Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. To be considered safe for drinking, a 100 milliliter sample of water should contain ____ colonies of coliform bacteria. a. 0 b. 5 c. 10 d. 100 e. 200
____ 2. Which is not one of the ways that climate change can affect water pollution. a. It can cause thermal pollution due to warmer temperatures. b. Intense downpours in some areas can flush more harmful chemicals into waterways c. Prolonged drought in some areas can reduce river flows that dilute wastes. d. Prolonged drought can spread infectious diseases more rapidly among people who lack enough water to stay clean. e. All of these can result from climate change.
____ 3. Nitrates and phosphates are examples of a. disease-causing agents. b. oxygen-demanding wastes. c. organic chemicals. d. inorganic plant nutrients. e. sediment.
____ 4. Thermal pollution a. raises the solubility of oxygen in water. b. lowers the respiratory rates of aquatic organisms. c. nurtures spawning fish. d. can kill organisms adapted to a particular temperature range by thermal shock. e. All of these answers.
____ 5. Thermal water pollution can be reduced by all of the following methods except a. discharging hot water into ponds, allowing cooling, and reusing the same water. b. using cooling towers. c. returning heated water away from the ecologically vulnerable shore zone. d. using more electricity. e. None of these answers.
____ 6. Which of the following statements is false? a. Requiring cities to withdraw water downstream of the city would reduce pollution. b. Slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams. c. The width and depth of the oxygen sag curve is dependent on water volume and flow rate. d. Streams can recover from degradable pollutants as long as they are not overloaded. e. Oxygen sag curves show the time and distance needed for a stream to recover.
____ 7. The water pollution and control laws enacted in the 1970s have done all but which one of the following? a. reduced or eliminated point-source pollution on rivers b. increased the number and quality of wastewater treatment plants c. held the line against disease-causing agents and oxygen-demanding wastes d. forced municipalities to take their water supply from the downstream side of the city e. None of these answers.

____ 8. According to the global Water Policy Project, most cities in developing countries discharge __ of their untreated sewage directly into rivers, streams, and lakes whose waters are then used for human consumption. a. 10

20% b. 20

30% c. 40

50% d. 50

60% e. 80

90%
____ 9. Which of the following statements is false? a. Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plant nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides. b. Acid deposition and fallout represent a more serious hazard to lakes than rivers. c. Eutrophication is a natural process and can occur without the influence of humans. d. Human activities can accelerate the eutrophication process. e. Eutrophication is caused by inputs of nutrients and silt from the surrounding land basin.
____ 10. Which of the following stages of cultural eutrophication occurs last? a. fish kills b. blooms of algae c. increase in aerobic bacteria d. increase in anaerobic bacteria e. increase of plants such as duckweed
____ 11. In cultural eutrophication, game fish die from a. acid deposition. b. suffocation from lack of oxygen. c. toxic substances in the water. d. salt. e. loss of space.
____ 12. All of the following are cleanup methods of controlling cultural eutrophication except a. using advanced waste treatment. b. treating plant growth with herbicides. c. harvesting excess weeds. d. pumping air through reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion. e. None of these answers.
____ 13. About ____ of the 100,000 medium to large lakes in the United States suffer from some degree of cultural eutrophication. a. one-fifth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half e. two-third
____ 14. The Great Lakes possess ____% of all the surface fresh water in the United States. a. 35 b. 55 c. 75 d. 95 e. 45
____ 15. Less than ____% of the water entering the Great Lakes leaves the St. Lawrence River. a. 1 b. 8 c. 16

d. 32 e. 64
____ 16. One fish in ____ taken from the Great Lakes is unsafe for human consumption. a. ten b. seven c. five d. four e. three
____ 17. Which one of the Great Lakes first showed intense effects of water pollution? a. Superior b. Huron c. Erie d. Ontario e. Ontario and Huron
____ 18. Drinking water for about ____ of the U.S. population and ____ of the rural populations comes from groundwater. a. 50%; 50% b. 50%; 95% c. 10%; 50% d. 10%; 95% e. 75%; 75%
____ 19. Experts rate groundwater pollution as a a. high-risk ecological and health problem. b. medium-risk ecological and health problem. c. high-risk ecological but low-risk health problem. d. low-risk ecological but high-risk health problem. e. high-risk ecological and medium-risk health problem.
____ 20. Over the twenty-first century, scientists expect to find many million s of ____ to become a major global health problem. a. people b. carcinogens c. solar panels d. leaking underground storage tanks e. leaking solid waste landfills
____ 21. Which of the following statements about MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) is not true? a. it is a gasoline additive b. it is a suspected carcinogen c. it is a potential alternative fuel with no noticeable serious environmental effects d. it has leaked into and contaminated aquifers throughout the country e. it is being phased out of use
____ 22. Arsenic levels are above the standard for 112 million people that mostly live in ____. a. the United States b. Western Europe and as far east as Poland c. Central and South America d. China, Bangladesh and part of India e. industrial areas of the United States
____ 23. The only effective way to protect groundwater is to a. prevent contamination. b. use monitoring wells.

c. cover all wells carefully. d. treat all water from underground sources. e. using advanced sewage treatment.
____ 24. Groundwater can be protected least by a. banning disposal of hazardous wastes in sanitary landfills and deep-injection wells. b. monitoring aquifers near landfills and underground tanks. c. using advanced sewage treatment. d. requiring liability insurance for old and new underground tanks. e. requiring leak detecting systems for underground tanks used to store hazardous waste.
____ 25. Which of the following aquatic ecosystems is most capable of diluting, dispersing, and degrading large amounts of sewage, sludge, and oil? a. estuary b. swiftly flowing stream c. deep-water ocean d. coastal parts of the ocean e. slow-moving river
____ 26. The largest estuary in the United States is a. Mobile Bay. b. Chesapeake Bay. c. San Francisco Bay. d. Lake Ponchartrain. e. Gulf of Mexico.
____ 27. Chesapeake Bay has been quite vulnerable to pollution because it is a. shallow and flushes 0.1% of the pollutants that enter it. b. shallow and flushes 1% of the pollutants that enter it. c. shallow and flushes 10% of the pollutants that enter it. d. deep and flushes 0.1% of the pollutants that enter it. e. deep and flushes 1% of the pollutants that enter it.
____ 28. Paved areas in Chesapeake Bay's watershed grew by ____ percent in the 1990s. a. ten b. twenty-two c. thirty d. forty-one e. seventy-five
____ 29. In Chesapeake Bay, 60% by weight of phosphates come from ____ and 60% by weight of nitrates come from
____. a. point sources . . . nonpoint sources b. point sources . . . nitrate rocks c. nonpoint sources . . . point sources d. phosphate rocks . . . nonpoint sources e. phosphate rocks . . . point sources
____ 30. All of the following methods are likely to aid restoration of Chesapeake Bay's oyster population except a. trying to find a reef-building substitute to hasten reef reconstruction. b. developing disease-resistant oyster stocks. c. seeding protected oyster beds with large, older oysters. d. developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters. e. None of these answers.
____ 31. Of the following organisms, the ones least likely to be affected by ocean debris are a. seals.

b. whales. c. zooplankton. d. sea turtles. e. sea lions.
____ 32. Of the following sources of oil in the environment, the one which contributes least is a. tanker accidents and blowouts at offshore drilling rigs. b. washing tankers and releasing the oily water. c. normal operation of offshore wells. d. pipeline leaks. e. None of these answers.
____ 33. The majority of the oil pollution of the ocean comes from a. blowouts (rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean). b. tanker accidents. c. environmental terrorism. d. runoff from land. e. normal operation of offshore wells.
____ 34. The effects of an oil spill depend on the a. time of year. b. type of oil (crude or refined). c. distance of release from shore. d. amount released. e. All of these answers.
____ 35. Of the following organisms, the ones least likely to be killed by heavy oil components are a. oysters. b. marine birds. c. crabs. d. clams. e. mussels.
____ 36. Which of the following is false? a. Oil evaporates and undergoes decomposition. b. The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills. c. Recovery from oil spills is faster in warm water than in cold water. d. Estuaries and salt marshes suffer the most damage from oil pollution and cannot be effectively cleaned up. e. Oil spills can have a negative economic impact on coastal residents.
____ 37. On the day in 2006 that ExxonMobil made a court appeal to have fines reduced from $5 billion to $25 million, it also announced a. it would increase the use of alternative energy by 10%. b. it would switch to using all double-hulled (safer) tankers. c. it announced the largest quarterly earnings by a corporation in U.S. history. d. a plan to clean up the remaining oil in the Alaska's Prince William Sound. e. All of the above.
____ 38. Farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by a. using prescribed amounts of fertilizer. b. planting nitrogen-fixing plants. c. planting buffer zones between cultivated fields and surface water. d. control runoff. e. All of these answers.
____ 39. Farmers can reduce pesticide runoff by

a. applying pesticides only when needed. b. using biological methods of pest control. c. using integrated pest management. d. control runoff. e. All of these answers.
____ 40. The Clean Water Act and Water Quality Act attempt to maintain the ____ integrity of U.S. waters. a. biological b. chemical c. physical d. All of these answers. e. a and c only.
____ 41. About ____ of U.S. lakes were tested unsafe for fishing, swimming, and other recreational uses. a. 25% b. 45% c. 65% d. 75% e. 85%
____ 42. In a septic tank system, which of the following is not true? a. wastewater is pumped into a settling tank b. grease and oil rise to the top in the tank c. solid are decomposed by bacteria d. bacteria treated waste is discharged in an absorption field e. after leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption.
____ 43. Which of the following types of sewage treatment is properly matched? a. primary-biological process b. secondary-mechanical process c. advanced-physical and chemical processes d. secondary-chemical process e. primary-chemical process
____ 44. Which of the following substances are removed to the greatest extent by combined primary and secondary wastewater treatment? a. organic pesticides b. organic oxygen-demanding wastes c. toxic metals and synthetic organic chemicals d. radioactive isotopes e. All of these answers.
____ 45. Peru decided for a short time to discontinue chlorinating the country's drinking water because a. it was concerned that chlorine gave the water a bad taste. b. it was concerns over the increased risk of cancer c. chlorinate was too costly d. chlorine bleached the water e. chlorine could not disinfect the water
____ 46. According to the EPA, about ____% of the country's lakes and 40% of streams are too polluted for swimming or fishing. a. 10 b. 25 c. 40 d. 55

e. 80
____ 47. The most polluted river in the United States is the ____ River. a. Columbia b. Missouri c. Mississippi d. Delaware e. Susquehanna
____ 48. Areas that depend on surface water for their drinking supply generally do all of the following except a. run water through sand filters. b. allow suspended matter to settle out and dissolved oxygen to increase in a reservoir. c. treat with ozone and fluoride to kill bacteria. d. purify with activated charcoal in a filtering strategy. e. None of these answers.
Completion
Complete each statement.
49. Toxins with excess nitrogen from ____________________ can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore.
50. If the ____________________ is not monitored for contaminants or cleaned up when it is contaminated, people will be drinking water that is not good for them.
51. Human activities can greatly accelerate ____________________ by increasing the rate at which nutrients and organic substances enter aquatic ecosystems from their surrounding watersheds.
52. ____________________ uses biological methods such as digestion.
53. Large quantities of nitrate and phosphate plant nutrients from runoffs can cause ____________________ that can red, brown, or green.
Matching

____ 54. On the primary and secondary sewage treatment figure, choose the letter that represents where bacteria are killed and the water is clean.
____ 55. On the primary and secondary sewage treatment figure, choose the letter that represents where large floating objects and solids are removed.
____ 56. On the primary and secondary sewage treatment figure, choose the letter that represents where activated sludge settles out in the biological process of sewage treatment.
____ 57. On the primary and secondary sewage treatment figure, choose the letter that represents where suspended solids settle out as sludge in the physical process of sewage treatment.
____ 58. On the primary and secondary sewage treatment figure, choose the letter that represents where all the sludge is combined before drying.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Water Pollution: Source, Types, and Effects
2. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Water Pollution: Source, Types, and Effects
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Water Pollution: Source, Types, and Effects
4. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Water Pollution: Source, Types, and Effects
5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Water Pollution: Source, Types, and Effects
6. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D
7. ANS: D
8. ANS: E
9. ANS: A
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
DIF: D
DIF: D
DIF: D
10. ANS: D
11. ANS: B
12. ANS: A
13. ANS: C
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
DIF: M
DIF: E
DIF: D
DIF: E
14. ANS: D
15. ANS: A
16. ANS: D
17. ANS: C
18. ANS: B
19. ANS: D
20. ANS: D
21. ANS: C
22. ANS: D
23. ANS: A
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
DIF: E
DIF: E
DIF: E
DIF: E
DIF: E
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: D
24. ANS: C
25. ANS: C
26. ANS: B
27. ANS: B
28. ANS: D
29. ANS: A
30. ANS: D
31. ANS: C
32. ANS: A
33. ANS: D
34. ANS: E
35. ANS: B
36. ANS: B
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
DIF: D
DIF: M
DIF: E
DIF: M
DIF: D
DIF: M
DIF: D
DIF: E
DIF: D
DIF: M
DIF: D
DIF: E
DIF: D
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Streams
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Streams
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Streams
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Pollution of Groundwater
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Ocean Pollution

37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
38. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
39. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
40. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
41. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
42. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
43. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
44. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
45. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
46. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
47. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
48. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D
COMPLETION
49. ANS: red tides
PTS: 1
50. ANS: groundwater
PTS: 1
DIF: M
DIF: E
51. ANS: eutrophication
PTS: 1 DIF: M
52. ANS: Secondary sewage treatment
PTS: 1 DIF: D
53. ANS: harmful algal blooms
PTS: 1 DIF: E
MATCHING
54. ANS: E
55. ANS: A
56. ANS: D
57. ANS: B
58. ANS: F
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
PTS: 1
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: M
DIF: M
OBJ: Labeling
OBJ: Labeling
OBJ: Labeling
OBJ: Labeling
OBJ: Labeling
TOP: Ocean Pollution
TOP: Drinking Water Quality