Chapters 16 Outline
Acids in foods
Lactic acid –
Acetic acid –
Phosphoric acid – the tart flavor in many
.
Citric acid – found in
.
Malic acid – found in
Tartaric acid – found in
Bases Found in Household Products
Ammonia – some
Lye – also known as
Milk of magnesia –
Aluminum hydroxide and Sodium hydrogen carbonate – found in
5 Common Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids
1. Aqueous solutions of acids have a
.
2. Acids change the color of
.
3. Some acids react with active metals and release
.
4. Acids react with bases to produce
.
5. Acidic solutions conduct
.
Binary acid – is an acid that contains two different elements:
.
Oxyacid – is an acidic compound of
.
5 Common Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Bases
1. Aqueous solutions of bases
.
2. Bases change the color of
.
3. Aqueous solutions of bases feel
.
4. Bases react with acids to produce
.
5. Basic solutions conduct
.
Arrhenius acid – is a chemical compound that increases the concentration of
, in aqueous solution.
Arrhenius base – is a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions,
, in aqueous solution.
Strong acid –
ionizes in an aqueous solution. (
electrolyte)
hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. (
electrolyte)
Strong base – is one that
dissociates in aqueous solution. (
electrolyte)
Weak base – a base that releases
hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. (
electrolyte)
Weak acid – releases
Bronsted-Lowry acid – is a molecule or ion that is a
Bronsted-Lowry base – is a molecule or ion that is a
donor.
acceptor.
Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction – protons are transferred from one reactant (the
to another (the
).
Monoprotic acid – is an acid that can donate
Polyprotic acid – is an acid that can donate
)
proton (hydrogen ion) per molecule.
one proton per molecule.
Diprotic acid – is an acid that can donate
protons per molecule.
Triprotic acid – is an acid that can donate
protons per molecule.
Lewis acid – is an atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an
a covalent bond.
to form
Lewis base – is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates an
a covalent bond.
to form
Lewis acid-base reaction – is the formation of one or more covalent bonds between an
donor and an
acceptor.
Conjugate base – the species that
a proton.
after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has
Conjugate acid – the species that is
a proton.
after the Bronsted-Lowry base
Amphoteric – any species that can react as either an
Neutralization – is the reaction between
to form water molecules.
Salt – is an ionic compound composed of a
Acidic Anhydrides – are
solution.
.
from a base and an
from an acid.
oxides that react with water to produce an
Basic Anhydrides – are
solution.
oxides that react with water to produce a
Self-ionization of water – occurs when two
molecules produce a
and a
by the transfer of a proton.
pH – the negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration, H3O+1.
pOH – the negative of the common logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration, OH -1.
Acid-base indicators – are compounds whose colors are sensitive to
.
HIn  H+1 + In-1
Phenolphthalein – turns
(pH range of
)
in the presence of a base.
pH paper – the color of the pH paper in the presence of the solution can be used to
determine the pH of the solution. (pH range of
)
Blue Litmus Paper – turns
in the presence of an acidic solution.
Red Litmus Paper – turns
in the presence of a basic solution.
pH meter – is a device that determines the pH of a solution by measuring the voltage between
the two electrodes that are in the solution.
Titration – is a controlled addition and measurement of the amount of a solution of known
concentration required to react completely with a measure of a solution of unknown
concentration.
Equivalent point – is the point at which the two solutions used in a titration are present in
chemically
amounts.
End point – is the point in a titration at which an indicator
color.
Standard solution – a solution that contains the precisely known concentration of a solute.
Primary standard – is a highly purified solid compound used to check the concentration of the
known solution in a titration.