Electronic Supplemental Material: Comprehensive list of MCE studies by location Locations MCE Studies Atlantic Bermuda North Carolina shelf Florida shelf Bahamas Texas-Louisiana shelf Belize Cayman Islands Jamaica Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Netherland Antilles (Curacao) Barbados Brazil Canary Islands Malta Indo-Pacific Northern Red Sea India Maldives Chagos Islands Reunion Island Japan & Ryuku Islands Caroline Islands (Palau) Marshall Islands (Enewetak) Johnston Atoll Hawaiian Islands Fricke and Meischner 1985; Searles and Schneider 1987; Peckol and Ramus 1992; Venn et al. 2009 Schneider and Searles 1973; Searles and Schneider 1980; Peckol and Ramus 1988; Macintyre 2003 Cheney and Dyer 1974; Reed 1980, 1981, 2006; Hanisak and Blair 1988; Phillips et al. 1990; Hanisak 2001; Jarrett et al. 2005; Collier et al. 2008; Leichter et al. 2008 Busby et al. 1966; Porter 1973; Colin 1976; Lukens 1981; Jensen et al. 1985; Reed 1985; Littler et al. 1985, 1986, 1991; Blair and Norris 1988; Norris and Olsen 1991; Freile et al. 1995; Avery and Liddell 1997; Liddell et al. 1997; Reed and Pomponi 1997; Avery 1998; Liddell and Avery 2000; Aponte and Ballantine 2001; Pomponi et al. 2001 Bright et al. 1984; Rezak et al. 1985, 1990; Dennis and Bright 1988; Rabalais 1990; Fredericq et al. 2000; Schmahl and Hickerson 2006; Vize 2006; Hickerson et al. 2008 Ginsburg and James 1973; Colin 1974; James and Ginsburg 1979 Lukens 1981 Goreau and Wells 1967; Land and Goreau 1970; Goreau and Goreau 1973; Hartman 1973; Kinzie 1973; Colin 1974; Lang 1974; Goreau and Land 1974; Lang et al. 1975; Dustan 1979, 1982; Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988; Ohlhorst and Liddell 1988; Itzkowitz et al. 1991; Leichter and Genovese 2006 Kühlmann 1983; Colin and Clavijo 1988; Rodriguez-Jerez 2004; Singh et al. 2004; Nemeth 2005; Armstrong et al. 2006; Menza et al. 2007; García-Sais et al. 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008 Van den Hoek et al. 1978; De Ruyter Van Steveninck and Breeman 1987; Bak and Nieuwland 1995; Vermeij and Bak 2002, 2003; Vermeij et al. 2003; Bak et al. 2005; Frade et al. 2008a, 2008b; Nugues and Bak 2008 Macintyre et al. 1991 Collette and Rützler 1977; Rocha 2003; Feitoza et al. 2005 Haroun et al. 1993; Sanson et al. 2002 Larkum et al. 1967; Drew 1969 Fricke and Hottinger 1983; Fricke and Schuhmacher 1983; Kühlmann 1983; Fricke and Knauer 1986; Schlichter et al. 1986, 1994, 1997; Fricke et al. 1987; Schlichter and Fricke 1991; Kaiser et al. 1993; Mass et al. 2007; Brokovich 2008; Brokovich et al. 2008; Alamaru et al. 2009; Einbinder et al. 2009 Kerkar 2003 Gardiner 1903 Dinesen 1977; Sheppard 1980, 1981 Bouchon 1981 Yamazato 1972; Kajimura 1987 Pyle 2000; Wolanski et al. 2004; Pyle et al. 2008 Wells 1954; Gilmartin 1960; Colin 1986; Colin et al. 1986; Hillis-Colinvaux 1986a, 1986b; Thresher and Colin 1986 Agegian and Abbott 1985; Keating 1985; Maragos and Jokiel 1986 Vaughan 1907; Grigg 1965, 2001, 2006; Doty et al. 1974; Agegian and Abbott 1985; Parrish and Boland 2004; Kahng and Grigg 2005; Kahng and Maragos 2006; Kahng and Kelley 2007; Chan et al. 2009 Papua New Guinea Great Barrier Reef Cook Islands Society Islands Fiji Vanatu Galapagos Islands Earle and Pyle 1997; Coppejans and Millar 2000; Pyle 2000 Chalker et al. 1983; Drew and Abel 1988; Wolanski et al. 1988; Drew 2001; Cappo et al. 2007 Pyle and Randall 1992; Pyle 2000 Kühlmann 1983 Smith-Vanis 2005; Pyle et al. 2008 Pyle et al. 2008 Graham et al. 2007 Literature Cited Agegian CR, Abbott IA (1985) Deep water macroalgal communities: A comparison between Penguin Bank (Hawaii) and Johnston Atoll. 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