Geology
Section 1 Rocks & Minerals
Section 2 Surface Processes
Section 3 Dynamic Crust
o Earthquakes & Emergency Preparedness
o Earthquake Waves
o Earthquake Epicenter Location
o Earth's Interior
o Earth's Liquid Outer Core
o Convection Circulation & Seafloor Spreading
o Evidence of Plate Motion
o Plate Boundaries
o Hot Spots
Section 4 Earth’s History
Section 5 Groundwater
Section 6 Mapping
 The Earth is a dynamic geologic system.
 Earth has an internal source of energy which creates heat.
 The transfer of heat energy within the Earth’s interior results in the
formation of regions of different densities. These density differences
result in motion.
Earthquakes & Emergency preparedness
I can describe effective emergency preparations to prevent damage to life and property during an
earthquake.
1.
2.
Earthquakes
Emergency Preparedness
SUMMARY
2
Give one preparation people can take to prevent damage from an earthquake.
3
Earthquake Waves
I can describe differences between seismic waves.
1.
Seismic Waves
P
S
SUMMARY
4
5
Earthquake Epicenter location
I can analyze seismic waves to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter.
SUMMARY
6
7
Earthquake Epicenter location
I can analyze seismic waves to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Primary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
Secondary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
1:15:00
1:17:30
Difference Between PWave & S-Wave Time
Distance from City to
Epicenter
San Diego, California
Primary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
Secondary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
1:15:50
1:19:10
Difference Between PWave & S-Wave Time
Distance from City to
Epicenter
Juneau, Alaska
Primary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
Secondary Wave Arrival
Time to the City
1:17:00
1:21:20
Difference Between PWave & S-Wave Time
Distance from City to
Epicenter
8
9
Earthquake Epicenter location
Step 1. Determine the arrival times of the p-wave and s-wave.
Based on the sample seismogram the p-wave arrived at 0 minutes
and the s-wave arrived at 5 minutes.
Step 2. Calculate the time difference. S-wave arrival time minus
P-wave arrival time equals time difference. Based on our
sample we would have 5 minutes - 0 minutes = 5 minute time
difference
Step 3. Now turn to the Earthquake Time Travel Graph on page 11 in your
reference tables. Place a sheet of paper along the Travel Time axis of the
graph and mark the time difference calculated in step 2.
Step 4. Now slide the piece of paper across the graph until the bottom mark
lines up with the p-wave line and the top mark lines up with the s-wave line.
Make sure the edge of the paper is vertical.
Step 5. Now read straight down the edge of the paper until it crosses the
Epicenter Distance (x-axis). This is the answer. Based on the sample
seismogram the epicenter distance is 3,400 km.
Step 6. Open a compass to the determined distance. Place the center of the
compass on the seismograph location and draw a circle around that point. The
earthquake epicenter must be somewhere on that circle.
Step 7. Repeat for two other seismograph locations.
Where the three circles meet is the location of the
epicenter.
SUMMARY
10
Use the data below to find the epicenter of the earthquake.
Seismograph
Location
P-Wave
Arrival Time
S-Wave
Arrival Time
Darwin, Australia
4:56:30
5:04:20
Digos, Philippines
4:52:20
4:56:20
4:52:20
4:58:30
Tuy Hoa,
Vietnam
Time
Epicenter
Difference Distance
X Tuy Hoa
X Digos
X Darwin
2000 km
3000 km
4000 km
5000 km
6000 km
7000 km
11
8000 km
Earth’s Interior
I can infer properties (including in composition and states of matter) of the Earth’s internal structure
(crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core) by analyzing the behavior of seismic waves.
I can compare the thickness and density of continental crust and ocean crust.
Drilling
Evidence
Layers of the Earth
Continental
Crust
I Lithosphere
Oceanic
N
T
E
Rigid Mantle
R
I
O Asthenosphere
R Stiffer Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
SUMMARY
12
1. Which combination of temperature and pressure is
inferred to occur within Earth’s stiffer mantle?
1) 3500°C and 2.0 million atmospheres
2) 5500°C and 0.4 million atmospheres
3) 3500°C and 0.4 million atmospheres
4) 5500°C and 2.0 million atmospheres
2. In which part of the Earth is a rock temperature of
2,000ºC most likely to occur?
1) asthenosphere (plastic mantle)
2) continental crust
3) stiffer mantle
4) outer core
3. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200
kilometers
below the Earth's surface is inferred to be
1) an iron-rich solid
2) an iron-rich liquid
3) a silicate-rich liquid
4) a silicate-rich solid
4. What is the inferred temperature at the boundary
between Earth’s stiffer mantle and outer core?
1) 2,500°C
2) 5,000°C
3) 6,200°C
4) 4,500°C
5. Compared to Earth’s continental crust, Earth’s oceanic
crust is
1) thicker and more dense
2) thinner and more dense
3) thinner and less dense
4) thicker and less dense
6. In which layer of Earth’s interior is the pressure inferred
to be 1.0 million atmospheres?
1) stiffer mantle
2) outer core
3) inner core
4) rigid mantle
7. Which temperature is inferred to exist in Earth’s plastic
mantle?
1) 2000°C
2) 6000°C
3) 3000°C
4) 5000°C
8. Earth’s outer core is best inferred to be
1) liquid, with an average density of approximately
4 g/cm3
2) solid, with an average density of approximately
11 g/cm3
3) liquid, with an average density of approximately
11 g/cm3
4) solid, with an average density of approximately
4 g/cm3
9.Most inferences about the characteristics of Earth’s
mantle and core are based on
1) chemical changes in exposed and weathered
metamorphic rocks
2) well drillings from Earth’s mantle and core
3) the behavior of seismic waves in Earth’s interior
4) comparisons between Moon rocks and Earth rocks
10. From the top of the stiffer mantle to the center of
Earth, the rock material is inferred to be
1) solid, then liquid, then gaseous to the center of the
inner core
2) solid, then liquid, then solid again to the center of
the inner core
3) solid all the way to the center of the inner core
4) solid, then liquid to the center of the inner core
11. What is Earth’s inferred interior pressure, in millions of
atmospheres, at a depth of 3500 kilometers?
1) 1.9 2) 6500 3) 2.8 4) 5500
12. The pressure at the interface between the mantle and
the outer core of Earth is inferred to be approximately
1) 1.0 million atomspheres
2) 1.4 million atmospheres
3) 3.0 million atmospheres
4) 3.4 million atmospheres
13. A part of which zone of the Earth's interior is inferred
to have a density of 10.0 grams per cubic centimeter?
1) inner core
2) outer core
3) crust
4) mantle
14. The interior of Earth between a depth of 5200
kilometers and 6300 kilometers is inferred to be composed
mostly of
1) silicon and oxygen
2) iron and nickel
3) iron and lead
4) silicon and iron
13
Earth’s Liquid outer core
I can explain how the analysis of seismic data leads to the inference that Earth’s interior is composed
of layers that differ in composition and states of matter.
SUMMARY
14
How is the Earth’s interior similar to the Lesniak Tube?
15
Convection Circulation
I can explain how lithospheric plates are moved by the outward transfer of Earth’s internal heat.
I can explain why new rock material is formed at mid-ocean ridges.
1.
Convection Circulation
SUMMARY
16
Which answer below best shows the motion of mantle
convection?
17
Seafloor Spreading
I can explain changes in age, sediment build up, temperature, and magnetic polarity in a spreading
ocean crust.
SUMMARY
18
19
Evidence of plate motion
I can describe five pieces of evidence that suggests the Earth’s plates move.
Evidence of Plate Tectonics
1.
Puzzle Like Fit
2.
Fossil Correlation
3.
Rock Correlation
4.
Earthquake and
Volcano Location
5.
Paleoclimate
SUMMARY
20
Match the diagrams below to the evidence they best math up with.
21
Plate boundaries
I can describe how forces associated with plate motion create surface features such as mid-ocean
ridges/rifts, trenches/subduction zones/island arcs, mountain ranges, and hot spots.
I can describe the three types of plate boundaries.
Plate Boundaries
a) Divergent
b) Convergent
c) Transform
SUMMARY
22
23
Hot spots
I can tell you what a hot spot is, bro.
SUMMARY
24
25
STUDY SHEET
26