Supplementary Table 1. Analytical investigations of MHC odortypes in mice
Reference
Novotny et al.
(1980)
Schwende et
al. (1984)
Strain and sex
MHC
type
AKR-H2b ♂
H2b
AKR ♂
H2k
B6-H2k ♂
H2k
B10 ♀
H2b
B10.A ♀
H2a
B10.BR ♀
H2k
B10.RIII ♀
H2r
Sex was not
specified.
BALB/k
C3H
Singer et al.
(1999)
Montag et al.
(2001)
Willse et al.
(2005)
Purge and trap
Immature versus
estrogen-treated
mature mice
Purge and trap
H2k
Purge and trap
H2k
H2k
Solvent extraction
around pH 4.5
B6 ♂
H2b
B10.A ♂
H2a
B10.BR ♂
H2k
B10.D2 ♂
H2d
B6 ♂
H2b
Headspace analysis
MUPs were removed
by ultrafiltration.
Solvent extraction
around pH 4.5
♂
BALB/b ♂
H2b
BALB/bk ♂
H2bk
BALB/k ♂
H2k
One was identified as phenylacetic acid.
heterozygote
SPME (Solid phase
microextraction)
heterozygote
The authors further demonstrated that urinary volatiles from different
mouse strains could be differentiated by a chemical sensor device
(electric nose).
Variation in the relative amounts of about 80 compounds was found to be
MHC-associated, including 2 reported mouse pheromones, 2,5dimethylpyrazine and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole.
Of 148 compounds examined, 108 compounds significantly varied each
genotype.
H2b
♂
8 out of 32 compounds were quantitatively different between the MHC
congenic mice.
Quantitative differences in the volatile profiles were observed. Two
compounds (3-methylbutanal and 2-pentanone) were MHC-associated.
H2k
H2k
B6-H2k
Qualitative and quantitative differences were reported in the urinary
volatile profiles of the three strains.
No compound was identified.
B6-H2k ♂
H2bk
Quantitative difference was observed in the immature females with
different MHC types.
No compound was identified.
H2b
B6-H2bk
2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 3,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin were
strain-dependent.
No specific MHC-associated compound was reported.
B6 ♂
B6-H2k ♂
Comments
Background genetic effect was larger than MHC effect on the expression
of the urinary volatile metabolic phenotypes.
MUPs were removed
by ultrafiltration.
B6 ♂
Willse et al.
(2006)
Extraction method
H2d
BALB/c
Eggert et al.
(1996)
Other variations
Background genes accounted for about 40% of total genetic variability,
while MHC genes accounted for 20–25%. Nearly 40% of the genetic
variability was due to the interaction between MHC and background
genetic variation.
The volatile phenotypes of MHC heterozygotes were not an additive trait.
Huge heterozygous effects were observed.
Supplementary Table 1. Analytical investigations of MHC odortypes in mice (continued)
Reference
B6 ♂
MHC
type
H2b
B6.C-H2bm1/ByJ ♂
H2bm1
Strain and sex
B6.AK-H2k/FlaEgJ
Novotny et al.
(2007)
♂
Röck et al.
(2007)
H2b
B10.BR-H2kH2-T18a/SgSnJ ♂
H2k
B10.A-H2aH2-T18a/SgSnJ
Kwak et al.
(2008)
♂
H2q
BALB/b ♂
H2b
BALB/k ♂
H2k
B6.129S2-Tap1tm1Arp/J ♂
H2b
♂
H2b
B6 ♂
H2b
B6 ♂
H2b
B6NCrl ♂
H2b
♂
H2b
BALB/cCrl ♂
H2d
DBA/2Crl ♂
H2d
B6 ♂
H2b
B6-H2k ♂
H2k
B6 ♂
H2b
Kwak et al.
(2009)
The majority of the 16 examined compounds were affected by either
MHC or background genes.
SBSE (Stir bar
sorptive extraction)
While bm1 mutation as well as β2 knockout altered the concentrations of
several compounds, no significant change due to the TAP1 knockout
was found.
No substantial alternation in the volatile profile was found by antibiotic
treatment.
Mutant strains
Carried pathogens
Mutant strain
SBSE
The difference in gas chromatographable metabolic phenotypes of the
unrelated strains compared with B6 strain was larger than that of B6 substrains.
Differences among the B6 sub-strains were more prominent than
differences between the β2m-deficient mutant and any of B6 sub-strains.
Lab diet versus
synthetic diet
SPME
Of 50 identified metabolites, 20 were influenced by diet and 20 were
influenced by MHC. Ten compounds were affected by the interaction of
diet and MHC. Although the metabolic phenotypes were influenced by
major dietary effects, MHC types could be accurately classified.
SPME was employed to collect urinary volatiles and the volatiles were
desorbed into a GC followed by collection of all eluting volatiles into a
buffer solution. This excluded the presence of MHC peptides in the buffer
solution.
SPME
B6-H2k
Zomer et al.
(2009)
Comments
Mutant strain
H2a
B10.D1-H2q/SgJ ♂
B6.129P2-B2mtm1Unc/J
Extraction method
H2k
B10 ♂
B6.129P2-B2mtm1Unc/J
Other variations
♂
Mice trained to discriminate the urinary odors of MHC-congenic mice
generalized the discrimination to the buffer solution containing peptidefree urinary volatiles, confirming that volatile signals are capable of
mediating behavioral discriminations of mice with different MHC types.
H2k
B10ScSnOlaHsd ♂
H2b
B10.D2/nOlaHsd ♂
H2d
BALB.B/OlaHsd ♂
H2b
BALB/cOlaHsd ♂
H2d
SPME
Both MHC and background genes influenced the profiles of volatile
compounds and microorganisms; background genes had a larger effect
than MHC genes.
4 unidentified compounds with genetic association (2 with MHC and the
other 2 with background genes) were reported.