Biology
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Section 1 Classification
How did Classification Begin?
____________________________ items help you understand them better and find them more easily. One
way to do this is through classification.
__________________________ – is the branch of biology that _______________ and _________________
organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
First Biological Classification
Greek philosopher ______________ (384-322 BC)
Classified organisms as _____________ or __________________
Plants = 1.____________ 2._______________ 3. ______________
Carolus Linnaeu’s System of binomial nomenclature
System we use today
Based on _________________ and ________________ similarities
________________________ – modern classification system that uses a ______________ naming system
Binomial Nomenclature
First Word = _______________
genus – consists of a group of similar ___________________
Second Word = _____________ (specific epithet)
describes a ____________________ of the organism
Homo sapiens
Homo – ___________ is homo
Sapiens – Latin sapiens means “_______________”
How to write a Scientific Name
Scientific names should be ________________ in print and _________________ when handwritten.
First letter of the genus name is ____________________
First letter of the specific epithet is __________________________
Modern Classification
Today’s taxonomists try to identify the underlying ____________________ relationships such as external and
internal____________________, _______________________ distribution and their
_______________________ makeup.
Easier to understand biological diversity
Living or Dead
Taxonomists still group similar _______________________, both living and dead.
Provides framework to study the ________________ among living and extinct species.
Dinosaur, Is it a Bird or Reptile?
Bones have large ______________________________ spaces such as birds.
Skeleton shares many other remarkable similarities with birds
Dinosaurs are closely related to the __________________________
Taxonomy: A Useful Tool
Used in__________________________, ________________, and __________________
Child eats a poisonous berry
A scientist at poison control would get the description of the plant and berry and be able to
____________________________ what the plant was.
Discoveries
Often the discovery of new sources of _________________, _______________, and ____________________
results from the work of taxonomists.
Taxonomists know that a certain ____________ tree carries a _______________ used in a certain drug. Other
trees classified ____________ to the this one could carry the same______________________.
Taxon
A group of_______________________. (The plural of taxa)
Organisms are ranked in _________________ that range from having very broad characteristics to very
specific ones.
The ______________ the taxon the _____________ species it contains.
You already know ____________ taxa
•Smallest taxa = _________________
•Taxa above species = ______________
The Larger Taxa
Domain
_______________
Kingdom
_______________
Phylum
_______________
Class
_______________
Order
_______________
Family
_______________
Genus
________________
Species
_______________
Biology
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Six Kingdoms
How are evolutionary relationships determined?
They are determined on the basis of similarities in_________________________,
__________________________, _____________________, _______________________, and
__________________________.
Structural Similarities
_____________________ similarities among species reveal________________________. The presence of
_____________________________ structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved
from a common ______________________.
Breeding Behavior
_______________________________ behaviors can provide important clues to relationships among species.
Frog example from book.
Geographical Distribution
The _______________________ of a species on Earth helps biologists determine their relationships with other
species.
Galapagos Island Finches
Chromosome Comparisons
Both the ___________________ and the structure of______________________, as seen during
_________________ and_________________, provide evidence about relationships, among species.
Cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli ______________ different but have
___________________________ that are almost identical in structure. They are considered related.
Biochemistry
Closely related species have similar ____________ sequences and therefore, __________________________.
DNA sequences in giant pandas and red pandas _______________. They differ so much that many scientists
suggest that giant pandas are more closely related to ________________ than red pandas.
Phylogenetic Classification: Models
Species that share a common ancestor also share an ___________________________ history.
_____________________– the evolutionary history of a species
A classification system that shows the _________________________________ of a species is a phylogenetic
classification and reveals the evolutionary _______________________ of species
Cladistics
One biological system of classification that is based on phylogeny is ____________________.
Scientists who use cladistics assume that as groups of organisms _______________ and
__________________ from a __________________________________ group, they retain some unique
inherited characteristic that taxonomists call _________________________.
Biologists identify a group’s derived traits and use them to make a branching diagram called a
__________________________.
Cladogram – is a ______________ of the ______________________ of a species, and models are important
tools for understanding scientific concepts.
Similar to _____________________
Fanlike Model
Unlike a cladogram, a fanlike model may communicate the time organisms became __________________ or
the relative ______________________ of species in a group. A fanlike diagram incorporates fossil information
and the knowledge gained from anatomical, embryological, genetic and cladistic studies. Organisms with the
closest ___________________ are closest alike.
The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are _________________________________ organisms that lack distinct _________________
bonded by a__________________________.
Some are heterotrophs and some autotrophs
2 types
1.______________________ 2. ____________________
Archaebacteria
Usually live in _____________________ environments such as ________________, deep-ocean
hydrothermal_______________, and seawater evaporating ponds (Fig 17.9).
Most of their environments are __________________ free.
Eubacteria
Very strong cell walls and a less _______________________ makeup than found in archaebacteria. They live
in almost every habitat except for the extreme ones.
Some do cause ____________________ such as strep throat and pneumonia but most are harmless.
Protists
Contains diverse species.
A protist is a __________________ that lacks complex ____________________________ and lives in
______________ environments.
Can be _______________________ or _________________________
www.funsci.com
Fungi
Earth’s ____________________________
Heterotrophs that ______________________________ from place to place.
A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that ___________________ nutrients from organic
materials in its environment.
Plantae (Plants)
________________________________________________ producers
All are multicellular, _____________________________ eukaryotes.
________________________ move from place to place
Contain organelle known as _______________________ and have cell walls composed of
____________________________
______________________________ known species of plants
Animals
Multicellular consumers (_______________________________)
__________________________________ are able to move from place to place.
Animal cells do not have cell ____________________.