AP BIOLOGY
Chapters 22 – 24
Objectives- By the end of this week and a half you should be able to: (Many of these will be review from
Honors Biology. Objectives in bold are new or done in more detail.)
1. State the two major points that Charles Darwin made in The Origin of Species concerning Earth's
biota.
2. Describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck's model for how adaptations evolve.
3. Explain the challenges to Lamarck's ideas with respect to current understandings of biology.
4. Describe how Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle to formulate and
support his theory of evolution.
5. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.
6. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observations that led him to propose natural
selection as a mechanism for evolutionary change.
7. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.
8. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve.
9. Using some contemporary examples, explain how natural selection results in evolutionary change.
10. Explain how homologous structures support Darwin's theory of natural selection.
11. Explain how biogeography and the fossil record support the evolutionary deductions based on
homologies.
12. Define a population and a species.
13. Define and calculate allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and phenotype frequencies and explain
the relationship between them.
14. Explain how microevolutionary change can affect a gene pool.
15. State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
16. Write the general Hardy-Weinberg equation and use it to calculate allele and genotype frequencies.
17. List the conditions a population must meet to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
18. Define evolution at the population level.
19. Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, and natural selection can cause
microevolution.
20. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift.
21. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
22. Define polymorphism and morphs.
23. Explain why even though mutation can be a source of genetic variability, it contributes a
negligible amount to genetic variation in a eukaryotic population.
24. Explain how genetic variation may be preserved in a natural population.
25. Describe what selection acts on and explain what factors contribute to the overall fitness of an
organism.
26. Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection, and diversifying selection.
27. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
28. Define sexual dimorphism and explain how it can influence evolutionary change (sexual
selection).
29. Distinguish between geographic isolation and reproductive isolation.
30. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
31. Describe five prezygotic isolating mechanisms and give an example of each.
32. Describe some limitations of the biological species concept.
33. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
34. Explain the allopatric speciation model and describe the role of intraspecific variation and
geographic isolation.
35. Recognize examples of adaptive radiation.
36. Explain how reproductive barriers evolve.
37. Describe an example of the evolution of a prezygotic barrier and the evolution of a postzygotic
barrier.
38. Define sympatric speciation and explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation.
39. Distinguish between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy and predict resulting chromosome
numbers in each case.
40. List some points of agreement and disagreement between the two schools of thought about the
tempo of speciation (gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium).
This week’s homework: Due Friday, February 12
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read Chapters 22, 23, & 24
Complete the homework packet for Chapters 22 – 24.
Maintain your lab notebook to include all demos and lab activities completed during this time period.
Use the activities on the CD-ROM for chapters 22, 23, & 24 to review and reinforce concepts.
DATES TO REMEMBER:
Thursday, Feb. 11 – Write-ups for the labs Using Electrophoresis to Separate DNA Fragments and
Investigating Factors Affecting Transformation Efficiency are due.
Friday, Feb. 12– Homework for Chapters 22 – 24 is due.
BIOLOGY RAP OF THE WEEK
Hardy Weinberg Theorem
by RevaBeth Russell
Hardy Weinberg theorem is so easy to do.
Just because there are numbers, don’t let that frighten you.
Find the % of recessives, that is the “q” squared
Square root it, then you have, just plain q.
Remember “p” plus “q”--oo, always equ--als one.
“p” stands for the dominant and “q” the recessive ones.
These are alleles, these are things, in a gene pool.
psquared 2pq q–oo squared
Since you know what “q” is, you subtract it from one.
Now you have what “p” is, the dominant one.
Take the “p” and square it, you’re al--most done
Hom-ozy-gous, dom-in-ant, this is fun.
Heterozygous traits are represented thus.
Two times “pee quu,” now please stop all the fuss.
These are the steps. This is the way, you can count on us.
Ge-net-ic ee-quil lib-ri-um!
HELPFUL VIDEOS ON EVOLUTION:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_6.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_03.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_09.html