BIOLOGY 100
Campbell
STUDY QUESTIONS
Some Guidelines for Completing Biology 100 Study Questions and Worksheets
1.
Avoid the temptation of simply transcribing your text or a website to
answer the questions. While you will get some nifty sounding answers, you will
have learned nothing by this process.
2.
Don’t copy answers from your friends and classmates. To do so prevents
you from learning anything. You will get out of this class only what you put into it.
The process starts with you alone thinking about the questions, finding pertinent
information and formulating answers. Without individual effort you will not learn
anything and the group activities will make you feel and look uncomfortable
because your mastery of the material will be well behind the rest of the class.
3.
Put answers in your own words. When you can answer a question in your
own words, you have mastered the concept and should do well on the exams. If
you have copied answers you have only gotten practice in writing and have
learned nothing.
Chapter 1 Science as a way of learning
Vocabulary: empirical hypothesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
theory scientific literacy
List and describe briefly the processes involved in scientific inquiry. Differentiate hypothesis from
scientific theory. Give examples of both.
What are some of the limitations of science as a means to answer questions?
a. What is the difference between the colloquial use of the word "theory" and the scientific use of
the word "theory"?
b. A person makes the following statement" "I don't believe in Darwin's theory of Natural Selection
because it's only a theory." Does this person understand the scientific use of the word "theory"?
Why or why not? Differentiate pseudoscience and anecdotal evidence from scientific thinking.
Put the following story about Edward Jenner into the steps of the scientific method.
Edward Jenner first developed the technique of vaccination in 1795. This was the result of a 26-year study of 2 diseases,
cowpox and smallpox. Cowpox was known as vaccinae. From this word evolved the present terms vaccination and
vaccine. Jenner observed that milkmaids rarely became sick with smallpox, but they developed pocklike sores after
milking cows infected with cowpox. This led him to perform an experiment in which he transferred puslike material from
the cowpox to human skin. Because the 2 disease organisms are so closely related, the person vaccinated with cowpox
developed immunity (resistance) to the smallpox virus. The reaction to cowpox was minor in comparison to smallpox.
Public reaction was mixed. Some people thought that vaccination was a work of the devil. Others, like Thomas Jefferson,
had their families vaccinated. Today the majority of people in this country are routinely vaccinated against many diseases
such as polio, tetanus, measles, mumps, and influenza.
5.
6.
What is a controlled experiment? Why is it important to set up a control group and an
experimental grouping scientific experiment?
The diversity of life on earth is enormous. How do hierarchical organization and evolution tie
together all the major themes in biology?
Chapter 14 Population Ecology – 14.1-14.5
1.
Describe what is included in each of the following terms: ecology, population, community,
ecosystem.
2.
Why do populations grow and fall from time to time?
Chapter 15 Ecosystems and Communities - 15.1-.2, 15.6-.16; 16.10 – .12
vocabulary:
abiotic, biotic, carnivore, food chain, food web, habitat, herbivore, keystone species,
mutualism, niche, omnivore, parasite, primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What makes up an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Be able to identify trophic levels of an ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers.
Be able to talk your way through the diagram of the hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate
cycles. What are similarities and differences between these cycles?
Understand how species co-evolve and give examples.
What is the difference between the habitat and the niche of a species? Why is it difficult to define
“the human habitat”?
Phelan considers parasitism as a form of predation. What special challenges do parasites have?
Parasitism, mutualism and commensalism are all symbiotic relationships. What distinguishes
each of these types of symbiosis?
What is the role of keystone species? Know some examples.
What is meant by “global warming” and the “greenhouse effect”?
Chapter 2 Chemistry 2.1-2.6, 2.7 – end
Vocabulary: amino acid, carbohydrate, compound, covalent, double bond, enzyme, fatty acid,
glycogen, lipid, macromolecule, monosaccharide, nucleic acid, nucleotide, peptide bond,
polysaccharide, simple sugar, starch, trans fat, unsaturated fat, unsaturated fat, CHNOPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe the relationships between atom, proton, electron, element, ion, molecule, and
compound. Give an example of each structure.
What elements are most commonly found in living things?
What are the 4 major groups of biological/organic molecules in living things?
What is the function of enzymes?
Complete the Structure of Biological Molecules and Specific Functions Worksheets. What are 4
types of complex carbohydrates and their functions?
Chapter 3 Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Explain the 2 principles of the cell theory.
Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Which organisms are in the Eukarya domain?
Explain the theories of endosymbiosis and invagination as a means to explain the presence of
organelles in eukaryotic cells.
Describe the structure of membrane. Why is it essential that all cells be surrounded by a
membrane?
Below is a cartoon diagram of the structure of a phospholipid.
Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
Draw a picture of phospholipids as they would arrange themselves in the bilayer of all cell
membranes.
Describe the following passive transport methods: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
Compare and contrast the process of active transport with endocytosis and exocytosis.
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
How do large molecules or particles pass into or out of the cell without actually crossing the cell
membrane?
What are the functions of these cell structures: nucleus, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm ribosome,
endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion (plural -ria),
lysosome, chloroplast, vacuole, cilia and flagella, cell wall?
What are at least 3 structural differences between plant and animal cells? Stating that “plants are
rectangles and animal cells are round” is not acceptable.
Ch. 5 DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology
1.
Describe the structure and function of DNA. What are the correct base pairings?
2.
Why are James Watson and Francis Crick important in the field of molecular genetics?
3.
Explain the relationship between genes and proteins and between genes and chromosomes..
4.
Describe the roles of transcription and translation in protein synthesis.
5.
What is a mutation? Identify the impact and causes of mutations.
6.
Explain how genes with mutations can cause illness or disorder.
7.
Explain how biotechnology can help produce pharmaceuticals, treat disease, and even prevent
disease.
8.
Identify these terms: codon, anticodon, genetic engineering, transgenic organism, restriction
enzyme, plasmid, recombinant DNA, clone, polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
9.
Distinguish reproductive cloning from therapeutic cloning.
10.
What are some of the controversies of biotechnology?
Ch. 6 Chromosomes and Cell Division
1.
Explain the process by which prokaryotic cells divide.
2.
What is the function of mitosis? What cells divide mitotically?
3.
Describe the process of DNA replication.
4.
What is cancer? How are the cell cycle and cancer related?
5.
What is the purpose of meiosis?
6.
How does meiosis in the male differ from meiosis in the female?
7.
Compare mitosis and meiosis in terms of function.
8.
Describe the differences in asexual and sexual reproduction.
9.
Explain the impact of having an abnormal number of chromosomes. In general terms, how
might an egg or sperm end up with extra or fewer chromosomes than it is supposed to have?
10.
Make a labeled diagram of the “life cycle” of a sexually reproducing organism. Include these
terms in your diagram: mitosis, meiosis, zygote, diploid cell, haploid cell, gamete, sperm, egg.
11.
Identify these terms: cell cycle, genome, sex chromosome, autosome.
Ch. 7 Mendelian Inheritance (skip 7.7)
1.
Explain the concept of a single-gene trait.
2.
Define the terms gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous.
3.
Describe the difference between an organism’s genotype and its phenotype.
4.
Be able to solve monohybrid problems using a Punnett Square and state the probability of
the resulting genotypes and phenotypes.
5.
Explain how each of the following genetic inheritance “rules” works: incomplete dominance,
codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance.
6.
Explain how the ABO markers on red blood cells contribute to human blood type.
7.
Describe how sex-linked traits are inherited.
8.
Illustrate how phenotypes are a combination of genotypes and the environment.
9.
Web site: www.biology.arizona.edu/default.html Click on Mendelian genetics - you will find
monohybrid cross questions and sex-linked inheritance questions.
Ch. 8 Evolution and Natural Selection
1.
What are some ways evolution can be observed in various populations.
2.
Describe Charles Darwin’s impact on evolution and the study of biology.
3.
Identify the difference between evolution and natural selection.
4.
What are the factors that lead to evolution by natural selection?
5.
Describe ways evolution can be observed today.