University of Edinburgh, Philosophy
2010/11, 2nd semester
Topics in Hellenistic Philosophy
Time: Friday 9-10:50
Venue: DSB G.06
Course Organiser: Dr. Inna Kupreeva,
DSB 5.02, (0)131-6503653, inna.kupreeva@ed.ac.uk
Aims and objectives:
The course will introduce you to the main concepts and arguments of the three
Hellenistic philosophical schools, and examine the influence of their thinkers on
modern philosophy. I shall start by a brief survey of the main topics in pre-Socratic
and classical Athenian philosophy which were further developed by Hellenistic
schools.
The main body of the course is divided into three parts, in accordance with the most
common Hellenistic school division of philosophy into logic, physics and ethics. The
first part of the course will deal with the new approaches in epistemology broached by
the three schools. We shall study the content and method of Epicurean ‘canonics’, the
elements of Stoic logic and epistemology, and Skeptical arguments against the
criterion. The second part will be devoted to ‘physics’, traditional term for a cluster of
problems in metaphysics and natural philosophy. We shall discuss the system of
atomism, principles of Stoic physics and metaphysics, and Skeptical criticisms of the
main physical and metaphysical concepts. In the third part we shall look into ethical
doctrines of the three schools.
The goal of the course is to teach the students how to read ancient philosophical
texts (in translation), with careful attention to textual and historical matters as well as
to the philosophers’ arguments (most of which have to be reconstructed using the
tools developed by modern philosophical analysis). Hellenistic philosophy is the
subject of extremely advanced, sophisticated research by a large international
community of scholars. The students will become familiar with the most important
and exciting results of this research. Moreover, most topics we shall consider are
relevant in modern philosophical debates: the students will be able to discover and
critically discuss the links between ancient and modern approaches to the same
philosophical problems.
Assessment: Assessment will be by 2-hour examination in the May diet.
Senior Honours students may opt to write a long essay (approximately 5000 words) in
lieu of the final exam.
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Selected bibliography
Primary sources
B.C. Inwood, L.P. Gerson (eds), Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings [IG],
Hackett, 1988
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, vols.1-2, [LS] Cambridge,
1987
M.F. Smith (ed., trans.), Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Hackett, 2001
J. Annas, R. Woolf (eds), Cicero, On Moral Ends, Cambridge, 2002
C. Gill (ed.), R. Hard (trans), Epictetus, The Discourses, Everyman, 1995
C. Gill (ed.), R. Hard (trans.), Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, Wordsworth, 1997
J. M. Cooper, J.F. Procopé (eds), Seneca Moral and Political Essays, Cambridge,
1995
J. Annas, J. Barnes (ed., trans.) Sextus Empiricus The Outlines of Pyrrhonism,
Cambridge, 2000
I. Ramelli, D. Konstan (eds), Hierocles the Stoic: Elements of Ethics, Fragments and
Excerpts, Brill, 2009
C. Brittain (ed), Cicero on Academic Scepticism, Hackett, 2005
Ph.and E.A. de Lacy (eds) Philodemus: On methods of inference, Baltimore, 1941
Secondary Literature (general)
J. Allen, Inference from signs: ancient debates about the nature of evidence, Oxford,
2001
J. Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Berkeley, 1992
J. Annas, The Morality of Happiness, New York/Oxford, 1993
J. Barnes, M. Mignucci (eds) Matter and Metaphysics, Naples, 1988
J. Barnes, J. Brunschwig, M. Burnyeat, M. Schofield (eds) Science and Speculation:
Studies in Hellenistic theory and practice, Cambridge/Paris, 1982
J. Brunschwig, Papers in Hellenistic philosophy, Cambridge, 1994
L. Castagnoli, Ancient Self-Refutation: The Logic and History of the Self-Refutation
Argument from Democritus to Augustine, Cambridge. 2010
D. Frede, A. Laks (eds), Traditions of Theology: Studies in Hellenistic Theology, Its
Background and Aftermath, Brill, 2001
M. Frede, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Oxford, 1987
D.J. Furley (ed.) From Aristotle to Augustine (Routledge History of Philosophy,
vol.2), London 1997
D.J. Furley, Cosmic Problems: Essays on Greek and Roman Philosophy of Nature,
Cambridge, 1989
Ph. van der Eijk, Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and
Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease, Cambdrige, 2005
C. Gill, The Structured Self in Hellenistic and Roman Thought, Oxford, 2006
C. Gill, Naturalistic Psychology in Galen and Stoicism, Oxford, 2010
M. Griffin, J. Barnes (eds.) Philosophia Togata I and II, Oxford, 1989 and 1997.
B. Inwood, J. Mansfeld (eds) Assent and Argument: Studies in Cicero’s Academic
Books, Brill, 1997
R.J. Hankinson, Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought, Oxford, 1998
P.O. Kristeller, Greek Philosophers of the Hellenistic Age, New York, 1993
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A.A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1988
A.A. Long, From Epicurus to Epictetus: Studies in Hellenistic and Roman
Philosophy, Oxford, 2006
V. Nutton, Ancient Medicine, London, 2004
D.N. Sedley, Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity, Berkeley, 2007
M. Schofield, M. Burnyeat, J. Barnes (ed), Doubt and Dogmatism, Cambridge, 1980
M. Schofield, G. Striker (eds), The Norms of Nature: Studies in Hellenistic Ethics,
Oxford, 1986
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics: An Introduction to Hellenistic
Philosophy, London, 1996
R. Sorabji, Emotions and Peace of Mind: from Stoic Agitation to Christian
Temptation, Oxford, 2002
H. von Staden, Herophilus, Cambridge, 1989
G. Striker, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge, 1988
Secondary Literature on Epicureans
E. Asmis, Epicurus’ Scientific Method, Ithaca, N.Y., 1984
D. Clay, Lucretius and Epicurus, Ithaca, 1983
W. Englert, Epicurus on the Swerve and Voluntary Action, Atlanta, Ga., 1987
D. Fowler, Lucretius on atomic motion, Oxford, 2002
D. J. Furley, Two Studies in Greek Atomists, Princeton, 1967
M Gigante, Philodemus in Italy: The Books from Herculaneum, Ann Arbor, 1995
P. Gordon, Epicurus in Lycia: The Second Century World of Diogenes of Oenoanda,
Ann Arbor, 2003
D. Konstan, Some aspects of Epicurean psychology, Leiden, 1973, revised edition: A
Life Worthy of the Gods: The Materialist Psychology of Epicurus. Las Vegas:
Parmenides Publishing, 2009.
P. Mitsis, Epicurus’ Ethical Theory: The Pleasures of Invulnerability, Ithaca/London,
1988
T. O’Keefe, Epicurus on Freedom, Cambridge, 2005
J. M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction, Cambrdige, 1972
D.N. Sedley, Lucretius and the Transmission of the Greek Wisdom, Cambridge, 1998
V. Tsouna, The Ethics of Philodemus, Oxford, 2007
J. Warren, Epicurus and Democritean ethics: an archaeology of ataraxia, Cambridge,
2002
J. Warren, Facing death: Epicurus and his critics, Cambridge, 2004
J. Warren (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism, 2009
Secondary literature on the Stoics:
S. Bobzien, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy, Oxford, 1998
T. Brennan, The Stoic Life: Emotions, Duties, and Fate, Oxford, 2005
H. Dyson, Prolepsis and Ennoia in the early Stoa, W. de Gruyter, 2009
M. Griffin, Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics, Oxford, 1976
K. Ierodiakonou (ed) Topics in Stoic Philosophy, Oxford, 1999
D.E. Hahm, The Origins of Stoic Cosmology, Columbus, Oh., 1977
B.C. Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism, Oxford, 1985
B.C. Inwood (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, Cambridge 2003
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B.C. Inwood, Reading Seneca: Stoic Philosophy at Rome, Oxford, 2005
A. Erskine, The Hellenistic Stoa: Political Thought and Action, Ithaca, 1990
A.A. Long, Problems in Stoicism, London, 1971 (repr. 1996)
A.A. Long, Stoic Studies, Cambridge, 1996
G. Reydams-Schils, The Roman Stoics: Self, Responsibility and Affection,
Chicago,2005
J.M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy, Cambridge, 1966 (later repr.)
J.M. Rist (ed), The Stoics, Berkeley/Los Angeles, London, 1978
R. Salles, The Stoics on Determinism and Compatibilism, Ashgate, 2005
R. Salles (ed) God and Cosmos in Stoicism, Oxford, 2009
S. Sambursky, The Physics of the Stoics, London, 1959
F.H. Sandbach, Aristotle and the Stoics, Cambridge 1985
F.H. Sandbach, The Stoics, 2nd ed., Bristol/London, 1989
M. Schofield, The Stoic Idea of the City, Cambridge, 1991
T. Tieleman, Galen and Chrysippus on the soul: argument and refutation in the De
Placitis books II-III, Brill, 1996
T. Tieleman, Chrysippus' On affections: reconstruction and interpretations, Brill,
2003
K.M. Vogt, Law, Reason, and the Cosmic City: Political Philosophy in the early Stoa,
Oxford, 2008
G. Watson, The Stoic Theory of Knowledge, Belfast, 1966
Secondary literature on the Skeptics
J.E. Annas, J. Barnes, The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern
Interpretations, Cambridge, 1985
J. Barnes, The Toils of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1990
R. Bett, Pyrrho, his antecedents and his legacy, Oxford, 2003
R. Bett (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Scepticism, 2010
Ch. Brittain, Philo of Larissa: The Last of Academic Sceptics, Oxford, 2001
M.F. Burnyeat, (ed.) The Skeptical Tradition, 1983
M.F. Burnyeat and M. Frede (eds), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy,
Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1997
R.J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, London and New York, 1995
C. Perin, The Demands of Reason: an Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism, Oxford, 2010
R. Polito, The Sceptical Road: Aenesidemus’ Appropriation of Heraclitus, Leiden,
2004
H. Thorsrud, Ancient Scepticism (Ancient Philosophies), Durham and Berkeley, 201
Time-table and readings
Seminar 1. Introduction: sources, method, goals of the course.
Reading
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S. Everson, ‘Epicureanism’ in D. Furley (ed), From Aristotle to Augustine, London,
1997, 188-221
M. Frede, ‘The Sceptics’, ibid., 253-286
B. Inwood, ‘Stoicism’, ibid., 222-252
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1974, 1-13
A.A. Long, ‘Socrates in Hellenistic philosophy’, in his Stoic Studies, 1986, 1-34
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic philosophers, vol.1, 1987, 1-9
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, ch. 1, London, 1996, 1-10
*J. Mansfeld, ‘Sources’, in K. Algra, J. Barnes, J. Mansfeld, M. Schofield, The
Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy [CHHP], Cambridge, 1999, 3 – 30
*T. Dorandi, ‘Chronology’ in CHHP, 31 – 54
*T. Dorandi, ‘Organization and structure of the philosophical schools’, in CHHP, 55 –
64
*M. Gigante, Philodemus in Italy, Ann Arbor, 1995
*D.N. Sedley, ‘The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus’ in B. Inwood (ed) The
Cambridge Companion to Stoicism, 7 – 32
*C. Gill, ‘The School in the Roman Imperial Period’, ibid., 33 - 58
Seminar 2. Epicureans on knowledge and its sources
Reading
Primary sources:
Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus, in: B.C. Inwood, L.P. Gerson, Hellenistic Philosophy.
Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Book 4, lines 54-823
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic philosophers, vol.1, ‘Introduction’,
Cambridge, 1987, sections 16-18
*Ph.and E.A. de Lacy (eds) Philodemus: On methods of inference, Baltimore, 1941
Secondary Literature:
S. Everson, ‘Epicureanism’ in D. Furley (ed), From Aristotle to Augustine, London,
1997, 188-221
S. Everson, ‘Epicurus on the Truth of the Senses,’ in Stephen Everson (ed.),
Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 161–183.
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, ‘Introduction’,
Berkeley, 1974, 14-29
D.N. Sedley, Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom, Cambridge, 1998,
94-133
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, ch. 1, London, 1996, 5-8, 11-19
G. Striker, ‘Epicurus on the truth of sense impressions’ in her Essays on Hellenistic
Epistemology and Ethics, 77 - 91
*J. Allen, Inference from Signs, 194 - 241
*E. Asmis, Epicurus’ Scientific Method, Ithaca, N.Y., 1984
*C.C.W. Taylor, “‘All Perceptions are True’,” in M. Schofield, J. Barnes and M.
Burnyeat (eds.), Doubt and Dogmatism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 105–
24.
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Seminar 3. Stoic epistemology
Reading
Primary sources:
B. Inwood, L. Gerson (eds) Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings,
Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1988 (2nd ed. 1997), 103-131
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, sec. 39-42
Secondary literature:
M. Frede, ‘Stoic epistemology’, in K. Algra, J. Barnes, J. Mansfeld, M. Schofield
(eds), Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge, 1999, 295-322
R.J. Hankinson, ‘Stoic Epistemology’ in B. Inwood (ed) The Cambridge Companion
to the Stoics, Cambridge, 2003, 59-84
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, ‘Introduction’,
Berkeley, 1974, 107-147
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, ch. 1, London, 1996, 20-27
*J. Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, 1992, 71 - 88
*H. Dyson, Prolepsis and Ennoia in the early Stoa, Berlin, 2009
Seminar 4. Ancient scepticism
Reading
Primary sources:
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism, ed. by Julia Annas and J. Barnes,
Cambridge, 2001, ‘Introduction’, Book 1; Book 2 sections i-xi.
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, sec. 1-3,
39-42, 68-72
(alternatively: B. Inwood, L. Gerson (eds) Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory
Readings, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1988 (2nd ed. 1997), 261-341)
*C. Brittain (ed), Cicero on Academic Scepticism, Hackett, 2005
Secondary literature:
M. Frede, ‘The sceptics’, in D. Furley (ed), From Aristotle to Augustine, London,
1997, 253-286
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1974, 75106
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, ch. 1, London, 1996, 27-32
H. Thorsrud, Ancient Scepticism, 2009
C. Perin, The Demands of Reason, Oxford, 2010
*M. Burnyeat, M. Frede (eds), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy, Hackett, 1997
*R.J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, London and New York, 1995
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Seminar 5. Epicurean cosmos and freedom: anti-teleology and indeterminism
Reading:
Primary sources:
Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Pythocles (both in B. Inwood, L. Gerson
(eds) Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1988
(2nd ed. 1997), 5-28)
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, sec. 4-15
Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Bks 1 (146-634), 2, 3*, 4 (824-1280)
Secondary literature:
S. Everson, ‘Epicureanism’ in D. Furley (ed), From Aristotle to Augustine, 1997, 188221
D. Furley, ‘The cosmological crisis in classical antiquitty’ in his Cosmic problems,
223 - 235
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, 1974, 30-56
T. O’Keefe, Epicurus on Freedom, Cambridge, 2005
D. N. Sedley, Creationism and its critics in antiquity, Berkeley, 2007, 133-166
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1996, 34-43
*E. Asmis, 1990. “Free Action and the Swerve” (Review of Walter G. Englert,
Epicurus on the swerve and voluntary action), Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy,
8 (1990): 275–291
*D. Furley, Two Studies in the Greek Atomists, Princeton, 1967.
*S. Bobzien, “Did Epicurus Discover the Free-Will Problem?” Oxford Studies in
Ancient Philosophy, 19 (2000), 287–337.
*W.G. Englert, Epicurus on the Swerve and Voluntary Action, Atlanta, 1987
*J.S. Purinton, “Epicurus on ‘Free Volition’ and the Atomic Swerve,” Phronesis, 44
(1999): 253–299.
*D. Russell, “Epicurus and Lucretius on Saving Agency,” Phoenix, 54 (2000), 226–
243.
* D.N. Sedley, “Epicurus' Refutation of Determinism,” in SUZHTHSIS: Studi
sull'epicureismo greco e romano offerti a Marcello Gigante, Naples, 1993, 11–51.
Seminar 6. Stoic cosmos and the problem of freedom (teleology and determinism)
Reading:
Primary sources:
B. Inwood, L. Gerson (eds) Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings,
Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1988 (2nd ed. 1997, 132 - 190
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, sections 4448, 52-55
Secondary literature:
T. Brennan, The Stoic Life, Oxford, 2005, 233 - 306
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D. Frede, ‘Stoic Determinism’ in B. Inwood (ed) The Cambridge Companion to
Stoicism, Cambridge, 2003, 179 – 205
M. Frede, ‘The Original Notion of Cause’
A.A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1974
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, London 1996, 34 – 43
K.M. Vogt, ‘Sons of the Earth: Are the Stoics the Metaphysical Brutes?’ Phronesis 54
(2009), 136 - 154
M. White, ‘Stoic Natural Philosophy (Physics and Cosmology)’ in B. Inwood (ed)
The Cambridge Companion to Stoicism, Cambridge, 2003, 124 – 152
*S. Bobzien, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy, Oxford, 1998
*R. Salles, The Stoics on Determinism and Compatibilism, Ashgate, 2005
Seminar 7: Ethics: the concept of moral end. Epicureanism.
Reading:
Primary sources:
Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus
Cicero, On Moral Ends, Books 1-2
Secondary sources:
S. Everson, ‘Epicureanism’ in D. Furley (ed), From Aristotle to Augustine, London,
1997, 188 - 221
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1974, 49 –
74
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1996, 59 – 66, 84 – 113,
116 – 123
*J. Annas, The Morality of Happiness, Oxford, 1993
*J. Cooper, ‘Pleasure and Desire in Epicurus,’ in J. Cooper, Reason and Emotion,
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, 485–514
*J. Purinton, “Epicurus on the Telos,” Phronesis, 38 (1993), 281–320.
*G. Striker, ‘Ataraxia: happiness as tranquillity’ in her EHEE, 183 – 195
*G. Striker, ‘Epicurean hedonism’, ibid., 196 - 208
Seminar 8: Stoic ethics: living in accordance with nature
Reading:
Primary sources
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, 57-64
Cicero On moral ends, books 3-4
Secondary literature:
T. Brennan, The Stoic Life, Oxford, 2005, 115 - 168
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M. Frede, ‘On the Stoic conception of the good’ in K. Ierodiakonou (ed) Topics in
Stoic philosophy, Oxford, Clarendon, 1999, 71 – 94
A.A. Long, Hellenistic philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Berkeley, 1974, 170
– 209
E.G. Pembroke, ‘Oikeiôsis’ in A.A. Long (ed), 1971, Problems in Stoicism, London,
114 – 49
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1996, 67 – 78, 100 – 113,
123 – 7
*J. Annas, The Morality of Happiness, Oxford, 1993
*B. Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Stoicism, Oxford, 1991
*G. Striker, ‘Following nature: a study in Stoic ethics’ in her EHEE 221 – 280
*G. Striker, ‘The role of oikeiôsis in Stoic ethics’, EHEE 281 – 97
Seminar 9: Stoic theory of virtue
Reading
Primary sources:
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, 59 – 61
B.C. Inwood, L.P. Gerson (eds), Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings,
Hackett, 1988, 190 – 232
Alexander of Aphrodisias, Supplement to On the Soul (trans. R.W. Sharples), London,
Duckworth, 2004, chapters 18 and 20.
Secondary literature:
T. Brennan, The Stoic Life, Oxford, 2005, 169 - 232
T. H. Irwin, The Development of Ethics, vol. 1, 285 – 359
I.G. Kidd, ‘Stoic Intermediates and the End for Man’ in A.A. Long (ed) Problems in
Stoicism, 150 – 72
A.A. Long, ‘The harmonics of Stoic virtue’ in his Stoic Studies, Berkeley, 1996
M. Schofield, ‘Stoic Ethics’ in B. Inwood (ed) The Cambridge Companion to
Stoicism, Cambridge, 2003, chapter 9
Seminar 10: Hellenistic theories of affections: Stoics and Epicureans
Reading
Primary sources:
A.A. Long, D.N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1987, section 65
M. Graver (ed), Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, Chicago, 2007, books 3 and 4
Secondary literature:
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J. Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Berkeley, 1992, chapters 5 and 9
T. Brennan, The Stoic Life, 82 - 114
B.C. Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism, Oxford, 1985, 127 -181
M.C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire, Princeton, 1993, chapters 4 -7, 9-13
*M. Graver, Stoicism and emotion, Chicago, 2007
*V. Tsouna, The Ethics of Philodemus, Oxford, 2007
Seminar 11: Theory of action and ethics in scepticism.
Reading
Primary sources:
J. Annas, J. Barnes (eds), Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism, Cambridge
University Press, Book I, sections i – xiv, xviii – xxviii; Book III, xxi - xxxii
B.C. Inwood, L.P. Gerson (eds), Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings,
Hackett, 1988, 387 – 397
Secondary literature:
J. Annas, ‘Doing without objective values: ancient and modern strategies’ in M.
Schofield and G. Striker (eds) The Norms of Nature, Cambridge, 3 – 30
M. Burnyeat, ‘Can the Skeptic Live His Skepticism?’ in M. Burnyeat (ed) The
Skeptical Tradition, Berkeley, 1983 and repr. in M.F. Burnyeat and Michael Frede
(eds) The Original Sceptics: A Controversy, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997
M.C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire, Princeton, 1994, chapter 8
R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1996, 78 – 81, 113 – 115
*M.F. Burnyeat and Michael Frede (eds) The Original Sceptics: A Controversy,
Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997
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