
Limits
Hole
H5
Shaft
g4
+0.2
–0
+0.2
–0
+0.25
–0
+0.3
–0
+0.4
–0
+0.4
–0
–0.1
–0.25
–0.15
–0.3
–0.2
–0.35
–0.25
–0.45
–0.3
–0.55
–0.4
–0.7
Limits of
Clearance
Over
Class RC 1
Limits of
Clearance
Nominal
Size Range,
Inches
0.1
0.55
0.15
0.65
0.2
0.85
0.25
0.95
0.3
1.2
0.4
1.4
Standard
Limits
Hole
H6
Shaft
g5
+0.25
–0
+0.3
–0
+0.4
–0
+0.4
–0
+0.5
–0
+0.6
–0
–0.1
–0.3
–0.15
–0.35
–0.2
–0.45
–0.25
–0.55
–0.3
–0.7
–0.4
–0.8
* From ANSI B4.1 – 1967 (R1994). For larger diameters, see the standard.
2.
Looking up fits in millimeters. Below is a portion of a table listing American National
Standard Preferred Metric Hole Basis Clearance Fits.
a.
Determine the type of fit necessary (eg. loose running, free running, etc.). Find
the fit at the top of one of the columns.
b.
Find the row on the left that contains the nominal size of the shaft or machined
hole.
c.
Find where the column and the row intersect to find the correct values.
d.
Example: Loose Running fit with a system that has a nominal size of 25.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Preferred Metric Hole Basis Clearance Fits – American National Standard
Dimensions are in millimeters.
Basic
Size
1
20
25
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Loose Running
Hole
H11
1.060
1.060
20.130
20.000
25.130
25.000
Shaft
c11
0.940
0.880
19.890
19.760
24.890
24.760
Free Running
Fit
0.180
0.060
0.370
0.110
0.370
0.110
Hole
H9
1.025
1.000
20.052
20.000
25.052
25.000
Shaft
d9
0.980
0.955
19.935
19.883
24.935
24.833
From ANSI B4.2 – 1978 (R1984). For larger diameters, see the standard.
Appendix – Reading Dimensions
.1
.01
.001
.0001
.00001
one tenth of an inch
one hundredth of an inch
one thousandth of an inch
one ten-thousandth of an inch
one millionth of an inch
43
Fit
0.070
0.020
0.169
0.065
0.169
0.065
Engineering II
Summer 2005
Sectional Views
005.
Demonstrate the correct techniques for preparing sectional
views
005.01
Explain the concepts and principles of sectional views
005.02
Construct sectional views
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT E: Sectional Views
Competency: D405.00
Demonstrate the correct techniques for preparing sectional views.
Objective: D405.01
Explain the concepts and principles of sectional views.
Introduction: The purpose of a section is to show interior detail or space. By means of a limited
number of carefully selected views, the external features of the most complicated designs can be fully
described. However, we often need to show interiors that cannot be illustrated clearly by hidden lines.
We show such interiors by slicing through the object much as we cut through an apple or melon. A
cutaway view of the part is then drawn; such views are called sectional views, cross sections, or
simply sections.
To produce a sectional view, a cutting plane is assumed to pass through the part. The cutting plane is
then removed, and the two halves are drawn apart, exposing the interior construction. In which case,
the direction of sight is towards one half of the object. The other half is then mentally discarded.
Drafters use sectional views to improve the clarity of complex objects when internal surfaces result in
too many hidden lines. Special conventions are used to make a sectional view easy to understand.
Creating a sectional view with CAD can be a complicated operation. Understanding thoroughly the
concepts of sectional views will help the drafter create the drawing with the CAD software.
References R1(199-228);R2(276-315);R3(252-273)
Sections - Explain the following:
A. The purpose of a section is to show interior detail or space of an object or entity.
B. Identify and explain the following
concerning cutting plane lines (see
Figure 1):
1.
Cutting plane lines are used to
indicate where the section or cut is
made.
2.
Arrowheads on a cutting plane line
indicate the direction of sight.
Figure 1. Cutting-Plane Line.
3.
The two most commonly used
cutting plane lines are:
a.
A heavy line of altering long dashes (3/4” to 1 ½”) with a pair of short dashes (1/8”)
long.
b.
Uniform length dashes (¼”) with uniform spacing between.
C. Identify and explain the following concerning section lines (see Figure 2):
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
45°
Figure 2. Section Lines.
1.
Section lined areas represent materials that have actually been in contact with the cutting
plane line.
2.
The general universal section line symbol is uniformly spaced at 45 degrees.
3.
Instead of using section lines, parts may be shaded with a solid fill or hatch.
4.
Outline sectioning may be used along the perimeter of very large areas.
5.
Do not draw section lines parallel or perpendicular to visible edges.
6.
Vary the angles of section lining for individual parts for mating objects or when objects are
shown in an assembly drawing.
7.
Various material section line symbols can be used to represent different parts that are
adjacent and/or joined together.
8.
Section lines should be thin to contrast with visible lines.
9.
The spacing between section lines should be uniform. However the amount of the space may
be varied to fit the size of the drawing or the area being hatched.
10. Capital letters are used at the end of the arrowheads when necessary to identify the cutting
plane with the section view.
11. In CAD, crosshatching or section lines can be created with the BHATCH or HATCH
command.
12. When using CAD, you must create a closed area to allow for the hatching to fill. These
closed areas are called boundaries.
13. In CAD, if you choose the ASSOCIATIVE hatching setting, once boundaries have been set
and an area has been hatched, if you stretch the object, your hatching will also adjust to your
new boundaries.
14. In CAD, if you choose the NON-ASSOCIATIVE hatching setting, and your boundaries have
been set and an area has been hatched, if you stretch the object, your hatching will remain and
will not adjust to your new boundaries.
15. In CAD, when an area has been hatched, the hatch takes on the characteristics of a BLOCK.
16. In CAD, if your hatch angle is set to 0 degrees, the resulting hatch lines will be at an angle of
45 degrees.
17. In CAD, the spacing of the hatch is determined by the scale of the hatch.
18. According to the American National Standards, section lines can be spaced from about .03”
(1.0mm) to .12” (3.0mm).
19. Usually, all visible edges behind the cutting plane should be shown.
20. In a half section, ¼ of the object is imagined to be cut away.
21. In a full section, ½ of the object is imagined to be cut away.
22. Two good reasons for using “partial views” are
a.
To save drawing space
b.
To save drafting time
D. Identify and explain the following types of sections:
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Engineering II
1.
Summer 2005
Full Sections (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Full Section.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2.
The sectional view obtained by passing the cutting plane fully through the object is
called a full section.
The arrows at the end of the cutting plane line indicate the direction of sight for the
sectional view.
The cutting plane line may be omitted if the view is in orthographic position.
All visible edges and contours behind the cutting plane should be drawn; otherwise, a
section will appear made up of disconnected or unrelated parts.
Hidden lines should be omitted in sectional views. In most cases, they add to confusion
on a drawing. However, hidden lines may be used if necessary for clarity, or if reduce the
need for an additional view.
Section-lined areas are to be completely bound by visible lines-never by a hidden line.
Never allow a visible line to cross over a section-lined area.
Half Sections (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Half Section.
a.
b.
c.
If a cutting plane passes halfway through an object, the result is a half section.
Shows the internal and external features in the same view.
Two cutting planes are passed at right angles to each other with the cutting plane
passing only halfway through the object and one quarter of the object being removed.
d.
Is used when the object is symmetrical.
e.
Hidden lines can be omitted from the unsectioned half by a centerline.
f.
The sectioned half is separated from the unsectioned half by a centerline.
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Engineering II
3.
Summer 2005
Broken-out Sections (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Broken-Out Section.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
Revolved or Rotated Sections (Figure 6).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
Broken-out sections are used when only a portion of the object’s interior shapes needs
to be sectioned.
A broken-out section may be used when a full section or half section is not necessary.
A freehand break line is used to separate the sectioned details from the unsectioned
parts.
Hidden lines may be used on the unsectioned portion of omitted if not needed for
clarity.
Examples of details requiring a broken-out section are keyways, bolt holes, thread
details, etc.
Figure 6. Revolved Section.
Are used to represent the cross sectional shape of a handle, spoke, or other elongated
features.
Create the section by cutting through the feature and revolving the section 90 degrees.
Superimpose the sectional view on the orthographic view.
Make the view “stand out” by using short break lines or allow the orthographic lines to
touch the sectional drawing.
The cross section is not distorted to fit, but rather is drawn true size and shape unless it
is also removed.
Removed Sections (Figure 7).
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Engineering II
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Figure 7. Removed Section.
a.
A removed section is a revolved section that is not superimposed on the orthographic
view but rather is placed elsewhere in the drawing.
i.
May be place near the location where the section was made.
ii.
May be moved to another location on the page or another page.
iii.
Should be placed so that it no longer lines up in projection with any other view.
b.
May be drawn at the same scale as the drawing or at an enlarged scale to show its
details more clearly.
c.
Show where the section was made by placing a labeled cutting plane at that location.
Also label the sectional drawing to identify it.
d.
Should be labeled, such as SECTION A-A and SECTION B-B, corresponding to the
letters at the end of the arrows on cutting plane lines.
6.
Offset Sections (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Offset Section.
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Engineering II
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a.
When sectioning through irregular objects, it is often desirable to show features that do
not lie in a straight line by “offsetting” or bending the cutting plane. Such a section is called
an offset section.
b.
The cutting plane is bent at one or more 90-degree angles so that it will pass through
important features.
c.
The change of plane that occurs when the cutting plane is bent 90 degrees is not
represented with lines in the sectional view.
7.
Aligned Sections (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Aligned Section.
Are used to include details of a part by “bending” the cutting plane.
Normally the alignment is done along a horizontal or vertical centerline.
The principles of orthographic projection are violated in order to represent the features
more clearly.
d.
Do not revolve features where clarity is not improved.
e.
Identify when ribs, spokes, and webs should be sectioned. To avoid the false
impression of thickness and solidity, ribs, webs, gear teeth, and other similar flat features
are not sectioned, even though the cutting plane passes along the center plane of the feature.
a.
b.
c.
f.
Identify features that are cut, but not section line.
i.
Nuts, bolts, screws, keys, pins, rivets, and other fasteners.
ii.
Ball bearings
iii.
Shafts
g. Identify when conventional breaks should be used and describe “breaking” techniques
(Figure 10).
i.
Objects too long to fit on a page at a reasonable
scale.
ii.
Breaks in a solid shaft.
iii.
Breaks in a hollow shaft.
iv.
Breaks in rectangular, solid materials.
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Engineering II
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Figure 10. Conventional Breaks.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Auxiliary Views
006.
Prepare primary auxiliary views
006.01
Explain the concepts and principles of primary auxiliary views
006.02
Construct primary auxiliary views
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT F: AUXILIARY VIEWS
Competency: D406.00
Prepare primary auxiliary views.
Objective: D406.01
Explain the concepts and principles of primary auxiliary views.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to give the student the understanding of the basic concepts
of primary auxiliary views. There are times when one of the six principal views will not completely
describe an object. This is especially true when there are inclined planes or features on an object. For
these cases, a special orthographic view called an auxiliary view can be created. Auxiliary views are
supplemental views added to a multiview drawing that contain inclined surfaces. They are used to find
the edge and true shape views of inclined or angled surfaces. This unit describes how to create
auxiliary views for objects that cannot be clearly represented by the six principal views. Also described
is the use of auxiliary views to solve geometry problems, such as the point and true-length views of
lines and edges.
Instructors can take a couple of different approaches to this topic. You may elect to take the traditional
2D drawing approach where students use a 2D CAD program to construct an auxiliary view by
transferring dimensions from the principal views. To better prepare students for a career in 3D
modeling, require students to create a 3D solids model of the object first and then extract the multiview
drawing (including the auxiliary view).
Explain the following:
A. Terms and their relationship to Auxiliary Views:
R1(229-230); R2(316-319); R3(274-277)
1. Inclined surfaces – A surface that’s true size and shape cannot be viewed in frontal, horizontal,
or profile planes.
2. True size and shape – A surface that is perpendicular to the projection plane.
3. Foreshortened surface – A surface that is not true size or not true shape.
4. Primary auxiliary views - A single view that is projected from one of the six principal views.
Named according to the principal dimensions of the object shown in the auxiliary view.
5. Primary auxiliary views include:
a. Depth auxiliary – The inclined surface will appear foreshortened in a top view and a rightside view. The inclined surface will appear as a line or edge in the front view (see Figure 1).
b. Height auxiliary – The inclined surface will appear foreshortened in a front view and a
right-side view. The inclined surface will appear as a line or edge in the top view (see
Figure 2).
c. Width auxiliary – The inclined surface will appear foreshortened in a top view and a front
view. The inclined surface will appear as a line or edge in the right or left-side view (see
Figure 3).
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Engineering II
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Figure 1. Depth Auxiliary.
Figure 2. Height Auxiliary.
Figure 3. Width Auxiliary.
6. Reference Plane – A plane that is parallel to the inclined surfaces.
7. Auxiliary projection – An orthographic view that is drawn on any plane other than from frontal,
horizontal, or profile plane.
8. Perpendicular – A surface that is perpendicular to the projection plane.
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Engineering II
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9. Partial auxiliary view – An auxiliary view that shows only the true size and shape of the
inclined surface.
10. Line of sight "LOS"- Represents the direction you are looking at an object.
11. Reference line - Represents the intersection of two imaginary "projection planes"
12. Projection line - Shows the relationship of two views of a point.
B. Explain how to draw Primary Auxiliary Views:
R1(229-217); R2(276-282); R3(136-139)
1. Auxiliary views are created by adding a "line of sight" (LOS), a "reference line" and
"projection lines".
a. The "line of sight" must be perpendicular (90°) to any view of a line to find the "true
length" (TL) of the line. The "line of sight" must be perpendicular (90°) to the "edge view
of a surface" to find the "true shape" (TS) of the surface.
b. "Reference Lines" are drawn as a "phantom lines" (long, short, short, long) and at 90°
angles to the "LOS".
c. "Projection Lines" are drawn as "dashed lines" and at 90° angles to "reference lines".
Horizontal/Frontal) (Frontal/Profile) (Horizontal/Auxiliary Elevation) (Frontal/Auxiliary
Inclined) and is used to measure distances from the planes to points on an object.
2. Hidden lines are typically not used in auxiliary views, unless needed for clarity. Also, a number
of surfaces are not included because they are distorted and are of little value.
3. Typical steps followed to construct an auxiliary view:
a. Select the face that is to be drawn
i) A true surface
ii) A true length line
iii) An end view of a line.
b. Decide which line or surface is to be shown in an auxiliary view and which orthographic
view it will be projected from. The following facts must be considered when rendering this
decision:
i) Width auxiliary views are always projected from a side view.
ii) Depth auxiliary views are always projected from a front view (Figure 4).
iii) An elevation or height auxiliary view is always projected from the top view.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Figure 4. Inclined Surface as an Edge in the Front View.
c. Draw construction lines perpendicular to the surface/line/point of interest. These lines
should go in a direction, and far enough that leaves enough space for the view (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Projecting Lines Perpendicular to Inclined Surface.
d. Draw a folding line at an appropriate distance. This will act as a reference plane (Figure 6).
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Figure 6. Adding the Folding Line Parallel to the Inclined Surface.
e. Transfer distances from another view. This view will typically be the view adjoining the
view that the auxiliary is drawn from (Figure 7).
f. Complete the view.
Figure 7. Transferring Distances and Completing the Auxiliary View.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
Pattern Development
007.
Prepare pattern developments
007.01
Explain techniques and procedures for constructing pattern
developments
007.02
Construct pattern developments
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
UNIT G: PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
Competency: D407.00
Prepare pattern developments.
Objective: D407.01
Explain techniques and procedures for constructing pattern developments.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to give the student the understanding of the concepts related
to pattern developments. This unit will help students understand how things such as car bodies,
packaging, and other objects formed from flat materials are designed and manufactured.
A. Identify where patterns and developments are used:
R2(507-509); R3(413-415)
1. Sheet metal industry
a.
Many metal objects are made from sheet of metal that are laid out, cut, and formed into
required shapes and fastened together.
i) Shaped by bending, folding, die stamping or rolling.
ii) Fastened by riveting, seaming, soldering, or welding.
b.
Examples of surface developments from sheet metal would be air conditioning ducts,
boxes, buckets, filing cabinets and household utensils like metal spatulas, pot and pans.
2. Packaging industry
a.
Packaging is a very large industry that uses pattern development.
b.
Both engineering and artistic skill are needed when creating packages, because each
package design must meet many requirements.
i) To protect the contents during shipping of fragile objects.
ii) Be attractive for sales appeal.
iii) For durability—some packages are meant to be used for a short time then thrown away,
others are made to last a long time.
c.
Designers use many different materials and varying thickness.
i) Thin or medium –thick stock paper. This material can be folded easily for items like
boxes; others may need glue on their tabs. For example: book covers, envelopes, juice
cartons and paper cups.
ii) Cardboard, corrugated board and other materials require an allowance for thickness.
For example: boxes that have a separate cover or boxes made of two parts that slide
together.
Explain the following:
B. Terms and their relationship to Pattern Developments:
1. Pattern – The development of an object that is rolled or folded.
2. surface developments -- also known as stretchouts
3. Stretchout– A flat pattern or development used in laying out, cutting and folding lines on flat
stock.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
4. Circumference – The distance around a circle. The stretchout line is equal in length to the
circumference of a cylinder.
5. Truncated cylinder – A cylinder that has the end cut off by an inclined surface.
6. Parallel line development – A pattern created by drawing the edges of an object as parallel
lines.
7. Radial line development – A pattern created by drawing the edges of an object radiating from a
single point.
C. Create the following developments:
R(575)
1. Cylinder
2. Truncated cylinder
3. Box
4. Cone
a. Create measuring lines that radiate from a single point using a radial-line development
typically makes developments of pyramids and cones
b. The tip of a cone is called the apex.
c.
A cone consists of planar and single-curved surfaces.
5. Pyramid
6. Truncated pyramid
7. Elbows (square, two-piece, three-piece and four-piece)
D. Creating a stretch-out line using a parallel-line development typically makes developments of
prisms, cylinders and elbows.
E. The full length of a pattern when completely unfolded is represented by the stretch-out line.
F. The lines representing the location of folds or bends are called crease-lines.
G. Crease, fold or bend lines are represented by a small circle or an X.
H. A tab or lap is where additional material is added to surface developments for the purpose of
assembly.
I. When two truncated prisms or cylinders meet at an angle other than 180 degrees, an elbow is
formed.
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Engineering II
Summer 2005
61
APPENDIX A
Bibliography / References
Textbooks
Reference 1: Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., & Novak,
J. E. (2003). Technical drawing (12th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
ISBN: 0-13-008183-3.
Reference 2: French, T. E. & Hensel, J. D. (2003) Mechanical drawing: Board & CAD
techniques (13th ed.). New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0-07-825100-1.
Reference 3: Spencer, H. C., Dygdon, J. T., & Novak, J. E. (2004). Basic technical drawing
(8th ed.). New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0-07-845748-3.
Reference 4: Madsen, D. A, Folkestad, J., Schertz, K. A, Shumaker, T. M., Stark, C. & Turpin,
J. L. (2004). Engineering drawing and design (3rd ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar.
ISBN: 0-7668-1634-6.
CAD Software Websites
AutoCAD-LT, AutoCAD, and Inventor – www.autodesk.com
CADKEY – www.cadkey.com
Pro/Engineering & Pro/Desktop – www.ptc.com
Solid Edge – www.solid-edge.com
SolidWorks – www.solidworks.com
Student Version Pricing for CAD Software – www.journeyed.com
62
APPENDIX B
Vendor’s – Texts – Software – Literature
Software
Vendor’s – Texts
Autodesk Products (ie AutoCAD 2006)
Kris Dell
ADADemic/Applied Software
3200 Northline Ave, Suite 130
Greensboro, NC 27403
Phone: 704-491-2285
Fax: 704-573-9981
kris@asti.com
Amazon.com, Inc. (Book resource)
www.amazon.com
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Pam Angotti
6510 Jimmy Carter Boulevard
Norcross, GA 30071
Phone: 919-469-4517
Fax: 770-613-5065
Pam_angotti@mcgraw-hill.com
ProDesktop
PTC Offices-Charlotte
2201 Water Ridge Pkwy Suite 550
Charlotte, NC 28217
Phone: 704-357-3170
Fax: 704-357-6011
www.ptc.com
Goodheart-Willcox Publishing
Liz Myhre
18604 West Creek Drive
Tinley Park, IL 60477
Phone: 800-365-3907
Fax: 919-468-3792
lmyhre@goodheartwillcox.com
SolidWorks
Joe Wilkie
SolidWorks Corporation
3112 Stone Gap Court
Raleigh, NC 27612
Phone: 919-781-7304
Fax: 928-569-5640
joewilkie@solidworks.com
Thomson Publishing
Patrick Delaney
7813 Waterford Ridge Dr. #702
Charlotte, NC 28212
Phone: 877-430-0483
Patrick.delany@thomsonlearning.com
63
NC-DPI
NC SkillsUSA VICA
Tom Shown
Department of Public Instruction
Instruction Technology & Human Services
6360 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-6360
Phone: 919-807-3880
Fax: 919-807-3899
Tshown@kpi.state.nc.us
Glen Barefoot
Department of Public Instruction
Instruction Technology & Human Services
6360 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-6360
Phone: 919-807-3887
Fax: 919-807-3899
Gbarefoot@dpi.state.nc.us
National SkillsUSA VICA
P.O. Box 3000
Leesburg, VA 20177-0300
Phone: 703-777-8810
Fax: 703-777-8999
www.vica.org
64
APPENDIX C
Trade and Industrial Education - Drafting Facility Equipment List
Courses taught within the facility:
Drafting I
Drafting-Engineering II
Drafting-Engineering III
Drafting-Architecture II
Drafting-Architecture III
DFT
ENG
Code:
Code:
Code:
Code:
Code:
ARC
7921
7972
7973
7962
7963
Equipment
DFT
ENG
ARC
2D CAD Software (AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT)
3D CAD Software (Rhino 3D, Solidworks)
C or D size plotter/printer
Drafting stool
Drafting table/computer table
Instructor chair
Instructor desk
PC to TV converter or LCD panel screen for projector
Pentium III (or better) computer w/ 10 GB hard drive or higher, 450 MHz (or better)
suggested clock speed, 128 MB RAM, 52X CD-ROM, 3.5 floppy drive, 17” (or larger)
monitor, Open GL graphics card w/ 32 MB or better VRAM & input/output, multimedia
capability, NIC
Printer
TV/VCR
1S
1S
1F
1S
1S
1F
1F
1F
1S
1S
1S
1F
1S
1S
1F
1F
1F
1S
1S
1S
1F
1S
1S
1F
1F
1F
1S
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
ENG
ARC
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1:4S
2F
2F
2F
1S
1F
1S
1F
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
10F
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
Tools and Other Items Under $100
Equipment
DFT
Ames Lettering Guide
Brush, dusting
Calculator
Compass
Compass Lead, tube (gross)
Cover, drawing board
Erasing Shield
French Curve
Gauge, screw pitch
Gauge, small hole
Gauge, vernier height 10”
Lead Holder
Lead refills, 2H & 6H
Paper cutter
Parallel bar
Printer table
Protractor, plastic
Scale, triangular, architect’s 12”
Scale, triangular, engineer’s 12”
Scale, triangular, mechanical 12”
Scale, triangular, metric 12”
Template, bolts & nuts
Template, circles, fraction
Template, circles, metric
Template, electrical
Template, ellipses
Template, house plan & plumbing
Template, large isometric
Template, machine & cap screws
Template, screw threads
Template, small isometric
Triangle, adjustable
Triangle, 30° x 60° 10”
Triangle, 45° 10”
Quantities are listed per:
F=Facility
1S
1S
1F
1S
1F
1S
1S
1S
1S
1F
1S
1F
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1:4S
1S
1S
C=Center
S=Student
65
1S
1S
10F
10F
10F
1S
1:4S
1S
1S
1S
1F
1S
1F
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
1S
10F
1S
1S
1S
1:4S
1S
1S
APPENDIX D
Facility Design Specifications for Drafting Program
Program Area: Trade & Industrial Education
Course Title:
Drafting I, Drafting-Engineering II & III, Drafting-Architectural II & III
Course Description:
Purpose:
To provide training in the use of simple and complex graphic tools to communicate ideas and concepts
in the areas of architecture, manufacturing, engineering, mathematics, and the sciences.
Types of Instruction:
Lecture; demonstration; individual inquiry; small-group cooperative learning; individual and smallgroup viewing of video programs
Typical Activities:
Individual production of technical drawings using conventional and computer-aided drawing equipment;
sketching; individual and small-group design projects involving cutting, gluing, and assembling;
maintenance of tables and equipment
Maximum Recommended Class Size:
20
Typical Length of Class Period:
90 minutes (block schedule); 55 minutes (traditional)
Typical Duration of Course:
Semester (block); Year (traditional)
Rationale for Program Selection:
Success in all areas of business and industry is predicated on the ability to communicate effectively. Complex
graphic tools are used in all facets of the economy, including the sciences, for analyzing and sharing
information. This program prepares the student to effectively use these communication tools.
Program Locations and Relationships:
May be the center for the school’s most sophisticated computer activities and appropriately located contiguous
to other computer-oriented programs; May be a part of an integrated approach to math and science and located
accordingly; Need not be located near other trade and industrial education programs.
Shared Space Options:
1. Other Workforce Development:
Fundamentals of Technology
Computer Applications (depending upon the number of computers)
Graphic Communications
Scientific and Technical Visualization
2. Other Elective:
Art
3. Academic:
Mathematics
Science
66
Space Requirements:
1. Square Footage Range:
1800 – 2200
2. Peculiar Needs:
A. Deep sink with hot and cold supply
B. 100 foot-candles of artificial lighting required for drawing
3. Special Conditions:
N/A
4. Flexibility Needs:
N/A
Furnishings and Equipment:
1. Typical Furniture:
A. Drafting tables (to accommodate size “C” paper) and stools
B. Flat tracing files (ten drawers minimum)
C. Teacher drawing table and desk and file cabinets
D. Lockable storage cabinets with shelves for drawing equipment and software
2. Typical Casework;
A. Bookshelves for reference books, magazines, and manuals
B. Storage shelves for drawing and reproduction media up to size “D” sheets
C. Storage shelves for student models and projects
D. Counters to accommodate twenty computers and four printers, or counters for printers only,
if drafting tables are designed to accommodate computers
E. Counter space for a size “A” – “D” plotter or printer, a Diazo reproduction machine, and a
paper cutter
3. Typical Equipment:
A. Size “D” plotter or printer
B. Computers for CAD
C. Printers
D. TV monitors or projectors for display of computer software techniques
E. Computer-to-TV display equipment or computer projection device
F. Small hand tools for project construction
G. CAD/CAM
Special Notes:
1. Perimeter electrical outlets above counter height
2. Accessible to local school network and Internet
3. Light dimmers near teacher station for use of projectors and TV monitors
67
APPENDIX E
7972 DRAFTING – Engineering II EVALUATION FORM
Your suggestions and insights are needed to improve our curriculum products including the curriculum guide,
recommended activities, performance assessments, blueprint, test-item bank, and reference media. Please
review all the Drafting – Engineering II curriculum materials carefully. After teaching one full course cycle,
please take the time to fill out and return this evaluation form. Note that the more specific and clear your
suggestions are, the more useful and influential they will be. You may wish to have an industry representative
evaluate the products. Thank you for helping us serve you and your students better.
Rate the following statements from 1-5, with 1 being poor and 5 being excellent. When responding to specific
curriculum content found within the curriculum guide or blueprint, please give competency and objective
numbers.
Teacher's Name:
_______________________________________
School Name:
_______________________________________
Don't
Know
Poor
Fair
Good
Very
Good Excellent
1)
Blueprint is well structured and focuses on essential
concepts and skills. It does not contain superfluous
content.
Comments:
Unsure
1
2
3
4
5
2)
Curriculum guide clearly specifies the content
needed to achieve program mastery. It is easy to use
and is technically correct.
Comments:
Unsure
1
2
3
4
5
3)
Curriculum incorporates appropriate math, science,
technical concepts, and processes. Content is not too
complex or too simple for students.
It is technically correct.
Comments:
Unsure
1
2
3
4
5
4)
Curriculum reflects the use of state-of-the-art
technology. Equipment list reflects state-of-the
art technology and meets minimum standards.
Comments:
Unsure
1
2
3
4
5
5)
Program completers are well prepared for entry level
position in industry and/or post-secondary studies.
Comments:
Unsure
1
2
3
4
5
Return To:
Tom Shown
Instructional Technology & Human Services
6360 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, N.C. 27699-6360
68
Phone: 919-807-3880
Fax: 919-807-3899
tshown@dpi.state.nc.us