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Cold environments
The global distribution of cold environments –polar (land and marine based), alpine, glacial and periglacial.
Glaciers as systems: glacial budgets.
Ice movement – types of flow: internal deformation, rotational, compressional, extensional and basal sliding; warm and cold based glaciers.
Glacial processes and landscape development.
Weathering in cold environments – frost shattering. Erosional landforms – corries, arêtes, pyramidal peaks, glacial troughs and associated features.
Depositional landforms – types of moraine and drumlins.
Fluvioglacial processes – the role of meltwater erosion and deposition. Fluvioglacial landforms – meltwater channels, kames, eskers and outwash plains.
Periglacial processes – nivation, permafrost formation, frost heave, solifluction.
Periglacial landforms – nivation hollows, ice wedges, patterned ground, pingos and solifluction lobes.
Exploitation and development in tundra areas and the Southern Ocean. Traditional economies ofnan indigenous population and recent changes/ adaptations.
Early resource exploitation by newcomers – whaling and/or sealing. More recent development – oil in Alaska, fishing, tourism.
The concept of fragile environments. The potential for sustainable development.
The future of Antarctica – to consider the contemporary issues of conservation, protection, development and sustainability in a wilderness area.,
Key Questions
Suggested Pupil activities/methods
Where are
periglacial,
glaciers and ice
sheets today and
where have they
occurred?
What are the
different types of
glacier?
Resources
Text
How is a glacier
a system?
Discus inputs and outputs
How does a
glacier move?
Basal slip, internal flow
DVD
Misc
GeoFile 622; Glacier as a system
Glacier mass balance exercise,
Carter
Answers
GeoFile 517; Athabasca Glacier
Sugg and skills
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How does a
glacier change
the landscape?
Glacial processes; weathering, abrasion,
plucking, and deposition
What are the
landforms of
glacial erosion?
corries, arêtes, pyramidal peaks, glacial troughs
and associated features
Size, made of, shape, example
GeoFile 545, Corries aretes and
pyr peaks
What are the
landforms of
glacial
deposition?
How does fluvial
glacial landforms
occur?
types of moraine and drumlins.
Size, made of, shape, example
Geog Rev 21,3,24; Ribblehead
drumlins
ICSD and Outwash
– the role of meltwater erosion and deposition.
Fluvioglacial landforms – meltwater channels,
kames, eskers and outwash plains.
GeoFile 533, Fluvioglacial
activity in E Yorks
How do
periglacial
process work?
nivation, permafrost formation, frost heave,
solifluction.
GeoFile 13 264
What are the
associated
landforms?
nivation hollows, ice wedges, patterned ground,
pingos and solifluction lobes.
Quiz of landforms
How have theses
environments
been exploited
traditionally?
GeoFile Traditional economies
of the indig peoples of the Arctic
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How has
whaling, sealing
and oil extraction
and tourism
impacted on the
environment?
What is a fragile
environment?
Future?
Sustainability
GeoFile 678; Arctic Tourism
GeoFile 566; Oil extraction and
Alaska
Geog Review 10,4,14;
Antarctica: Tourism's last
frontier
Geog Review 24,2,24;
Resources in Antarctica
Geog Review 21,3,14;
Alaska:sustainability in a cold
environment