8
BIOLOGY 1002 COURSE OUTLINE
refers to a title in the text that students are responsible for knowing the entire content in the passage
under that title
(p )
refers to the page where the passage referred to by A @starts in the 5th Edition of Campbell. Passage
titles are of three types: MAJOR SECTION, Section and examples. Unless indicated otherwise
references to MAJOR SECTIONS refer only to the passage under the title and not its Sections or its
examples. Unless indicated otherwise references to Sections refer only to the paragraphs under the title
and not the examples. Most references are to Section titles.
*
refers to a passage in the text meant to be read as background reading. Students are responsible only for
the items in the outline title not the whole content of the pages listed.
**
refers to parts of the course not covered entirely by the text; content will be given in lectures or
additional readings
Kingdom Protista
I. Introduction to the Protists (review)
Protists are the most diverse of all eukaryotes (p 546)
II. Examples of Heterotrophic Protists
(a) Euglena
Fig. 28.3 Euglena: an example of a single-celled protist (p 547)
(b) Amoeba
Fig. 28.1 (a) Amoeba proteus, a unicellular Aprotozoan@ (p 546)
Rhizopoda (Amoebas) (p 569)
Fig. 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding (p 569)
(c) Trypanosoma
Fig.28.11 Trypanosoma, the kinetoplast that causes sleeping sickness (p 556)
(d) Paramecium
** Biology of Paramecium (Classification, External Features, Body Wall, Cellular Structure,
Locomotion, Feeding, Gas exchange, Excretion, Osmoregulation, Reproduction)
Alveolata: The alveolates are unicellular protists with subsurface cavities (alveoli) (p 556)
(ignore examples except Ciliophora (Ciliates))
Fig. 28.14 Ciliates (p 558)
Fig. 28.15 Conjugation and genetic recombination in Paramecium caudatum (p 559)
(e) Slime Molds
Mycetozoa: Slime molds have structural adaptations and life cycles that enhance their ecological
role as decomposers (p 570)
Myxogastrida (Plasmodial Slime Molds) (p 570)
Fig. 28.29 The life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold, such as Pysarum (p 571)
Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Molds) (p 571)
Fig. 28.30 The life cycle of a cellular slime mold (p 572)
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Mitosis & Meiosis
I. The Roles of Cell Division
Cell division functions in reproduction, growth and repair (p 215)
Cell division distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells (p 216)
II. The Mitotic Cell Cycle
The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle: an overview (p 217)
Fig. 12.4 The cell cycle (p 217)
The mitotic spindle distributes chromosomes to daughter cells: a closer look (p 220)
Fig. 12.5 The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell (p 218)
Fig. Fig. 12.9 Mitosis in a plant cell (p 223)
Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm: a closer look (p 221)
III. An Introduction to Heredity (234)
Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes (p 234)
Like begets like, more or less: a comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction (p 235)
IV. The Role of Meiosis in Sexual Life Cycles (p 235)
Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles (p 236)
Fig. 13.4 The human life cycle (p 238)
Fig. 13.5 Three sexual life cycles differing in the timing of meiosis and fertilization (p 238 omit (b))
Meiosis reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid: a closer look (p 239)
Fig. 13.6 Overview of meiosis: how meiosis reduces chromosome number (p 239)
Fig. 13.8 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis (p 242)
V. Origins of Genetic Variation
Sexual life cycles produce genetic variation among offspring (p 243 include examples)
Evolutionary adaptation depends on a population's genetic variation (p 245)
Kingdom Fungi
I. Introduction to the Fungi
Absorptive nutrition enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts (p 616)
Extensive surface area and rapid growth adapt fungi for absorptive nutrition (p 617)
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually (p 618)
Fig 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (p 619)
II. Divisions of the Kingdom Fungi
* Divisions Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (asexual and sexual spore- producing structures,
example of each) (Parts of pp 620-625)
III. Examples of Fungi
(a) Mushrooms
Division Basidiomycota: Club fungi have long-lived dikaryotic mycelia (p 624)
Fig. 31.12 The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete (p 625)
** Examples of Newfoundland mushrooms
(b) Molds
Molds (p 626)
(c) Yeasts
Yeasts (p 626)
10
(d) Lichens
Lichens (p 627)
(e) Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae (p 628)
IV. Ecological and Human Importance of Fungi
Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers and symbionts (p 629)
Some fungi are pathogens (p 629)
Fungi are commercially important (p 630)
Kingdom Animalia (Ch.32,33 &34:Very selective aspects)
I. What Is an Animal? (p 633 omit 4)
II. ** Distinguishing Characteristics of Animals (External Features, Symmetry, Body Cavities, Skeletons,
Habitat) *(parts of pp 637,638)
III. ** Five models of Animal Form (each representative is used to illustrate the distinguishing
characteristics of animals)
(a) ** Hydra
Phylum Cnidaria: Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes (p
648)
Fig. 33.4 Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians (p 649)
Fig. 33.5 A cnidocyte of a hydra (p 649)
(b) ** Earthworm
Phylum Annelida: Annelids are the segmented worms (p 659)
Fig. 33.23 Anatomy of an earthworm(p 659)
Class Oligochaeta (p 660)
(c) ** Grasshopper
General Characteristics of Arthropods (p 662)
Insects (p 666)
Fig. 33.33 Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect (p 667)
(d) ** Bony Fish (perch)
A bony endoskeleton, operculum and swim bladder are hallmarks of Class Osteichthyes (p 688)
Fig. 34.13 Anatomy of a trout (p 689)
(e) ** Mammal (rat)
Mammalian Characteristics (p 702)
An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function
I. Levels of Structural Organization
(a) Tissues
Function correlates with structure in the tissues of animals (p 835)
Epithelial Tissue (p 835)
Fig 40.1 The structure and function of epithelial tissues (p 836) (know one type)
Connective Tissue (p 835)
Fig 40.2 Some representative types of connective tissue (p 837) (know one type)
Nervous Tissue (p 837)
11
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Fig. 40.3 The basic structure of a neuron (p 838)
Fig. 48.2 Structure of a vertebrate neuron (p 1023)
Muscle Tissue (p 838)
Fig. 40.4 Three kinds of vertebrate muscle (p 838)
(b) Organs
Fig. 40.5 Tissue layers of the stomach, a digestive system (p 783)
(c) Organ Systems
The organ systems of an animal are interdependent (p 839)
Table 40.1 Organ Systems: The Main Components and Function (p 840)
(d) An example of an Organ System: The Human Digestive System
Fig 41.13 The Human digestive system(p 860)
Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals
Animals are heterotrophs that harvest chemical energy from the food they eat (p 844)
Body Plans and the External environment
Body size and shape affect interactions with the environment (p 840)
Regulating the Internal Environment
Mechanisms of homeostasis moderate changes in the internal environment (p 842 )
Fig 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals (p 788)
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits (p 843)
Fig. 40.9 (a) An example of negative feedback: control of temperature (p 843)
** Countercurrent vs Concurrent Exchangers
Fig. 42.21 Countercurrent exchange (p 888)
** Laboratory 6: Countercurrent Exchange (Lab. Manual)
Animal Nutrition
I. Nutritional Requirements
Animals are heterotrophs that require food for fuel, carbon skeletons, ans essential nutrients: an
overview (p 850)
An animal's diet must supply essential nutrients and carbon skeletons for biosynthesis (p 852)
II. Food Types and Feeding Mechanisms
Most animals are opportunistic feeders (p 856)
Diverse feeding adaptations have evolved among animals (p 856)
III. Overview of Food Processing
The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination (p 857)
Digestion occurs in specialized compartments (p 858, including examples)
IV. Gastrovascular Cavity of Hydra
Fig 41.11 Extracellular digestion in a gastrovascular cavity (p 859)
V. Alimentary Canals of Earthworm and Grasshopper
Fig 41.12 Alimentary canals (p 859)[omit (c)]
VI. ** The Fish Alimentary Canal
VII. The Mammalian Digestive System (p 859)
The oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus initiate food processing (p 860 including examples)
* The stomach stores food and performs preliminary digestion (p 861)
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The small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption (p 863 ignore examples)
Reclaiming water is a major function of the large intestine (p 867)
VIII. Evolutionary Adaptations of Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Fig 41.21 The digestive tracts of a carnivore and a koala compared (p 867)
** Types of Pouches
Fig 41.18 Ruminant digestion (p 868)
Symbiotic microorganisms help nourish many vertebrates (p 868)
Internal Transport (Circulation)
I. Necessity of Internal Transport
Transport systems functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells: an overview (p
871)
II. Internal Transport by GVC (Hydra)
Gastrovascular Cavities (p 872)
III. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems (Earthworm and Grasshopper)
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems (p 872)
Fig. 42.2 Open and closed circulatory systems (p 873)
IV. Vertebrate Cardiovascular Systems (Fish and Mammals)
Vertebrate phylogeny is reflected in adaptation of the cardiovascular system (p 873)
Fig. 42.3 General circulatory schemes of vertebrates (p 874)
Double circulation in mammals depends on the anatomy and pumping cycle of the heart (p 875
including both examples)
Fig. 42.4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview (p 875)
Structural differences of arteries, veins and capillaries correlate with their different functions (p 877)
Fig. 42.8 The structure of blood vessels (p 878)
Blood Flow Velocity (p 878)
Transfer of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs across the thin walls of
capillaries (p 880 including examples)
Fig.42.12 Blood flow at capillaries (p 881)
Gas Exchange
I. The Necessity for Gas Exchange
Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide: an overview
(p 886)
II. ** Characteristics of Gas Exchange Surfaces
III. Examples of Respiratory Surfaces
(a) Body surface (**Hydra and Earthworm)
(b) Gills (Fish)
Gills are respiratory adaptations of most aquatic animals (p 887)
Fig. 42.20 The structure and function of fish gills (p 888)
(c) Tracheal System of Grasshoppers
Tracheal Systems (p 889)
Fig 42.22 Tracheal systems (p 889)
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(d) Lungs of Mammals
Lungs (p 889)
Mammalian respiratory Systems : a Closer Look (p 890)
Ventilating the Lungs (p 830)
Fig. 42.23 The mammalian respiratory system (p 890)
Fig. 42.24 Negative pressure breathing (p 891)
Fig. 42.27 Loading and unloading of respiratory gases (p 894)
(e) Ventilation in Birds
Fig. 42.25 The avian respiratory system (p 892)
Excretion & Osmoregulation (Ch. 44)
I. Relationship between Osmoregulation and Excretion
** Relationship between Osmoregulation and Excretion
Water Balance and Waste Disposal (p 936)
Water balance and waste disposal depends on transport epithelia (p 936)
II. Review of Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive transport of water (p 146)
III. Nitrogenous Wastes
An animal's nitrogenous wastes are correlated with its phylogeny and habitat (p 936 include
examples)
Fig 44.13 Nitrogenous wastes (p 938)
IV. ** Nitrogenous Wastes of the Five Representatives
V. Water and Salt Balance
(a) ** Models of Salt and Water Balance
Cells require a balance between osmotic gain and loss of water (p 938)
Osmoregulators expend energy to control their internal osmolarity: osmoconformers are
isosmotic with their surroundings (p 938)
(b) Adaptations for Marine Environment (Bony Fish)
Fig. 44.14 (a) Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish (p 940)
(c) Adaptations for Freshwater
(i) ** Hydra
(ii) ** Earthworm
(iii) Freshwater fish
Fig. 44.14 (b) Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish (p 940)
(d) Adaptations for Land
Maintaining Osmotic Balance on Land (p 941)
(i) ** Grasshopper
(ii) ** Mammals
Fig. 44.16 Water Balance in two terrestrial mammals (p 941)
VI. Excretory Systems
(a) ** Body surface (Hydra)
(b) Metanephridia of an Earthworm
Metanephridia (p 943)
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Fig. 44.19 Metanephridia of an earthworm (p 943)
(c) Malpighian Tubules of a Grasshopper
Malpighian Tubules (p 943)
Fig. 44.20 Malpighian tubules of insects (p 943)
(d) Vertebrate Kidneys
Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids: an overview
(p 941)
Fig. 44.17 Key functions of excretory systems: an overview (p 942)
Vertebrate Kidneys (p 944)
Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the functional units of the mammalian kidney (p 944
include example and all parts in bold print)
Fig. 44.21 The human excretory system at all four size scales (p 944)
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look (p 994 include all examples)
The mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation (p 947)
Fig. 44.23 How the human kidney concentrates urine: the two solute model (p 948)
How the nervous system and hormonal feedback circuits regulate kidney functions (p 949 1st
three paragraphs only )
Figure 44.24 Hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback circuits (p 950)
Regulatory Systems(Ch.45 & Ch. 48)
I. Introduction
AN INTRODUCTION TO REGULATORY SYSTEMS (p 955)
The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally, chemically, and functionally related (p
956)
Invertebrate regulatory systems clearly illustrate endocrine and nervous system interactions (p 956)
II. The Vertebrate Endocrine System
CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND THEIR MODES OF ACTION (p 957)
Most chemical signals bind to plasma-membrane proteins initiating signal-transduction pathways (p
958)
Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and some local regulators enter target cells and bind to
intracellular receptors (p 960)
The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the Vertebrata endocrine system (p 962)
* Figure 45.6 Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands (p 963 pathways and ADH
only)
III. Homeostatic Mechanism of Water Balance
Posterior Pituitary Hormones (p 962; ADH only)
Fig. 44.24(a) Hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback circuits (p 950)
IV Homeostatic Mechanism Control of Blood Volume by Aldosterone
Fig. 44.21(b) Hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback circuits (p 950 Aldosterone
only)
V. Nervous Systems
AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS (p 1023)
Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor
15
output (p 1023)
Fig. 48.1Overview of a vertebrate nervous system (p 1023)
Networks of neurons with intricate connections form nervous systems [include all examples] (p
1023)
Fig. 48.3 The knee-jerk reflex (p 1024)
Nervous systems show diverse patterns of organization (p 1038)
(a) Nerve Net of Hydra
Figure 48.15 (a) (p 1039)
(b) Nervous Systems of Earthworm and Grasshopper
Fig. 48.15 (d), (e) (p 1039)
(c) Nervous Systems of Fish and Mammals
Fig. 48.16 the nervous system of a vertebrate (p 1040)
VI. Nervous Signals
Fig. 48.10 Propagation of the action potential (p 1032)
VII. Sensory Reception (p 1059)
INTRODUCTION TO SENSORY RECEPTION (p 1059)
Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the nervous system (p 1059
include examples)
Sensory receptors are categorized by the type of energy they transduce (p 1060 include parts in bold
print)
Movement & Support
I. Functions of Skeletons
Skeletons support and protect the animal body and are essential to movement (p 1077)
II. Movement
** Contraction of muscles, general action of actin and myosin (no details), expenditure of ATP,
antagonistic muscles
Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity (p 1075)
Muscles move skeletal parts by contraction (p 1080)
III. Skeletons and Movement of the Five Representatives
(a) Hydrostatic Skeletons and Movement of
** Hydra and Earthworm
Hydrostatic Skeletons (p 1077)
Fig. 49.27 Peristaltic locomotion in an earthworm (p 1078)
(b) Exoskeleton and Movement of a Grasshopper
Exoskeletons (p 1077)
Fig. 49.30 (b) The cooperation of muscles and skeleton in movement (p 1080)
** Significance of the exoskeleton to evolution of insects
(c) Endoskeletons of Fish And Mammals
Endoskeletons (p 1078)
* Fig. 49.28 The human skeleton (p 1079 names of bones not required)
** Mammalian movement
** Fish skeletons
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** Swimming by Fish
** Comparison of Fish and Mammalian Skeletons
Animal Reproduction
I. Overview of Animal Reproduction
Both asexual & sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom (p 975)
Diverse mechanisms of asexual reproduction enable animals to produce identical offspring rapidly
(p 976)
Reproductive cycles and patterns vary extensively among animals (p 976 parthenogenesis only)
II. Reproduction by the Five Representatives
(a) ** Hydra (asexual reproduction, reproductive organs, fertilization)
Fig. 13.1 The asexual reproduction of a hydra (p 235)
(b) ** Earthworm (reproductive systems, sperm transfer, storage and fertilization)
(c) ** Grasshopper (reproductive systems, sperm transfer, storage and fertilization)
Fig. 46.7 Insect reproductive anatomy (p 980)
(d) ** Fish (external fertilization, reproductive systems)
Fig. 34.13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative fish (p 689)
(e) ** Mammals (internal fertilization, endometrium, placenta, reproductive systems)
* Fig. 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male (p 981)
* Fig. 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (p 983)
* Fig. 46.17 Placental circulation (p 991)
* Fig. 46.16 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events (p 990)
III. Generalizations about Reproduction
Internal & external fertilization both depend on mechanisms ensuring that mature sperm encounter
fertile eggs of the same species (p 978)
Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more parental
protection than species with external fertilization (p 978)
Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla (p 979)
Thermoregulation as a Complex Homeostatic Mechanism
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE (p 927)
Four physical processes account for heat gain or loss (p 927)
Ectotherms have body temperatures close to environment temperature; endotherms can use
metabolic heat to keep body temperatures warmer than their surroundings (p 928)
Thermoregulation involves physiological and behavioural adjustments that balance heat gain and
loss (p 929 including examples)
Fig. 44.10 The thermostat function of the hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms in human
thermoregulation (p 934)
Most animals are ectothermic; but endothermy is widespread. (p 930 include examples)
17
TERMINOLOGY FOR BIOLOGY 1002
You should be able to correctly use and where appropriate define with examples, the following terms.
abdomen
aboral
absorption
absorptive heterotroph
acoelomate
actin
action potential
adaptation
ADH
adipose tissue
adrenal gland
aerobe
afferent arteriole
air sac
aldosterone
algae
alimentary canal
alleles
alternation of generation
Alveolata
alveolus
amine
ammonia
amphibian
amplification
anal pore (Paramecium)
anaphase
antagonistic muscle
antennae
anterior
anterior air sac
anterior pituitary
anus
aorta
appendicular skeleton
artery
ascocarp
Ascomycete
ascospore
ascus
asexual reproduction
astrocyte
atrioventricular (AV) valve
atrium
axial skeleton
axon
basement Amembrane@
basidiocarp
basidiomycete
Basidiomycota
basidiospore
basidium
BH (brain hormone)
bilateral symmetry
bile salts
bioenergetics
birth rate
bladder
blastula
blood
blood cell
blood sinus
blood vessel
body cavity
bone
Bowman=s capsule
brain
bronchiole
bronchus
bulk-feeder
caecum
cantilever suspension
capillary
carbohydrases
cardiac muscle
cardiovascular
carnivore
cartilage
caudal fin
cell body
cell division
cell plate
cellulase
centromere
cephalization
cerebrospinal fluid
chemical digestion
chemical energy
chemoreceptor
chemostimulus
chitinous cell wall
chromatin
cilia
ciliary movement
ciliate
Ciliophora
circular muscle
cleavage furrow
clitellum
closed circulation
cocoon
coelom
coelomate
coenocytic (aseptate)septate
coenzyme
collecting duct
colonial
complete digestive system
compound eye
conidia
conjugation
connective tissue
constriction (of artery)
contractile vacuole
contraction of muscle
control center
coprophagous
copulation
corpus allatum
corpus cardiacum
cortex
countercurrent exchange
countercurrent flow
cranial nerve
crop
crossing over
cuticle
cyst
cytokinesis
cytoplasmic streaming
daughter cells
decomposer
dendrite
Deuteromycetes
diaphragm
digestive tract
dikaryon
dilation (of artery)
diploid
distal (convoluted) tubule
dorsal
double circulatory system
double-stranded chromosome
dynamic equilibrium
ecdysone
effector
18
egestion
electromagnetic receptor
elimination
endocrine gland
endocrine system
endometrium
endoskeleton
epidermis
epididymis
epithelial tissue
esophagus
essential amino acid
essential fatty acid
excretion
exoskeleton
external fertilization
exteroreceptor
extracellular digestion
extracellular matrix
facultative anaerobe
female gonopore
fertilization
fibrous connective tissue
filament
filamentous
filamentous network
filtrate
flagella
flagellate
food vacuole
foregut
forelimb
four chambered heart
fragmentation
free-living
fruiting body (slime mold)
fusiform
G1
G2
gall bladder
gamete
gametophyte
ganglia
gas exchange surface
gastric ceca
gastrodermis
gastrovascular cavity
gene
genetic recombination
gill
gill arch
gizzard
glial cells
glomerular filtration
glomerulus
glycogen
glycoprotein
gonad
gullet (Paramecium)
GVC
habitat
haemocoel
hair
hair cell
haploid
head
hemolymph
hermaphrodite
hind limb
hindgut
histone
homeostasis
homologous pair
homologue
hormones
hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic skeleton
hyphae
hypothalamus
independent assortment
ingestion
ingestive absorptive
heterotroph
ingestive heterotroph
integration
integration
integument
intercalated disc
internal exchange surface
internal fertilization
internal transport
interneuron
interoreceptor
interphase
interstitial fluid
intracellular digestion
JH (juvenile hormone)
jointed appendage
karyogamy
kidney
kinetochore
lamellae
large intestine
larynx
lateral
lichen
ligament
linear chromosome
lipases
liver
longitudinal muscle
longitudinal nerve
loop of Henle
lumen
lung
macronucleus
male gonopore
Malpighian tubules
mandible
master gland
mechanical digestion
mechanical resistance
mechanoreceptor
medial fins
medulla
meiosis
metabolic rate
metabolic waste
metamorphosis
metanephridia
metaphase
micronuclei
microtubule
microvilli
midgut
mineral
mitosis
mitotic phase
mixotrophic
mold
molt
molt
molting
mortality rate
motor neuron
motor output
mouthpart
multinucleate
muscular tissue
mushroom
mycelium
mycorrhizae
myelin sheath
myosin
nasal cavity
negative feedback
negative pressure breathing
nematocyst
nephridiostome
nephron
nerve
nerve cord
19
nerve impulse
nerve net
nervous impulse
nervous system
nervous tissue
neuron
neurosecretory cell
neurotransmitter
nictitating membrane
nitrogenous waste
nostrils
nucleases
ocellus
omnivore
open circulation
operculum
opportunistic feeder
oral
oral groove
osmolarity
osmolarity
osmoreceptor
osmoregulation
ostia (grasshopper)
ovary
oviduct
ovipositor
pain receptor
pancreas
parabronchi
parasitic
parthenogenesis
pathogen
pectoral fin
pectoral girdle
pedal disc
pellicle
pelvic fin
pelvic girdle
penicillin
penis
pepsin
peptide
peripheral NS
peristalsis
peritubular capillary
phagocytize
phagocytosis
pharynx
photoautotroph
photoreceptor
pinocytosis
pituitary
placenta
plasma
plasmodial slime mold
plasmodium
plasmogamy
platelet
ploidy
polyploid
positive pressure breathing
posterior
posterior air sac
posterior pituitary
proboscis
prometaphase
prophase
prostomium
proteases
prothorasic gland
protozoa
proximal (convoluted) tubule
pseudopodia
pulmonary circuit
pulse
pyloric ceca
radial symmetry
random fertilization
receptor
rectum
red blood cell
reflex arc
regeneration
regulatory system
renal artery
renal pelvis
renal vein
respiratory medium
respiratory surface
rib cage
rib cage expansion
rib
rumen
S phase
SA node (pacemaker)
saliva
salivary amylase
salivary glands
saprobe
Schwann cell
semilunar valve
seminal fluid
seminal receptacle
seminal vesicle
sensory input
sensory neuron
sensory transduction
separate sexes
septa (earthworm)
set point
setae
sexual reproduction
single circulation
sinusoidal movement
sister chromatids
skeletal muscle
skin
skull
slime mold
small intestine
smooth muscle
sperm duct
spermatheca
sphincter
spinal cord
spindle
spine
spiracle
sporangium
spore
sporophyte
sporozoan
squamous epithelia
sternum ribcage
steroid
stimulus
stomach
stretch receptor
substrate-feeder
surface area to volume ratio
suspension-feeder
swim bladder
symbiotic
symmetry
syngamy
systemic circuit
tail fin
target cell
telophase
tendon
tentacle
testis
tetrads
tetrapod limbs
thallus
thermoreceptor
thorax
three chambered heart
tidal flow
tight junction
trachea
20
Tracheal system
tracheole
transmission
transport epithelia
transverse binary fission
trichocyst
trypsin
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
tympanum
typhlosole
umbilicus
urea
ureter
urethra
uric acid
urine
urogenital opening
uterus
vagina
valve ( in vein)
variation
vas deferens
vascularization
vein
vena cava
ventilation
ventral
ventral blood vessel
ventral nerve cord
ventricle
venule
vertebral column
vibrissae
villi
vitamin
water balance
white blood cell
yeast
Zygomycota
Zygosporangium
Zygote