MA Modern History / MA Irish History
Guide to Style, References and Bibliography
 It is the School's expectation that assessed essays and dissertations for MA Modern
History and MA Irish History will follow the guidelines for style, references and
bibliography in the MHY7020 handbook
 The exception to this is for students submitting assessed work for the US History
pathway of MA Modern History. Students may choose EITHER to use the general
MA History guidelines, OR use an approved US system of style, referencing and
bibliography, such as that at: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
for the following modules: MHY7035 (part 2); MHY7056, MHY7025 (US pathway
only); MHY7010 (US pathway only). Please consult the convenor of the US pathway
for further details.
Style: in general style and references should follow Irish Historical Studies rules
where possible: see http://www.tcd.ie/history/ihs/pdf/rulesforcontribs.pdf
References:
It is necessary to provide REFERENCES in the text of an essay for particular points.
This should be done by means of a numbering system, with the number inserted as
follows 1 or (1). The references should then be listed separately as footnotes or
endnotes. Normally, references are not needed for matters of fact, but must be used
for
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Quotations
Statistics
Arguments or interpretations made by individual authors. References indicate
that you are aware of where the information or ideas come from and that you
are able to distinguish clearly between what is yours and what is someone
else’s output.
Footnotes should also be used to establish your range of reading and to clarify
that you recognise the importance of particular texts for crucial steps in your
argument.
Always give the following information in a reference:
Books:
• Author (initials or forename, then surname)
• Full title (in italics, and using capitals as in normal text, i.e. only at the start and
for proper nouns like names or places)
• Place and date of publication (but not publisher's name)
• Page number abbreviated to ‘p.’ or page numbers abbreviated to ‘pp’.
For example:
R. Butterwick, Poland's last king and English culture: Stanislaw August Poniatowski
1732-1798 (Oxford, 1998), pp 34-45.
K. Turton, Forgotten lives: the role of Lenin’s sisters in the Russian Revolution, 18641937 (London, 2007), p. 168.
You will usually find the date and place of publication on the title page or on the first
or second page of the book.
Articles in journals:
• Author (initials or forename, then surname)
• Title of article (in single quotation marks, using capitals as in normal text, i.e.
only at the start and for proper nouns like names or places)
• Title of the journal (in italics, using capitals for all nouns)
• Volume number (preferably in roman numerals)
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Page number abbreviated to ‘p.’ or page numbers abbreviated to ‘pp’ in the
journal of the article
For example:
N. Garnham, 'How violent was eighteenth-century Ireland?' in Irish Historical
Studies, xxx (1997), p. 92.
David Johnson, ‘Aspects of a liberal education: late nineteenth-century attitudes to
race, from Cambridge to the Cape Colony’ in History Workshop, 36 (1993), pp 16282.
Articles in books:
• Author (initials or forenames, then surname)
• Title of article (in single quotation marks, using capitals as in normal text, i.e.
only at the start and for proper nouns like names or places))
• Editor(s) of book (initials, then surname)
• Title of the book (in italics)
• Place and year of publication (in brackets)
• Page number abbreviated to ‘p.’ or page numbers abbreviated to ‘pp’
• in the book where the article can be found
For example:
M. T. Flanagan, 'Irish and Anglo-Norman warfare in twelfth-century Ireland' in T.
Bartlett and K. Jeffery (eds), A military history of Ireland (Cambridge, 1996), pp 5275.
Items accessed via Queen’s Online, QCAT, JSTOR or similar web portals
Material accessed through Queen’s Online etc should be cited by reference to their
original publication, where possible, in the same way as for books and articles above.
Nearly all the articles and book chapters made available via QOL are also available in
hard copy in the library. If necessary, these should be checked for the correct citation
and page numbers.
Repeat References to Same Book or Article
The full bibliographical information for a book or article should be provided in the
first footnote or reference. Thereafter, an abbreviated form can be used which should
give the author’s surname, an abbreviated title of the article or book and the page
number abbreviated to ‘p.’ or page numbers abbreviated to ‘pp’.
For example:
Butterwick, Poland's last king, p. 116.
Flanagan, 'Irish and Anglo-Norman warfare', pp 53-4.
Garnham, 'How violent was eighteenth-century Ireland?', pp 389-90.
Primary Sources
Citation of manuscript material should include a description of the document, the
date, if known, the name of the archive where it was consulted and the reference
provided by the archive. For example:
Diary of Sir Basil Brooke, 24 January 1950 (Public Record of Northern Ireland,
D/3004/D/41).
Thomas Mark to Charles O’Hara, 13 March 1778 (Public Record Office of Northern
Ireland, T/28/12/17/5).
Documents cited from an edited or printed collection should give the initials of the
editor, the surname, the title of the book in italics, the place and date of publication
and the page number. For example:
A. B. Keith (ed.), Speeches and documents on the British dominions, 1918-1931
(London, 1932), p. 62.
A reference to an edited edition of one document such as a diary should give the name
of the author of the document, the title of the book in italics, the initials and surname
of the editor and the place and date of publication. If there is more than one volume,
give the volume number cited and the page number. For example:
Thomas Jones, Whitehall diary, ed. K. Middlemas (London, 1971), iii, 33.
If you are quoting from a newspaper give the title of the newspaper, followed by the
date. For example:
Belfast News-Letter, 25 October 1911.
Connecticut Observer, 28 July 1800.
The Times, 19 May 1950.
Contemporary pamphlets and other printed literature should be cited in the same way
as books (see above). For example:
Jonathan Swift, The drapier’s letter to the good people of Ireland (Dublin, 1745), pp
4-6.
Mary Wollstonecraft, A vindication of the rights of woman: with strictures on
political and moral subjects (London, 1792), p. 2.
Internet Sources and CD-Rom sources
Sources consulted on the internet should include a description of the document, the
website address and the date on which it was consulted. If possible also include the
author or group responsible for the website.
For example:
Ulster Historical Foundation, ‘Distribution of surnames in Ireland in 1890’
(www.uhf.org.uk) (2 Jan. 2003).
Register, Commonwealth War Graves Commission
(http://www.yard.ccta.gov.uk/cwgc/register.nsf) (5 July 1999).
Books and articles downloaded from the web should be fully referenced in the same
format as above (except when downloaded via QOL, QCAT, JSTOR etc as above).
For example:
Jacob Riis, How the other half lives (New York, 1890), available at New York City.
Museum, Five Points History Project, (http://R2qsa.gov/fivept/fphome.htm) (9 June
2001).
Material on CD-ROM should include the name of the author/compiler, the title of the
work in italics, the identification CD-ROM, place of publication, publisher’s name,
and date of publication in brackets.
For example:
Roy Rosenzweig, Steve Brier and Josh Brown, Who built America? (CD-ROM, New
York: Voyager, 1993).
Bibliographies:
General Rules
Divide your bibliography into two main sections:
1) Primary sources (you may wish to sub-divide this into manuscript and printed
sources)
2) Secondary sources (this can be subdivided by category)
Alphabetize entries by collection name or author/editor within each section or subsection
1) Primary Sources
In the primary source section, you do not need to list every single individual source
studied, but you do need to indicate where the unpublished sources that you have
studied are located. Use as many of the following subsections as are applicable.
Others can be used as appropriate, but minute subdivision of sections is nor advisable.
Archive Collections
[These can either be listed alphabetically by collection, or grouped by depository;
classmarks can be added if available, but are not essential]
Collection Name, Location.
As in:
Castle Howard papers, Castle Howard, N. Yorkshire
Downshire papers, P.R.O.N.I., Belfast
Peel papers, British Library, London.
Peter Gray papers, Private collection in possession of P. Gray, Belfast
Trevelyan letterbooks, Bodleian Library, Oxford (microfilm).
Printed volumes of primary sources
[Modern editions of primary texts may be included here, along with older
autobiographies, memoirs and ‘lives’ comprised mainly of edited primary sources]
Editor/s name/s, (ed./eds), Title of Volume in Italics (No. of volumes if more than
one, Place of Publication, Date of Publication).
As in:
Bourke, Angela, et al (eds), Field Day anthology of Irish writing, Vols IV and V:
Irish women’s writing (2 vols, Cork, 2002)
Fitzpatrick, William John (ed.), Memoirs of Richard Whately, archbishop of
Dublin (2 vols, London, 1864)
Snell, K. D. M. (ed.), Alexander Somerville: Letters from Ireland during the
famine of 1847 (Blackrock, 1994)
Contemporary books, pamphlets and articles
[i.e those published contemporaneously with your period of study]
Author, Title in italics (edition, if not first, Place of Publication: Date of
Publication).
Or
Author, ‘Title of article’, Periodical title in italics, Volume and issue number,
(date), page numbers.
Chapter author’s name, ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editor/s name (ed/s), Title of Volume
(edition if not first, Place of Publication: Date of Publication), page numbers.
[NB. use square brackets for known authors who published anonymously but whose
names were subsequently established; ‘Anon.’ for other anonymous authors. Modern
reprints or editions of contemporary works should be included in this section.]
As in:
[Anon.],’Abolition of negro apprenticeships - Sturge and Harvey’s tour of the West
Indies in 1837’, Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, v (1838), pp. 135-43.
De Vere, Aubrey, English misrule and Irish misdeeds: four letters from Ireland
addressed to an English member of parliament (Facsimile of 1848 edn., Port
Washington, N.Y., 1970).
[Savage, M.W.], ‘Lord Clarendon’s administration’, Edinburgh Review, xci (Jan.
1851), pp. 208-303.
Torrens, Robert, A Letter to the Right Honourable Lord John Russell on the
ministerial measure for establishing poor laws in Ireland (2nd edn, London,
1838)
Newspapers and Periodicals
Newspaper Title in Italics, date run examined.
As in:
The Times, 1923-7.
Northern Whig, 1836-46.
Starry Plough, 1969.
Official Publications
[Use the conventions preferred by IHS rules. These are usually listed chronologically
by year /number rather than alphabetically]:
As in:
Report from the select committee on the state of Ireland, H.C. 1831-32 (677), xvi.
Report of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the working of the Penal
Servitude Acts, H.C. 1878-79 [C2368-I], xxxvii.
Report of the ministry for education for 1950/51, Cmd 313 [N.I.].
OR
Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969 (Scarman Report),
Cmd. 566 [N.I.], Belfast, 1972.
Hansard’s parliamentary debates, third series (vols i-ccclvi, (London, 1831-91)
Dáil Éireann (parliamentary debates) … (vol. i), 1922 (Dublin, 1922)
Contemporary audio-visual / Oral history sources
[Unless covered collectively in the ‘Archival collections’ section]
For TV/Radio items give title of programme, broadcaster, date episode, format
(videotape, CD, digital archive, transcript etc)
For interviews, give ‘Interview with’ subject’s name, subject, date, interviewer’s
name or project (if available), format and provenance (own possession; UFTM etc)
As in:
Interview with Brian O’Mahony, 10 June 1991 (B.L. National Sound Archive,
National Life Story Collection, C468/10).
Interview with David Hayton on pointless academic bureaucracy, by Peter Gray,
30 November 2006 (CD-ROM in interviewer’s possession).
‘Midweek’, BBC1, 28 May 1974: ‘The Ulster Worker’s Council strike and the
fall of the Power Sharing Executive’ [videotape], Northern Ireland Political
Collection, Linenhall Library, Belfast
2) Secondary Sources
In the secondary source section, list in alphabetical order (by author/editor’s surname)
every work cited in the footnotes/endnotes of your work (and none that you have not
actually cited). You don’t need to separate books from articles, but these are treated
separately below, for convenience:
Books
Author name(s), Title of Book in Italics (edition if not the first edn, Place of
Publication: Date of Publication)
As in:
Clinton, Catherine, Harriet Tubman: the road to freedom (New York, 2004).
Jeffery, Keith, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge, 2000)
MacIntyre, Angus, The Liberator: Daniel O’Connell and the Irish party 18301847 (London, 1965)
Rumpf, E. and A.C. Hepburn, Nationalism and socialism in twentieth-century
Ireland (Liverpool, 1977).
Chapters in Edited Volumes
Chapter author’s name, ‘Title of chapter’, in Editor(s) name (ed/s), Title of volume
(Place of Publication: Date of Publication), page numbers.
As in:
Bartlett, Thomas, ‘Ireland, empire and Union, 1690-1801’, in Kevin Kenny (ed.),
Ireland and the British Empire (Oxford, 2004), pp 61-89.
Freeman, T. W., ‘Land and people, c.1841’, in W. E. Vaughan (ed.), A new
history of Ireland, v: Ireland under the Union, i, 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), pp
342-71.
Salmon, Philip, ‘“Reform should begin at home”: English municipal and
parliamentary reform, 1818-32’, in Clyve Jones et al (eds), Partisan politics,
principle and reform in Parliament and the constituencies, 1689-1880: Essays
in memory of John A. Phillips (Edinburgh, 2005), pp 93-113.
Journal Articles
Article author name, ‘Article title’, Journal Title in Italics, Volume number and/or
Issue number (Year), page numbers.
As in:
Bew, Paul, ‘Why did Jimmie die?’, History Ireland, xiv, no. 2 (2006), pp 37-9.
Gregor, Neil, ‘The normalization of barbarism: Daimler-Benz in the “Third
Reich”’, Journal of Holocaust Education, vi, no. 2 (1997), pp 1-20.
Kelly, Brian, ‘Mapping alternate routes to antislavery’: a contribution to ‘Up for
Debate’, in Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, v, no. 4
(2008), pp. 69-73.
Taylor, Miles, ‘The 1848 revolutions and the British Empire’, Past and Present,
no. 166 (2000), pp 146-80.
Electronic Sources
[NB if the internet source simply delivers an existing published primary source (e.g.
Parliamentary Papers on EPPI, HCPP, or the Times Digital Archive) you do not need
to cite the website, but should cite the item under the Official Publications or
Newspapers subheading of Primary Sources. If an archival website delivers an
unpublished source, this should be listed under ‘Archival Sources’, with the
depository listed. Material that is only available on the web, or whose provenance
cannot otherwise be identified, should be cited as below. N.B. – You may need
separate ‘Electronic Sources’ subheads under both ‘Primary Sources’ and ‘Secondary
Sources’]
Author name, ‘Title of Work’, in ‘Title of Complete Work’, <internet address>,
date created or last modified, if available (and date accessed by researcher).
CD-ROMs should be listed as other published works.
As in:
Anon., ‘Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh, 1836: parish priests, curates,
parishes, post towns and counties’, From-Ireland website, (http://www.fromireland.net/diocs/archarmagh.htm) (accessed Aug. 2007).
CWGC, ‘Register, Commonwealth War Graves Commission’,
(http://www.yard.ccta.gov.uk/cwgc/register.nsf ) (accessed 5 July 1999)
Geoffrey Hosking, ‘Why we need a history of trust’, in ‘I.H.R.: Reviews in
History’, (http://www.ihrinfo.ac.uk/reviews/articles/hoskingGA.html),
August 2002 (accessed Jan. 2003).
Frances Madigan, ‘President Robinson’s visit to Ennistymon’, Clare Library
website
(http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/exhibition_mary_robinson.h
tm) (accessed Jan. 2000)
Roy Rosenzweig, Steve Brier and Josh Brown, Who built America? (CD-ROM,
New
York, 1993).
Unpublished theses
Author, ‘Title of dissertation’ (Ph.D./D.Phil./M.A. thesis, University, date).
As in:
Andrew Holmes, ‘Presbyterian belief and practice, 1770-1840’, (Ph.D. thesis,
Queen's University Belfast, 2002).
Rena Lohan, ‘The management of female convicts sentenced to transportation
and penal servitude, 1790-1898’ (Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 1989).
Notes
* Use square brackets for authors when their name is known from catalogues or other
sources – e.g. the Wellesley indexes for Victorian periodicals - but is not printed in
the book or periodical.