A Century of Linefish Research in South
Africa: Bibliography and review of
research trends
Edited by
R.M. Palmer, P.D. Cowley & B.Q. Mann
With contributions from
A.W. Paterson, R.H. Bennett, T. Hecht
Acknowledgements
This report published by the South African Network for Coastal and
Oceanic Research (SANCOR) was co-operatively sponsored by funds
obtained from the South African Environmental Observation
Network (SAEON) Elwandle Node and the Marine Linefish Research
Group (MLRG). Numerous individuals from several South African
academic and research institutions are thanked for their support
and contributions to the bibliography. Illustrations of fish on the
front cover courtesy of SAIAB / NISC ©, while images were provided
by SAIAB, P.D. Cowley, A. Götz and W.M. Potts.
This report should be cited as follows:
Palmer, R.M., Cowley, P.D. & B.Q. Mann (Eds.) 2008. A Century of
Linefish Research in South Africa: Bibliography and review of
research trends. South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic
Research Occasional Report No. 6: 108 pp.
An electronic copy of this report and the bibliography can be
downloaded from the SANCOR website http://sancor.nrf.ac.za or is
available from SAIAB saiab@ru.ac.za
ii
Table of contents
Abstract
iv
Introduction
1
Methods
6
Literature sources
6
Analysis of research trends
7
Definitions of themes and focus areas
7
Taxonomy and systematics
7
Biology
8
Ecology
9
Management and fisheries
9
Mariculture
10
Elasmobranchs
11
Other
12
Results and Discussion
13
Analysis of publication by theme
13
Analysis of geographical regions
13
Analysis of the temporal trends
15
Period 1900 – 1949
16
Period 1950 – 1959
17
Period 1960 – 1969
18
Period 1970 – 1979
19
Period 1980 – 1989
20
Period 1990 – 1999
22
Period 2000 – 2007
23
The future of linefish research in South Africa
24
Linefish researchers
26
Conclusion
28
Literature cited
29
Appendix 1
34
Appendix 2
35
iii
Abstract
A substantial literature exists on South African linefish species but
has never been collated to produce a bibliography of research
outputs. This document provides the first compilation of published
and selected unpublished works (including student theses) on this
subject, thereby providing scientists and managers with a valuable
research tool. Approximately 1900 references were sourced and
categorized into seven themes by their titles and keywords. The
themes were:
Taxonomy and systematics, Biology, Ecology,
Management and fisheries, Mariculture, Elasmobranchs and Other.
Publications within each theme were further classified according to
focus areas (i.e. specific research disciplines). The bibliography was
analysed to reveal trends in contributions by geographic region,
focus areas (by decade) and research capacity. Research outputs
were dominated by contributions in the Management theme (44%)
followed by Biology (20%), Ecology (12%) and Elasmobranchs
(12%). Research on locally occurring linefish species has been
conducted throughout South Africa and its neighbouring countries
(Mozambique and Namibia), with the greatest contribution being
from KwaZulu-Natal (23%). Over the past 100 years, the focus of
linefish research has shifted from taxonomic investigations to
biological
and
management
related
research.
Of
the
128
researchers who have published papers, 42% are still active.
However, South Africa has lost research capacity as 21% have
emigrated, the majority over the past 20 years. Despite this,
linefish research is still very active, with all major research and
academic
institutions having
ongoing projects
and
registered
students. It is envisaged that future research will remain directed at
informing management decisions, while technological advances
particularly in the fields of genetics and biotelemetry will make
significant contributions.
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Introduction
Hook and line fishing in South Africa dates back to the mid 1600’s
when the Dutch first colonized the Cape. However, ichthyological
research only began in 1895 when J.D.F. Gilchrist was appointed as
a marine biologist for the Cape Colony. Initially, research by
Gilchrist and other prominent ichthyologists, such as J.L.B. Smith
and K.H. Barnard, focused on the taxonomic descriptions of fish
(including linefish species). However, the development of a thriving
fishing industry necessitated research on target species and later on
marine ecosystems. The primary role of linefish research in South
Africa, as in the rest of the world, is to produce the knowledge
needed by government to implement management, and to maintain
an environment conducive to the development and sustainability of
the fishery (Anon 1997).
The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Branch:
Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) is the regulatory authority
responsible for managing and conserving marine living resources.
Research scientists based at academic and research institutions, as
well as MCM, have conducted research on more than 100 linefish
species in order to advise the Minister of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism on how to manage South Africa’s commercial, recreational
and subsistence linefisheries.
Despite the development of marine science in South Africa, which
took place during a time of increasing political isolation from the
rest of the world, the standard of linefish research has remained
high. This can be attributed to good research co-ordination, largely
facilitated by the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic
Research (SANCOR) and its predecessor, the South African National
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Committee for Oceanographic Research, and strong collaborative
efforts and co-operation between research scientists based at the
major research institutions.
SANCOR
offers
assistance
to
both
government
and
non-
governmental organizations, to carry out tasks related to the
coastal and marine environment. Moreover, SANCOR provides a
platform for collaboration and communication in marine science and
management. Furthermore, SANCOR is involved in planning for the
future, facilitating research, advising on research priorities and
communicating research findings. There are seven research coordinating groups that fall under SANCOR. Two are relevant to
linefish
research;
Management
namely
Association
the
South
(SAMLMA)
African
and
the
Marine
Linefish
Marine
Linefish
Research Group (MLRG). SAMLMA is a formally constituted interest
group, which is recognized in terms of the Marine Living Resources
Act (No 18 of 1998) as the official body representing linefish users.
SAMLMA
comprises
representatives
of
the
recreational
and
commercial linefishing sectors, as well as regional conservation
authorities and linefish researchers. The primary purpose of
SAMLMA is to facilitate communication between the role-players
involved in the linefish industry and to discuss and debate issues
surrounding management and the promulgation of new regulations.
This body plays a crucial role in enabling stakeholders in the
linefishery to contribute towards improved management. The MLRG,
on the other hand, focuses on co-ordinating linefish research efforts
and direction. The aims of this co-ordinating group are:

To formulate and prioritise linefish research projects

To solicit funding for linefish research projects

To facilitate the transfer of linefish research results to
managers and users

To organise periodic workshops and conferences
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The MLRG has a membership of approximately 50 researchers and
students based at several academic and research organizations
throughout South Africa (Table 1).
Table 1. Institutional members of the Marine Linefish Research Group
(MLRG), with contact details.
Bayworld (Port Elizabeth Museum)
P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013
+27 (0)41 584 0650
pr@bayworld.co.za
www.bayworld.co.za
CSIR
P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001
+27 (0)12 841 2911
callcentre@csir.co.za
www.csir.co.za
Marine and Coastal Management
Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012
+27 (0)21 402 3911
www.mcm-deat.gov.za/about/
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031
+27 (0)41 504 1111
info@nmmu.ac.za
www.nmmu.ac.za
Oceanographic Research Institute
P.O. Box 10712, Marine Parade
+27 (0)31-3288222
ori@saambr.org.za
www.ori.org.za
Rhodes University (Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science)
P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140
+27 (0)46 603 8415/6
difs@ru.ac.za
www.ru.ac.za/adademic/departments/difs/
Rhodes University (Department of Zoology)
P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140
+27 (0)46 603 8525
www.ru.ac.za/adademic/departments/zooento/
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SANCOR Occasional Report
South African Environmental Observation Network
Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140
+27 (0)46 622 9899
www.saeon.ac.za
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140
+27 (0)46 603 5800
saiab@ru.ac.za
www.saiab.ru.ac.za
Two Oceans Aquarium
P.O. Box 50603, Cape Town 8002
+ 27 (0)21 418 3823
aquarium@aquarium.co.za
www.aquarium.co.za
University of Cape Town (Zoology Department)
Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701
+27 (0)21 650 2712
meg.lederboer@uct.ac.za
www.zoology.uct.ac.za
University of KwaZulu-Natal
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041
+27 (0)31 260 2212
enquieries@ukzn.ac.za
www.ukzn.ac.za
University of Pretoria
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002
+27 (0)12 420-3111
csc@up.ac.za
www.up.ac.za
University of the Western Cape
Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535
+27 (0)21 959 2911
servicedesk@uwc.ac.za
www.uwc.ac.za
University of Zululand
Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886
+27 (0)35 902 6030
www.uzulu.ac.za
Over the past 100 years, linefish research trends in South Africa
have been influenced by a number of factors. Although human
interest and curiosity have played a role, social, economic, political
and technological developments have generally dictated research
focus areas and influenced the direction of South African linefish
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research. Substantial research has been conducted, but research
outputs are widely distributed in the peer reviewed literature and
much documentation is in the form of unpublished reports and
theses. This presents an obstacle to researchers by making
awareness of, and access to “grey literature” difficult, thus
preventing them from deriving the full benefits of work that has
already been done. Therefore, a comprehensive bibliography of
extant work would serve a valuable purpose. Several studies have
assessed various sectors of the linefishery (e.g. Brouwer et al.
1997, Griffiths 2000) but none have covered the full extent of the
available literature. The need for such a document was the primary
motivation for the present compilation, and it is hoped that the
bibliography presented here will serve as a useful reference to
scholars and researchers in this field. Moreover, this bibliography
provides an opportunity to reflect on what has been done in the
subject over the past 100 years, review the trends in research focus
areas and provide some insight into future research needs.
This bibliography is restricted to studies conducted on South African
linefish species and covers a range of subjects including taxonomy,
biology and management. As a first attempt, it is obvious that some
literature will have been omitted. Identification of the gaps in its
coverage, studies recently published and work still to be written up,
mean that the bibliography will need to be updated on a regular
basis. This may be possible via a website, where students,
researchers and/or librarians can add unlisted references.
The aim of this study was to compile a comprehensive bibliography
of linefish research outputs and to investigate geographic and
temporal trends over the past century.
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Methods
Literature sources
Literature on South African linefish species was sourced in the
following way:

Publication citations were searched using available electronic
databases, such as Biblioline and Science Direct (in the SAIAB
/ Rhodes University library)

Reference lists of a number of key linefish publications were
scanned for citations

Contributions were made by academic and research libraries,
notably the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) library in
Durban

Several active linefish researchers provided their personal
bibliographies and citation lists.
These searches yielded approximately 1900 publication citations,
and included: peer reviewed published articles, Honours, Masters
and
PhD
theses,
published
reports,
popular
articles,
books,
conference and workshop proceedings, conference posters and
unpublished reports. A full list of these publications is provided in
Appendix 2.
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Analysis of research trends
Based on the title and keywords (when available), each publication
was categorized and allocated to one of seven themes:
1) Taxonomy and systematics
2) Biology
3) Ecology
4) Management and fisheries
5) Mariculture
6) Elasmobranchs
7) Other
Within these themes, each publication was further categorized
according to distinct focus areas (e.g. life history studies within the
Biology theme). Some publications were allocated to more than a
single focus area and were sequentially numerated as a publication
in each of the respective focus areas.
Definitions of themes and focus areas
1 – Taxonomy and systematics
1.1 Genetics: Publications in which molecular techniques were
used to investigate phylogeny, phylogeography, population
genetics, etc.
1.2 New records and descriptions: Publications that report
new
species
descriptions,
taxonomic
revision
or
new
distribution records of fish species.
1.3 Taxonomy and systematics: Publications relating to the
classification of fish or the relationship between species or
stocks within a single species. This does not include studies
where genetics have been used to do this.
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2 – Biology
Publications in this theme focused only on aspects of the biology of
linefish species, and the results were not management orientated.
2.1 Physiology: Publications that focus on physiological aspects
of
linefish
species
(e.g.
metabolic
rates,
temperature
preference, food conversion ratios, etc.).
2.2 Life history: Studies in which the life history strategies of
fish are described.
2.3 Reproduction: Studies that focus on aspects of the
reproductive biology of fishes, such as gonosomatic index
(GSI), reproductive seasonality, age at maturation, etc.
2.4 Age and growth: Publications that focus on aspects of the
age and growth of fishes.
2.5 Diet
and
feeding:
Publications
in
which
aspects
of
biological studies focused on the diet and feeding of fish are
discussed.
2.6 Tagging and movement: Publications involving tagging of
linefish species or which describe the movement patterns of
the fishes in question.
2.7 Distribution, abundance and population dynamics:
Studies in which the distribution, abundance or population
dynamics of fish were investigated, but not applied to
management.
2.8 Egg and larval studies: Publications that focus on aspects
of the biology of eggs and larval fish.
2.9 Methods, research programmes: Publications in which
studies focused on research methods for collection of
biological data, as well as publications focused on biological
research programmes.
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3 – Ecology
Publications within this theme were similar to the biology theme;
however, research emphasis was placed on the ecosystem rather
than the fish species. Similarly, the results of these studies were
also not related to aspects of management. The identified focus
areas were as follows:
3.1 Habitat: Publications focused on the study of habitats and
habitat use, specifically by linefish species.
3.2 Oceanography: Publications in which studies on the effects
of oceanographic occurrences on linefish are discussed. (e.g.
the effects of ocean currents on the distribution of linefish
species).
3.3 Distribution,
dispersal,
seasonal/spatial
analysis,
density, biomass: Publications in which ecosystem level
studies
focusing
on
distribution,
dispersal
and
seasonal/spatial analysis of species density and biomass are
discussed.
3.4 Trophic relationships and food cycle: Studies on the
trophic relationships between fishes or between fishes and
invertebrates. (e.g. stable carbon isotope analysis, food
webs etc.).
4 – Management and fisheries
Publications within this theme focus largely on the management of
linefish species and include the following focus areas.
4.1 Stock assessments, modelling and catch statistics:
Publications that focus on stock assessments of linefish
species,
and
studies
where
modelling have been used.
9
catch
statistics
and
data
SANCOR Occasional Report
4.2 Tagging: Publications in which management decisions are
made or suggested, based on the results of tagging studies.
4.3 Research programmes/objectives: Includes publications
that focus on research programmes/objectives rather than
the results that research programmes provide. (e.g. South
Coast gamefish project and Research Highlights series).
4.4 Status reports: Publications in which the status of fisheries
or fish stocks are given.
4.5 Fisheries, resource use and economics: Publications
focusing on fisheries, resources use or the economics or
socio-economics of the linefishery.
4.6 Biology, ecology, age and growth: Publications in which
management decisions are made or suggested based on
biological or ecological study results. Publications in this
focus group may be similar to those found in the biology
theme; however, the results of these studies have been
used for management.
4.7 Policy and Regulations: Publications that are focused on
the development, rationale and application of management
in the linefishery. This includes legislation, fishing rights and
quotas, MPA’s and conservation, etc.
5 – Mariculture
This theme includes publications related to the culture of linefish
species in South Africa, and was divided into the following focus
areas:
5.1 Policy and legislation: Publications dealing with policy and
legislation pertaining to mariculture in South Africa that
applies specifically to the culture of linefish species.
5.2 Status, development and industry: Publications about
the status or development of the mariculture industry.
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5.3 Research (biology, systems):
Publications based
on
research that has been done on the biology of fish for
mariculture purposes, or on mariculture systems.
5.4 Environment: Publications dealing with mariculture site
suitability
and/or
the
effects
of
mariculture
on
the
environment.
5.5 Applied mariculture: Publications that focus on applied
mariculture. (e.g. mariculture as a management tool for
linefish species or stock enhancement research).
6 – Elasmobranchs
All publications on elasmobranch species were included in this
theme. The identified focus areas were as follows:
6.1
Behaviour:
Publications
focusing
on
elasmobranch
behaviour (e.g. shark attacks).
6.2
Physiology,
taxonomy,
distribution
and
life
history,
movement:
ecology,
Publications
on
physiological and/or taxonomic aspects of elasmobranchs,
as well as life history, distribution and movement studies
(not tagging studies) on elasmobranchs.
6.3
Age and growth: Studies that focused on aspects of the
age and growth of elasmobranchs.
6.4
Shark nets: Publications dealing with the use, effects and
catches of shark nets in South Africa.
6.5
Fisheries, catch statistics, angling: Publications in
which shark fisheries and angling, as well as catch
statistics and fishery status reports are discussed.
6.6
Management,
Publications
on
conservation,
the
population
management,
population dynamics of elasmobranchs.
11
dynamics:
conservation
and
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6.7
Tagging: Publications in which tagging and movement
studies are discussed
6.8
Food, diet, feeding: Publications dealing with feeding and
dietary studies, excluding feeding behaviour, which is
covered in the Behaviour focus.
6.9
Reproduction: Studies that focused on the reproductive
biology of elasmobranchs.
6.10 Other: Publications that could not be assigned to any of
the other focuses within the elasmobranch theme were
assigned to this focus group.
7 – Other
Publications that could not be assigned to any of the above
mentioned themes. These were mostly popular articles. The focus
areas identified were as follows.
7.1
Angling: Publications in which recreational angling is
discussed.
(This
includes
mainly
popular
articles
in
publications such as Tight Lines and The Fishing and
Hunting Journal and Ski-boat Magazine)
7.2
Research: Publications about research without including
results of the research. (Mostly popular articles).
7.3
Fish profiles and guides: Publications that are field
guides and fish profiles (Mostly popular articles).
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Results and discussion
Analysis of publication by theme
The majority (44%) of the approximately 1900 publications fell into
the Management category, followed by Biology (20%), Ecology
(12%) and Elasmobranches (12%) (Figure 1).
Taxonomy, & Systematics
Biology
Ecology
Management & Fisheries
Mariculture
Other
Elasmobranchs
Figure 1: Percentage breakdown of linefish research publications according
to each thematic category.
Analysis of geographical regions
Publications were categorized according to the geographical region
in which most of the research was conducted. In order to do this,
the southern African coast was divided into seven contiguous
regions from Namibia in the West to Mozambique in the East (Figure
2). Due to a lack of defined boundaries in some publications, larger
categories representing the Southern and Western Seaboard and
the Eastern Seaboard were used. A National category (entire coast)
was also created. These larger regions overlap one another and the
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smaller areas; however, publications were assigned to the region
that best described where the research took place.
Figure 2: Map of South Africa showing geographical regions used in this
study.
The boundaries of the geographical regions are as follows:
 Namibia
Namibia/SA border (Orange River) northwards
 West Coast
Olifants River to Orange River
 Western Cape
Olifants River to Cape Infanta.
 Southern Cape
Cape Infanta to Cape St Francis.
 Eastern Cape
Cape St. Francis to Mtamvuna River.
 KwaZulu-Natal
Mtamvuna River and the South
Africa/Mozambique border at Kosi Bay.
 Mozambique
South Africa/Mozambique border at Kosi Bay
northwards (but not beyond Mozambique)
 National
Entire coast from Namibia to Mozambique
 S & W Seaboard
Namibia to the Eastern Cape.
 Eastern Seaboard Cape Agulhas to Mozambique.
 Unknown
If it is not known where the research was
undertaken.
 N/A
Location was irrelevant or did not apply.
14
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KwaZulu-Natal has been the largest contributor (23%) to linefish
research in South Africa thus far. National scale studies and studies
where the location is not applicable follow closely with 19% and
17%
of
publications
respectively,
while
the
Eastern
Cape
contributed the next largest number with 12% (Figure 3).
Namibia
West coast
Western Cape
Southern Cape
Eastern Cape
KwaZulu Natal
Mozambique
S&W Seaboard
Eastern Seaboard
National
Unknown
N/A
Figure 3: Percentage breakdown of where linefish research was conducted in
southern Africa between 1900 and 2007.
Analysis of the temporal trends
As linefish research in South Africa has spanned over 100 years, it
was necessary to break this into shorter, more meaningful time
periods (namely 1900-1949 and then each decade thereafter).
Period: 1900 – 1949
The early 1900’s marked the birth of ichthyology and the study of
linefish in South Africa. Interest in the scientific study of fishes
(including linefish species) was really sparked by three legendary
ichthyologists, J.D.F. Gilchrist, J.L.B. Smith, and K.H. Barnard.
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J.D.F. Gilchrist, a Professor of Zoology at the University of Cape
Town, who in 1895 was appointed as a marine biologist for the
Cape Colony (Beckley et al. 2002), was the first to recognize the
unique position of the Cape, the fishing potential and the wealth of
species awaiting discovery. As a result, he started and headed up
the government’s Department of Sea Fisheries, which later became
the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s branch:
Marine and Coastal Management. Gilchrist has subsequently been
referred to as the father of ichthyology in South Africa and was one
of the first scientists involved in linefish research.
J.L.B. Smith, a chemistry Professor at Rhodes University, whose
passion for angling and keen interest in ichthyology ultimately lead
to a career change, from chemistry to the study of fish. His
enthusiasm and realization of the lack of knowledge regarding
fishes of the south-east coast of South Africa saw him play a major
role in collecting, describing and classifying African fishes.
The period between 1900 and 1949 was dominated by outputs
focused on taxonomic and systematic research. This base of
taxonomic knowledge accounted for over 70% of the publications
during the first half-century of linefish research in South Africa
(Figure 4), and acted as a sound platform from which to develop
further linefish research.
Period 1950 – 1959
After his first ichthyological publication in 1931, Smith’s work on
fish continued for almost 40 years as he documented marine fish
diversity and resolved many taxonomic issues (Whitfield 1996),
including work on several linefish species.
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100
Percentage
80
Elasmobranchs
Other
60
Mariculture
Management & Fisheries
Ecology
40
Biology
Taxonomy & Systematics
20
2000 - 2007
1990 - 1999
1980 - 1989
1970 - 1979
1960 - 1969
1950 - 1959
1900 - 1949
0
Figure 4: Percentage of linefish research publications within each theme over
different periods between 1900 and 2007.
In 1946 J.L.B. Smith was appointed as a Research Professor at
Rhodes
University
and
in
1947,
he
founded
the
research
Department of Ichthyology. This allowed him to dedicate his time to
ichthyological research, and it was there that he conducted his
research until his death in 1968.
During the 1950’s, Smith was in fact one of the main contributors to
linefish research in South Africa, producing several publications
(e.g. Smith 1951; 1952a; 1952b; 1957a; 1957b; 1957c; 1959)
focusing on taxonomy and systematics, including the taxonomy of
elasmobranchs.
Despite the focus on linefish during the first half of the century, by
1950 the taxonomic and systematic knowledge of South African
linefish was far from complete, and remained the primary focus of
research throughout the 1950’s. Although elasmobranch research
was becoming more common in South Africa, most of the
elasmobranch research done during this period was still focused on
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the taxonomy and systematics of elasmobranchs. The other main
area of focus of elasmobranch research during the 1950’s was on
shark behaviour and more particularly, shark attacks (Smith 1951;
1957a; 1957b), likely driven by their reputation as man-eaters at
the time.
Period 1960 – 1969
Following the establishment of the South African Association for
Marine
Biological
Research
(SAAMBR)
and
the
associated
Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) in 1951, linefish research in
South
Africa,
and
particularly
in
the
KwaZulu-Natal
region
increased.
During the 1960’s, the majority of linefish research done in South
Africa was by scientists at ORI, and was published in the institute’s
ORI Investigational reports, and SAAMBR Bulletins. ORI has since
continued to be one of the major contributors to linefish research in
South Africa, a fact illustrated by the domination by linefish
research conducted in KwaZulu-Natal since the 1960’s (Figure 5).
400
300
200
N/A
Unknown
National
Eastern
Seaboard
S&W
Seaboard
Mozambique
KwaZulu
Natal
Eastern
Cape
Southern
Cape
Western
Cape
West
coast
100
Namibia
No. of publications
500
Figure 5: Geographic location of linefish research activity based on the
number of outputs published between 1960 and 2007.
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The rapid increase in the popularity of elasmobranch research
during the 1960’s made it the most prominent focus of linefish
research during that decade. Researchers such as D.H. Davies (the
director of SAAMBR at the time), J.D. D’Aubrey and J.H. Wallace,
produced many publications on shark behaviour (Davies 1963a;
1963b), taxonomy and systematics of elasmobranchs (Davies 1964;
1965; D’Aubrey 1964a; 1964b 1966; Wallace 1967; 1969) and
shark tagging (Davies and Joubert 1966; Davies and Joubert 1967).
This period also saw one of the first studies conducted on the
biology of a linefish species; namely the seventy-four (Polysteganus
undulosus) by Rosemary Ahrens at ORI between 1962 and 1964
(Ahrens 1964).
Period 1970 – 1979
The growing concern for the linefish resource during the 1960’s
resulted in the initiation of biological studies on a few important
species in the 1970’s. These included white steenbras (Lithognathus
lithognathus) (Mehl 1973), shad (Pomatomus saltatrix) (Van der
Elst 1975) and panga (Pterogymnus laniarius) (Hecht and Baird
1977). This period witnessed a shift in research focus, largely
towards the biology of linefish species. Research within this
discipline was evenly spread, with diet and feeding studies (Blaber
1974b; Baird 1978; Joubert 1979), reproduction (Penrith 1972a),
age and growth (Blaber 1974a; van Wyk 1977; Hecht 1977),
distribution and abundance (Penrith 1972b), life history and
physiological studies (Fearnhead and Fabian 1971; Fearnhead
1973; Blaber 1973) all receiving attention. This even spread can be
attributed to the large number of publications with multiple focuses
within the Biology theme (Wallace 1974; 1975; van der Elst 1975;
Hecht 1976) (Figure 6).
19
SANCOR Occasional Report
No. of publications
25
20
15
10
Methods &
research programmes
Larval studies
Distribution, abundance,
population dynamics
Tagging
Diet & Feeding
Age & Growth
Reproduction
Life history
Physiology
5
Figure 6: Number of Focus area publications within the Biology theme
between 1970 and 1979.
Period 1980 – 1989
The 1980’s witnessed a marked increase in the number of
management-orientated publications, particularly in the areas of
catch statistics and stock assessment of commercially targeted
linefish
species.
Results
of
this
work
indicated
that
urgent
intervention was essential, resulting in the first comprehensive
linefish management framework in early 1985 (van der Elst and
Garratt 1984; Anon 2000). However, the restrictions brought into
place by this management framework were, for many species,
based on incomplete studies, leaving place for continued biological
research, with particular relevance to management.
The Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS) at
Rhodes University, was founded in 1981, when the J.L.B. Smith
Institute of Ichthyology became a National Museum. It is still the
only academic department that specialises in ichthyology and
20
SANCOR Occasional Report
fisheries
science
on
the
African
continent
(DIFS
website:
www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/difs). The DIFS has a prolific
publication record in terms of linefish research, in the form of both
theses and journal articles, focusing on ichthyological, fisheries and
aquaculture research.
Ecological research also became a focus in the 1980’s, particularly
in the Eastern Cape, putting linefish research in the Eastern Cape
on a level with KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 7). Ecological studies were
mostly undertaken
by researchers at SAIAB, DIFS
and the
University of Port Elizabeth (now the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan
University). Ecological research focused mainly on habitat studies
during the 1980’s and large contributions were made by L.E
Beckley, T.A. Lasiak, and J.F.K. Marais.
The formation of a dedicated Marine Linefish Programme during the
1980’s, under the auspices of the South African National Committee
for Oceanographic Research (i.e. the old SANCOR) strengthened
and co-ordinated linefish research in South Africa for the first time.
Two long-term linefish monitoring projects were started in 1984,
which continue to function to this day, and have played an
important role in linefish research. The first of these is the National
Marine Linefish System – a catch and effort database for both the
commercial and recreational sectors of the linefishery, started and
maintained by ORI and MCM. The second was the ORI/WWF-SA
Marine Linefish Tagging Project, which involved interested members
of the public in tagging fish for research. This project has made a
substantial contribution to linefish research in South Africa and has
been partly responsible for changing the ethic of recreational
anglers towards practicing more catch and release fishing.
21
SANCOR Occasional Report
60
40
N/A
Unknown
National
Eastern
Seaboard
S&W
Seaboard
Mozambique
KwaZulu
Natal
Eastern
Cape
Southern
Cape
Western
Cape
West
coast
20
Namibia
No.of publications
80
Figure 7: Geographic location of linefish research activity based on the
number of outputs published between 1980 and 1989.
Period 1990 – 1999
With continued research on catch statistics, stock assessment
research as well as fisheries resource use and fisheries related
economics, management measures and conservation became a
large area of focus during the 1990’s (Figure 8). Marine and Coastal
Management produced a Research Highlights series, while research
at Rhodes University, the University of Cape Town, and the
University of Port Elizabeth (now the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan
University) was in full swing, and a host of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses
were produced on these topics.
The 1990’s also witnessed a further increase in elasmobranch
research. During this time more emphasis was placed on age and
growth, shark nets, fisheries, catch statistics and management of
elasmobranchs, rather than behaviour and shark attacks.
22
SANCOR Occasional Report
No. of publications
140
120
100
80
60
40
Management
measures, regulations,
policy, rights, quotas,
conservation
Biology, ecology,
age/growth
Fisheries, resource
use, economics
Status report
Research
programmes/objectives
Tagging
Catch statistics,
stock assessment,
modeling, population
dynamics
20
Figure 8: Number of Focus area publications within the Management theme
during the period 1990 - 1999.
Period 2000 – 2007
Following the significant political changes in South Africa in 1994,
the fisheries sector (including linefish) has undergone a paradigm
shift with respect to management structures and the allocation of
fishing rights. In 2000 the Minister of Environmneal Afairs and
Tourism decalred the linefishery to be in a crisis. In 2001 total
allocated effort in the linefishery was reduced from 2600 to 732
permits and a new linefish management protocol was implemented
as a means to manage linefish resources on a sustainable basis. The
research emphasis during this decade therefore shifted towards
studies on long-term sustainable utilization, which requires stock
assessment, status reports and resource use-related research, to
provide reliable management inputs (Anon 1997).
There has been a steady increase in the annual number of
publications throughout the last half-century (Figure 9), with the
largest increases being in the 1980’s and 1990’s. The drop in the
number of publications between 2000 and the present (Figure 9) is
23
SANCOR Occasional Report
perhaps due to the shorter time period (7 years as opposed to 10
years), but may also partly be attributed to the high number of
researchers who have emigrated.
No. of publications
800
600
400
200
1950 - 1959
1960 - 1969 1970 - 1979 1980 - 1989
1990 - 1999
2000 - 2007
Figure 9: Number of linefish research publications for each decade from 1950
to 2007.
The future of linefish research in South Africa
From a management perspective, there are several directions in
which linefish research will be forced.

The first of these will be driven by the need to maintain longterm sustainability of the linefishery. This will push the focus in
the direction of biological and stock assessment-related research
needed for responsible management. Greater emphasis will need
to be placed on multi-species stock assessments and the
ecosystem
approach
to
fisheries
management
(EAF).
Furthermore, it is likely that emphasis will also be placed on the
evaluation
of
different
fisheries
24
management
options.
In
SANCOR Occasional Report
particular, the role and effectiveness of marine protected areas
(MPAs) around the South African coast as management tools.

The second direction of research, suggested by the Fisheries
White Paper (Anon 1997), is to combine biological research and
socio-economic studies. Such a multidisciplinary approach could
facilitate economic development of the linefishery. An important
aspect here will be the integration of the subsistence and
artisinal/smallscale
commercial
linefisheries
into
a
formal
management framework. The recent publication of “The Draft
Policy for the Allocation and Management of Medium-term
Subsistence
Fishing
Rights
in
South
Africa”
(Government
Gazettte 31707, 12 December 2008) supports this assertion.

The third direction of research will be driven by the need to
further develop the linefishery. In this regard, the White Paper
(Anon 1997) advocated the following research focuses:

mariculture and mariculture technology

improved fish processing, product quality and marketing

problems and opportunities associated with by-catch

unutilized or underutilized marine resources in South African
and international waters

stock and capture enhancement techniques

optimising the benefits from ecotourism and other nonconsumptive use of marine resources, taking into account
possible conflicts with commercial and subsistence use

integrated coastal zone management schemes

development and improvement of fishing harbours and other
required infrastructure facilities

effects on living marine resources and their environment and
on the fisheries resulting from activities related to the
25
SANCOR Occasional Report
investigation
and
exploitation
of
offshore
oil
and
gas
resources.
Lastly, it is likely that advances in technology and research

methodology will shape future research trends. In terms of
biological research, it is likely that telemetry methods will
popularise
the
study of linefish
movement and migration
patterns. Furthermore, the use of new molecular methods may
witness an increase in taxonomy and systematic research, as
well as population genetic studies to investigate the integrity and
delineation
of
linefish
stocks
and
the
feasibility
of
stock
enhancement through mariculture.
Linefish researchers
South African linefish researchers that have published papers over
the past 100 years were categorized according to what they are
currently doing. These categories were as follows:

Active linefish research: - Have published in the past five
years and are still actively researching in South Africa.

Similar line of work: - Linefish researchers who are now in
another line of work such as conservation or consulting, in
South Africa.

Different work: - Researchers who have changed their line
of work to something different but remain in South Africa.

Retired or deceased: - The reason for the researchers not
being active in research is primarily retirement. This group
also includes those researchers who have passed away.

Emigrated: - Linefish researchers who have left South Africa.
Some may still be involved in research in South Africa to
varying degrees. Some of these researchers may be in other
lines of work, retired, or deceased.
26
SANCOR Occasional Report
A total of 128 linefish researchers were identified, of which 42% are
still actively involved to some degree in linefish research in South
Africa, 18% have changed their line of work to a similar field, such
as conservation or consulting, while 10% have changed their line of
work to a different field altogether (Figure 10). Nine percent have
retired, and a small number in this category, are deceased. A large
proportion (21%) of South African linefish researchers have
emigrated (Figure 10), and this figure is worsened by the fact that
many were amongst the most productive researchers. Of the top 25
most published researchers (as first author), nine (36%) have
emigrated. Despite this, it is encouraging to note that there are
many young scientists continuing with linefish research in South
Africa, and most university departments and research institutions
involved
in
linefish
research
have
registered
post-graduate
students. This is extremely important for the future of linefish
research and management in South Africa.
Active in research
Similar field/consulting
Other work
Retired/deceased
Emigrated
Figure 10: Percentage breakdown of what has happened to South African
linefish researchers.
27
SANCOR Occasional Report
Conclusion
Trends in South African linefish research revealed a shift in focus
from taxonomic and systematic research in the first half of the
century, to elasmobranch research in the 1960s, biological research
in the 1970’s and management related publications throughout the
1980’s, 90’s and up to 2007. These trends have been moulded by a
combination of research need and political pressure, and this is
likely to remain the case. Notwithstanding the need to collect basic
biological data, catch data, oceanographic data and conduct routine
monitoring surveys, the application of new methods that were
previously unavailable could witness growth in focus areas such as
genetics, telemetry and remote sensing.
The need for linefish research has never been more important. The
vulnerable status (Griffiths 2000) and increasing pressure on
linefish stocks requires research to ensure that management
decisions are well informed. Consequently, provisions for adequate
funding must be made, while incentives to retain linefish researcher
capacity in South Africa should also be addressed.
This report and its associated electronic resources provide the first
bibliography of linefish research undertaken in southern Africa.
Although the collation of linefish literature is still ongoing, it is
hoped that this contribution will be a useful tool for linefish
students, researchers and managers. The challenge is to ensure
that the bibliography is continuously updated so that it remains a
useful tool in the future. SAEON, in conjunction with the MLRG,
undertake to keep the database current by bringing out an updated
version every two years.
28
SANCOR Occasional Report
Literature cited
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seventy four Polysteganus undulosus (Regan) in Natal waters.
M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 77pp.
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Baird, D. (1978) Food of the mackerel, Scomber japonicus from
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Beckley, L.E.; Hulley, P.A. and Skelton, P.A. (2002) Synoptic
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Blaber, S.J.M. (1973) Temperature and salinity tolerance of juvenile
Rhabdosargus holubi [Steindachner (Teleostei: Sparidae)].
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Blaber, S.J.M. (1974a) The population structure and growth of
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Rhabdosargus
holubi
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(Teleostei:
Sparidae) in a closed estuary. Journal of Fish Biology 6: 455460.
Blaber, S.J.M. (1974b) Field studies of the diet of Rhabdosargus
holubi (Pisces: Teleostei: Sparidae). Journal of Zoology 6:
455-460.
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Erasmus, C. (1997) A survey of the South African shoreangling fishery. South African Journal of Marine Science 18:
165-177.
29
SANCOR Occasional Report
D’Aubrey, J.D. (1964a). Preliminary guide to the sharks found off
the east coast of South Africa. Oceanographic Research
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D’Aubrey, J.D. (1964b). Carchariid shark new to South African
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D.H.
(1963a).
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Davies, D.H. (1964). The Miocene shark fauna of the southern St.
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Davies, D.H. (1965). Fossil sharks from Zululand. South African
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tagging in South African waters, 1964-65. Sharks, skates and
rays: 111-140.
Fearnhead, E.A. (1973) Physiological adaptations of fish to salinity
variations. South African Association for Marine Biological
Research 10: 1-35.
30
SANCOR Occasional Report
Fearnhead, E.A. and Fabian, B.C. (1971) The ultrastructure of the
gill of Monodactylus argenteus (a Euryhaline teleost fish) with
particular reference to morphological changes associated with
changes
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commercial
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off
South
Africa's
Cape
Province:
snapshots of the 20th century. South African Journal of
Marine Science 22: 81-110.
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of the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa, with notes on the
demersal fishery, 1967 – 1975. Ph.D. thesis, University of
Port Elizabeth, South Africa 353pp.
Hecht, T. (1977) Contributions to the Biology of the Cape Gurnard,
Trigla
capensis,
(Pices:
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age,
growth
and
reproduction. Zoologica Africana 12(2): 373-382.
Hecht, T. and Baird, D. (1977) Contributions to the biology of the
panga, Pterogymnus laniarius (Pisces: Sparidae): age, growth
and reproduction. Zoologica Africana 12(2): 363-372.
Joubert, C.S.W. (1979) A study of feeding in some inshore reef
fishes on the
Natal coast.
4th National Oceanographic
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Mehl, J.A.P. (1973) Ecology, osmoregulation and reproductive
biology of the white
steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus
(Teleostei: Sparidae). Zoologica Africana 8(2): 157-230.
Penrith, M.J. (1972a) Sex reversal in the sparid fish Chrysoblephus
laticeps. Koedoe 15: 135-139.
Penrith, M.J. (1972b) The behaviour of reef-dwelling sparid fishes.
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carcharias (Linn.). Annals and Magazine of Natural History
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31
SANCOR Occasional Report
Smith, J.L.B. (1952a) A new hound shark from South Africa, and
new records. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(5):
223.
Smith, J.L.B. (1952b). Two chondrichthyan fishes new to South
Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(5): 759765.
Smith, J.L.B. (1957a). A new shark from South Africa. South African
Journal of Science 53(10): 261-264.
Smith, J.L.B. (1957b). Dasyatid rays new to South Africa. Annals
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Smith, J.L.B. (1957c) A preliminary survey of the Scylliogaleid
dogfishes of South Africa. South African Journal of Science
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Smith, J.L.B. (1959) Fishes of the Family Lethrinidae from the
Western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin JLB Smith
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van der Elst, R.P. (1975) Biology of the elf, Pomatomus saltatrix
(Linnaeus) in the coastal waters of Natal. M.Sc. thesis,
University of Natal, Durban. 56pp.
van der Elst, R.P. and Garrat, P.A. (1984) Draft management
proposals for the Natal deep reef fishery. Oceanographic
Research Institute, Unpublished Report 36: 1-31
van Wyk, J.D. (1977) The growth of flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus
L., and white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus C. & V., in
Rondevlei, George. C.P.A. Research Report 1977: 40-44.
Wallace, J.H. (1974) Aspects of the biology and ecology of the
estuarine fishes of the east coast of South. Ph.D. thesis,
University of Natal, Durban: 174pp.
Wallace, J.H. (1975) Aspects of the biology of Mugil cephalus in a
hypersaline estuarine lake on the east coast of South Africa.
Aquaculture 5(1): 111.
32
SANCOR Occasional Report
Wallace, J.H. (1967). The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern
Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes. Oceanographic
Research Institute, Investigative Report 15 1-32.
Wallace, J.H. (1969). Notes on some interesting batoid fishes.
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33
SANCOR Occasional Report
Appendix 1
Instructions for the use of the MLRG linefish database.
1)
Copy the database from the cd onto your computer
2)
When opening the database file, the search screen will
automatically open.
3)
Perform searches for authors, fish species and publication
title by entering a keyword in the appropriate field.
4)
Narrow the search down to specific locations or themes by
clicking on the appropriate tabs.
5)
Enter new publications by clicking on the “enter new
publication“ tab and filling in the appropriate information.
a. Publications entered here will not be included in the
searches.
b. Please send these new citations to SAEON (at the
address below) to be included in updated versions of the
MLRG linefish database which will be brought out every
2 years.
c. MLRG linefish database
SAEON
Private Bag 1015
Grahamstown
6140
34
SANCOR Occasional Report
Appendix 2
South African linefish research bibliography (ending 2007).
ADAMS, P.B. (1980) Life history patterns in marine fish and their consequences for
fisheries management. Fishery Bulletin 78: 1-12
ADKIN, F.; BALLARD, D.; SHUUN, J.; VAN DER ELST, R.P.; ADKIN, R. (1987) National
marine linefish catch statistics recreational data. South African Association for
Marine Biological Research Oceanographic Research Institute Poster Series
[Durban] 12
ADKIN, F.; BALLARD, D.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1987) National marine linefish data
collection - sport. Marine research in Natal: proceedings of a symposium and
workshop: 105-106
ADKIN, F.; GRENFELL, P.; MASSON, P.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (1984) "1 in 5" keeps 'em
alive: SFW/ORI fish tagging project. SAASSPER Biennial National Congress,
Stellenbosch
ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR MARINE BIOLOGY (1971) National Programme for Marine
Biological and Sea Fisheries Research: 1971 to 1975. South African National
Committee for Oceanographic Research: i-ix
AHRENS, R. (1963) The seventy four project. South African Association for Marine
Biological Research (4): 18-21
AHRENS, R. (1964) A preliminary report on the biology of the seventy four Polysteganus
undulosus (Regan) in Natal waters. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban: 77
AHRENS, R. (1965) The biology of the seventy four, Polysteganus undulosus. South African
Association for Marine Biological Research (5): 27-29
AHRENS, R. (1966) Age determination of the seventy four. South African Association for
Marine Biological Research (6): 44-47
ALEXANDER, A.J. (1966) Shark Feeding Behaviour. South African Association for Marine
Biological Research Bulletin [Durban] March (6): 49-55
ALEXANDRE, A. (2003) Largest recorded edible fish caught on monofilament line of only
13,5 kg. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines. (August): 8-9,11-12
ALLEN, B.R.; CLIFF, G. (2000) Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa. 9. The spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna (Muller and Henle)
South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 199-215
ALLEN, B.R.; PEDDEMORS, V. (2000) Raggedtooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) @ Aliwal: a
research update. SANCOR Newsletter August (164): 11-12
ALLEN, B.R.; PEDDEMORS, V. (2001) Photo-identification as a long-term mark-recapture
technique for individual raggedtooth shark (C. taurus) recognition. Scientific
Programme and Book of Abstracts, 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference 2001 (May):
13
ALLEN, B.R.; WINTER, S.P. (2002) Age and growth of the spinner shark Carcharhinus
brevipinna (Muller and Henle, 1839) of the Kwa-Zulu Natal coast, South Africa.
South African Journal of Marine Science 24: 1-8
ANDERSON, J. (1993) The last damn fish in the ocean belongs to me! Oceanographic
Research Institute, Special Publication (2): 200-202
ANDERSON, S.D.; HENDERSON, R.P.; PYLE, P.; AINLEY, D.G. (1996) Chapter 20. White
shark reactions to unbaited decoys. Great White Sharks: The biology of
Carcharodon carcharias: 223-228
ANON Linefish allocations being evaluated Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (June): 8
ANON Studies on resources: Demersal fish. Research Highlights 1992-1993, Marine &
Coastal Management (2): 7-9
ANON (1970) Toll for tunas. Nature 228(Dec): 1141-1142
ANON (1979) Smith "Shad Report". S.A. Fishing 2(3): 6-7
ANON (1979) Would lifting of shark nets improve fishing? Fathoms [Durban] 2(1): 24-25
ANON (1983) Marine linefish programme priority species list. South African National
Scientific Programmes Report 70: 1-113
ANON (1985) Commercial linefish catches 1985. South African Sea Fisheries Research
Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1985: 1-2
ANON (1986) Commercial linefish catches 1986. South African Sea Fisheries Research
Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1986: 1-2
ANON (1986) Record shark haul. Underwater [Durban] (1): 11
35
SANCOR Occasional Report
ANON (1986) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1985 South African National
Scientific Programmes Report 123: 1-57
ANON (1987) Commercial linefish catches 1987 South African Sea Fisheries Research
Institute Linefish Research, Commercial linefish catches 1987: 1-2
ANON (1988) 1987 Catches by fishery. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review June: 39
ANON (1988) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1987. South African National
Scientific Programmes Report 148: 1-60
ANON (1989) Fish Africa: Southern Africa's buoyant fishery is backdrop to 3rd show.
Aquaculture Magazine 15(2): 34
ANON (1989) Fishing industry review. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review 44(5): 25-29
ANON (1989) SANCOR: Summary report on marine research 1988. South African National
Scientific Programmes Report 165: 1-43
ANON (1989) South African fishery statistics. South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review 44(4): 32
ANON (1991) SA leads the world. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines 1991 (June): 15-17
ANON (1992) Bodemvis / Bottom fish Research Highlights 1991-1992, Marine & Coastal
Management (1): 4-6
ANON (1992) Lynvis / Linefish. Research Highlights 1991-1992, Marine & Coastal
Management (1): 11-14
ANON (1992) New linefish regulations. S.A. Commercial Marine Magazine 1(2): 33
ANON (1992) New linefish regulations. Hengel / Angling [Pretoria] 6 (10): 12-13
ANON (1993) Fish, fishers and fisheries. Proceedings of the second South African Marine
linefish symposium, Durban, 23-24 OCTOBER 1992. Oceanographic Research
Institute, Special Publication (2): 215
ANON (1993) Marine linefish priority species and research objectives in Southern Africa.
Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication (1)
ANON (1993) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 1992-1993, Marine &
Coastal Management (2): 10-11
ANON (1994) Kosi Bay Light Tackle Boat Angling. Oceanographic Research Institute,
Special Publication (4): 1
ANON (1994) South African commercial fisheries review. South African Commercial
Fisheries Review (4): 1-37
ANON (1994) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 1993-1994, Marine &
Coastal Management (3): 6-7
ANON (1995) Demersal fish. Research Highlights 1994-1995, Marine & Coastal
Management (4): 4-7
ANON (1995) Hake-directed longline experiment Research Highlights 1994-1995, Marine &
Coastal Management (4): 25-27
ANON (1995) Linefish Research Highlights 1994-1995 (4): 7-9
ANON (1996) South African Fishing Yearbook: 1-56
ANON (1996) South African Fishing Yearbook: 1-56
ANON (1997) Shad facts. Shad facts: Natal Parks Board Pamphlet: 1-2
ANON (1997) Studies on resources: Linefish. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine &
Coastal Management (6): 8-10
ANON (1998) A new national marine research aquarium. Research Highlights 2002-2003,
Marine & Coastal Management (7): 55-57
ANON (1998) Junior Anglers. SkiBoat. The South African SkiBoat Angler 14(5): 73
ANON (1998) New milestone for fish tagging project. Africa Environment and Wildlife 6(1):
11
ANON (1998) Ons lesers se vangste Our readers and their catches. Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines
1998: 38-39
ANON (1998) Research highlights 1997-1998. Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Research
Highlights (7): 1-68
ANON (1998) SAMLMA The Fishing Journal 1(3): 21
ANON (1998) South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin South
African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin (24): 1-25
ANON (1998) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine &
Coastal Management (7): 11-14
ANON (1998) Studies on the reproduction of Cape hakes. Research Highlights 2002-2003,
Marine & Coastal Management (7): 46-47
36
SANCOR Occasional Report
ANON (1998) Winds affecting the vertical distribution of deep-water Research Highlights
2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (7): 44-46
ANON (1999) Grunter stock assessment - suitability of current management measures to
be investigated The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic Research Institute
Sept/October (28): 2
ANON (1999) Guidelines for mariculture development. Proceedings of a national workshop
on planning for sustainable development of mariculture in South Africa: 131-143
ANON (1999) Impact of coastal aquaculture on the environment. The Oricle Newsletter of
the Oceanographic Research Institute December (29): 3
ANON (1999) Linefish status reports compiled for key species The Oricle Newsletter of the
Oceanographic Research Institute Sep (28): 3
ANON (1999) Long-term monitoring of KZN fisheries The Oricle Newsletter of the
Oceanographic Research Institute June (27): 2
ANON (1999) Movement patterns of inshore fish. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine &
Coastal Management (8): 44-46
ANON (1999) SAMLMA Newsflash The Fishing Journal 2(5): 24
ANON (1999) South African Marine Linefish Management Association (SAMLA) Stywe
Lyne/Tight Lines September: 78-79
ANON (1999) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine &
Coastal Management (8): 15-20
ANON (1999) The Marine Linefish Symposium: Highlights. The Oricle Newsletter of the
Oceanographic Research Institute June (27): 3
ANON (2000) Criteria evaluated. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report:
Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 3-5
ANON (2000) Linefishermen call for intervention. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1
(5): 9
ANON (2000) Linefishery in crisis. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 1(4): 13
ANON (2000) Special Publication No. 7: Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports.
Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine
Linefish Status Reports 2000 (7): 1-257
ANON (2000) Studies on resources Marine & Coastal Management Research Highlights 9:
6-25
ANON (2000) Studies on resources: Linefish Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine &
Coastal Management (9): 14-16
ANON (2001) Bid to rebuild SA linefish stocks. Fishing News International 40(3): 4
ANON (2001) Co-operation could benefit SA tuna fishery. Fishing Industry News Southern
Africa 1 (6): 15
ANON (2001) Estuarine fisheries in KwaZulu-Natal The Oricle Newsletter of the
Oceanographic Research Institute March (34): 3
ANON (2001) Galjoen census in the De Hoop Marine Protected Area. Tagging news July
(14): 8
ANON (2001) Government announces new regulations to protect linefish SkiBoat. The
South African SkiBoat Angler 17(2): 18,20
ANON (2001) Grunter bag limits and the Law! Stywe Lyne/Tight Lines (Dec): 15
ANON (2001) Impacts of fishing on South Africa's galjoen stock Research Highlights 20022003, Marine & Coastal Management (10): 51-54
ANON (2001) M&CM Researchers in the International Arena: South Africa-Norwegian
Cooperation. Research Highlights 2002-2003, Marine & Coastal Management (10):
73-74
ANON (2001) Minister declares emergency measures for linefish. Fishing Industry News
Southern Africa 1(6): 5
ANON (2001) Research plans for 2001 The Oricle Newsletter of the Oceanographic
Research Institute March (34): 1
ANON (2001) Studies on resources - demersal fish. Marine & Coastal Management
Research Highlights (10): 12-19
ANON (2001) Studies on resources - demersal fish. Research Highlights 2002-2003,
Marine & Coastal Management (10): 12-19
ANON (2001) Studies on resources – linefish. Marine & Coastal Management Research
Highlights (10): 20-23
ANON (2001) The South African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin. South
African Association for Marine Biological Research Bulletin (27): 1-20
ANON (2002) 2001 in review. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa February: 14-15
ANON (2002) Fishing rights. Maritime Reporter of Southern Africa Jul/Aug: 31
37
SANCOR Occasional Report
ANON (2002) Linefish allocations being evaluated. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa
June: 8
ANON (2002) Towards a South African shark management plan. Fishing Industry News
Southern Africa (August): 8
ANON (2003) Exciting recaptures Tagging news (16): 5
ANON (2003) Exciting recaptures. Tagging news (16): 5
ANON (2003) Fishing and mariculture development proposed in Northern Cape. Fishing
Industry News Southern Africa (October): 8-9
ANON (2003) Fishing rights Maritime Southern Africa (July/Aug): 31
ANON (2003) Linefish for local communities Fishing Industry News Southern Africa Aug: 9
ANON (2003) Linefish issues Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 17
ANON (2003) Linefish rights dispute Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (Aug): 4-5
ANON (2003) New mariculture species researched. Maritime Southern Africa
(Nov/December): 51
ANON (2003) Rights cuts 'protect coastal stocks' Fishing News International: Danfish 2003
and Danish Fisheries 41(11): 55
ANON (2003) Sharks and sawfishes under threat. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa
(October): 15
ANON (2003) Tagging programme in 20th year. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa
(August): 8
ANON (2003) The traditional linefishery: Is there a solution? Maritime Southern Africa
(Sept/October): 8-10
ANON (2003) The traditional linefishery: Is there a solution? Maritime Southern Africa
2003 (Sept/oct): 8-10
ANON (2003) Waar is my vis Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (Dec): 23-24
ANON (2004) Bronze whalers - solving the puzzle. Maritime Southern Africa (May/June):
46-47
ANON (2004) Changing of the guard? Maritime Southern Africa (Sep/Oct): 8-9
ANON (2004) Commercial fishing licences: gender issues Maritime Southern Africa
(May/June): 30
ANON (2004) Demands of Asia's nouveau riche take bite out of shark population. Dolphin
& Whale News, Dolphin Action & Protection Group 28 (2): 15
ANON (2004) Fishing rights revoked Maritime Southern Africa (Nov): 41
ANON (2004) Linefish Forum for fisher rights Fishing Industry News Southern Africa
(June): 21-22
ANON (2004) Linefish rights revoked Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (October): 14
ANON (2004) Linefishery in Cape Town Maritime Southern Africa (Nov/Dec): 41
ANON (2004) Stocks 'will benefit' Fishing News International 43(5): 5
ANON (2005) Exciting new shark research. Fishing Industry News Southern Africa,
(October): 25
ANON (2005) Focus shifts from BEE to SME Fishing Industry News Southern Africa (April):
39-79
ANON (2005) Kob records now recognised SkiBoat. The South African SkiBoat Angler 21
(2): 83
ANON (2005) SA new fishing rights unpopular World Fishing (July): 3
ANON (2005) South Africa publishes draft fishery policy. Fishing Boat World 17(3): 10331247
ANON (2005) The rape of our seas. Africa Geographic, formerly Africa Environment and
Wildlife 13(11): 20
ANON (2005) Will the new linefish policy sink the artisanals' court case? Maritime Southern
Africa (May/June): 56
ANON (2006) Kob catches drop. Maritime Southern Africa (May/June): 11
ANON (2006) South Africans unite to progress industry. Fish Farmer 29(6): 4
ANON (2006) Where have all the snoek gone? Maritime Southern Africa 2006 (nov/dec): 8
ANON (2007) First inland SA kob on sale. Fish Farming International 34(4): 6
ANON (2007) I&J shows it's confidence in aquaculture with opening of finfish hatchery.
Fishing Industry News Southern Africa 8(1): 15
ANON (2007) South Africa: urgent development needed. Fish Farmer 30(2): 5
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ATTWOOD, C.G. (1998) New start in South Africa World Fishing 47(8): 10-11
ATTWOOD, C.G. (1999) Tagging fish from the shore: problems and opportunities SANCOR
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ATTWOOD, C.G. (1999) Using tag data to describe fish movement patterns. South African
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ATTWOOD, C.G. (2001) Galjoen census in the De Hoop Marine Protected Area Tagging
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BASS, A.J. (1972) The carcharhinid and scyliorhinid sharks of the east coast of southern
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BASS, A.J.; D’AUBREY, J.D.; KISTNASAMY, N. (1976) Sharks of the east coast of southern
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1983) The ichthyofauna associated with Zostera capensis (Setchell) in the
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1983) Tidal pool fish community structure in the Eastern Cape. 5th
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1984) The ichthyofauna of the Sundays estuary, South Africa, with
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1986) The ichthyoplankton assamblage of the Algoa Bay nearshore region
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1988) Notes on the biology of juvenile Sparodon durbanensis (Pisces:
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SANCOR Occasional Report
BECKLEY, L.E. (1989) Larval development of Spondyliosoma emarginatum (Cuvier &
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1990) A description of the early life history stages of the kob, Argyrosomus
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1992) Who, what, where and when? Distribution of fish larvae in the
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1994) Vertical distribution of ichthyoplankton on the eastern Agulhas Bank.
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1997) Recruitment of reef fishes. Oceanographic Research Institute,
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1998) The Agulhas current ecosystem with particular reference to dispersal
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BECKLEY, L.E. (1999) KwaZulu-Natal Marine Protected Areas: harvest refugia or
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World Coral Reefs in the New Millenium: Bridging Research and Management for
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BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Recruitment of coral reef fishes at Limestone Reef, South Africa. 9th
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BECKLEY, L.E. (2001) An investigation of settlement stage fishes in proximity to Limestone
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BECKLEY, L.E.; BUXTON, C.D. (1989) Underwater observations of reef fish in and around
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BECKLEY, L.E.; CHATER, S.A. (1993) Ichthyofauna of high latitude coral reefs in South
Africa. Pre-Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Workshop, Flores, Indonesia November:
BECKLEY, L.E.; CONNELL, A.D. (1996) Early life history of Pomatomus saltatrix off the East
coast of South Africa. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 47(2):
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MANN, B.Q. (1993) St Lucia: thought for food. Our Living World (May): 12
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MANN, B.Q. (1999) Linefish Symposium report The Fishing Journal 2(4): 25
MANN, B.Q. (1999) Species highlights. Tagging news October (12): 7
MANN, B.Q. (2000) Dark night black fly The Fishing Journal 3(6): 20
MANN, B.Q. (2000) Fish facts - poenskop. Tagging news July (13): 7
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MANN, B.Q. (2000) South African Marine Linefish status reports Oceanographic Research
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MANN, B.Q. (2005) A draft monitoring programme for the Pondoland Marine Protected
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MANN, B.Q.; BECKLEY, L.E.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (2000) Coastal assets of the KwaZuluNatal North Coast: input on the marine environment. Oceanographic Research
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MANN, B.Q.; FENNESSY, S.T.; GOVENDER, A. (1999) Draft management plans for some
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MANN, B.Q.; FENNESSY, S.T.; GOVENDER, A.; VAN DER WALT, B.A. (2002) Age and
growth and a preliminary stock assessment of stonebream Neoscorpis lithophilus
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MANN, B.Q.; FENNESSY, S.T.; RADEBE, P.V. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Lethrinidae.
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MANN, B.Q.; FENNESSY, S.T.; VAN DER ELST, R.P. (2001) Report on the KwaZulu-Natal
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MANN, B.Q.; GOVENDER, A.; FENNESSY, S.T. (2001) Age and growth of Neoscorpis
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MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
MANN,
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B.Q.; JAMES, N.C.; CELLIERS, L.; KRUGER, A. (2002) Evaluation of subtidal reef
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B.Q.; MCDONALD, A. (1998) An evaluation of participation in and management of
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B.Q.; MCDONALD, A.M.; SAUER, W.H.H.; HECHT, T. (2003) Evaluation of
participation in and management of the Transkei shore linefishery African Journal
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B.Q.; MCDONALD, A.M.; SAUER, W.H.H.; HECHT, T. (2003) Evaluation of
participation in and management of the Transkei shore linefishery. African Journal
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Coryphaenidae.
Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African Marine
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; ATTWOOD, C.G. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Scorpididae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Southern African Marine Linefish Status
Reports Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Report: Southern African
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Ariidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Carangidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery:
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Coryphaenidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Dinopercidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Gempylidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Istiophoridae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Lutjanidae
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B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Oplegnathidae
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MANN, B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Pomatomidae
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MANN, B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Sciaenidae
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MANN, B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Scombridae
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MANN, B.Q.; RADEBE, P.V.; BECKLEY, L.E. (2000) Status of the linefishery: Sparidae.
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