FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS I. Food chain models A. How to construct a systems model 1. The boxes or state variables i. what the boxes are ii. what the boxes contain iii. how to measure what's in the boxes 2. The arrows or transfer functions i. what the arrows mean ii. how to measure what's in the arrows 3. What a food chain model means B. Efficiency of food chains 1. What does efficiency mean? 2. Pyramids in nature C. The reality of trophic levels II What moves? A. Energy 1) Form C_C bonds 2) 2nd law of thermodynamics - loss B. Matter 1) Carbon 2) Nitrogen 3) Phosphorus 4) other nutrients III. Other views - Food webs Allen & Hoefstra 1992 Toward a Unified Ecology Columbia University Press Arruda, J A. et al. The Role of Suspended Sediments in the Nutrition of Zooplankton in Turbid Reservoirs. Ecology: 64: 1225–1235. Baird D, Asmus H, Asmus R . 2007. Trophic dynamics of eight intertidal communities of the Sylt-Romo Bight ecosystem, northern Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 351: 25-41. Benke, A C. et al. 1997 Trophic basis of production among riverine caddisflies: implications for food web analysis. Ecology: 78: 1132–1145. Bowen, S H. et al. 1995: Dietary Protein and Energy as Determinants of Food Quality: Trophic Strategies Compared. Ecology: 76: 899–907. Burdon FJ, Harding JS. 2008. The linkage between riparian predators and aquatic insects across a stream-resource spectrum. Freshwater Biology 53: 330-346. DeMott, W R., & Tessier, A J. 2002. Stoichiometric constraints vs. Algal defenses: testing mechanisms of zooplankton food limitation. Ecology 83: 3426–3433. Duke, K. M., & Crossley, D. A.. 1975: Population Energetics and Ecology of the Rock Grasshopper, Trimerotropis saxatilis. Ecology: 56: 1106–1117. Fath BD, Halnes G. 2007. Cyclic energy pathways in ecological food webs. Ecological Modelling 208: 17-24. Gratton C, Donaldson J, vander Zanden MJ. 2008. Ecosystem linkages between lakes and the surrounding terrestrial landscape in northeast Iceland. Ecosystems 11: 764-774. Gross, T., L. Rudolf, S. A. Levin and U. Diekmann. 2009. Generalized models reveal stabilizing factors in food webs. Science. 325: 747-750. Huang IY, Lin YS, Chen CP, et al. 2007. Food web structure of a subtropical headwater stream. Marine And Freshwater Research 58: 596-607. Jennings S, De Oliveira JAA, Warr KJ. 2007. Measurement of body size and abundance in tests of macroecological and food web theory. Journal Of Animal Ecology 76: 72-82. Laws, E. A. 2008. Food-web structure and planktonic predator-prey relationships in two eutrophic European lakes: Stability constraints on carbon fluxes. Limnology And Oceanography 53: 760-772 . McCullough, D A. et al. 1979: Bioenergetics of Lotic Filter-Feeding Insects Simulium spp.. (Diptera) and Hydropsyche occidentalis (Trichoptera) and their Function in Controlling Organic Transport in Streams. Ecology: 60: 585–596. Meysman FJR, Bruers S. 2007. A thermodynamic perspective on food webs: Quantifying entropy production within detrital-based ecosystems. Journal Of Theoretical Biology 249: 124-139. Moulder, B. C. & Reichle, D. E.. 1972: Significance of Spider Predation in the Energy Dynamics of Forest-Floor Arthropod Communities. Ecological Monographs: 42:. 473–498. Norby, R et al. 2006: Nitrogen uptake, distribution, turnover, and efficiency of use in a CO2enriched sweetgum forest. Ecology: 87: 5–14. Odum 1971 Environment Power and Society John Wiley & Sons Pasquaud S, Lobry J, Elie P . 2007. Facing the necessity of describing estuarine ecosystems: a review of food web ecology study techniques. Hydrobiologia 588: 159-172. Patten 1971 Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology Academic Press Peterson et al. 198 Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs. Science 227: 1361 Pimm, S.L. 1982. Food Webs. Chapman & Hall Rooney N, McCann KS, Moore JC. .2008. A landscape theory for food web architecture. Ecology Letters 11: 867-881. Schiesari L, Werner EE, Kling GW. 2009. Carnivory and resource-based niche differentiation in anuran larvae: implications for food web and experimental ecology. Freshwater Biology 54: 572-586. Schroeder, L. 1969: Population Growth Efficiencies on Laboratory Hydra Pseudoligactis Hyman Populations. Ecology: 50: 81–86. Small MJ, Doyle MW, Fuller RL, et al. 2008. Hydrologic versus geomorphic limitation on CPOM storage in stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 53: 1618-1631. Taghon, G L. & Jumars, P A. 1984: Variable Ingestion Rate and Its Role in Optimal Foraging Behavior of Marine Deposit Feeders. Ecology: 65: 549–558. Yi L, You WH, Li C, et al. 2009. Pansystems ecology, management and knowledge rediscovery. Kybernetes 38: 239-253. Efficiencies of energy transfer (n = trophic level) 1. Assimilation efficiency Assimilation at n Ingestion at n 2. Ecological Growth efficiency Net productivity at n Ingestion at n 3. Tissue Growth efficiency Net productivity at n Gross productivity at n 4. Biological efficiency Gross productivity at n Gross productivity at (n-1) 5. Ecological efficiency Ingestion at n Ingestion at (n-1) 6. Net efficiency Net Productivity at n Net productivity at (n-1) 7. Food Chain efficiency Ingestion at n Energy available to (n-1) 8. Ingestion efficiency Ingestion at n Net productivity at (n-1) 9. Exploitation efficiency Ingestion of food Prey production 10. Assimilation efficiency Assimilation Ingestion 11. Net production efficiency Production Assimilation 12. Gross production efficiency Production Ingestion 13. Ecological efficiency Consumer production Prey production ~ Gross Primary Production a measure of food conversion efficiency