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Parsing 101:
Nouns and Adjectives: Case, Number, Gender, plus special reason (if there is one)
Verbs-Indicative Verbs: Person, Number, Tense, Mood, Voice
Subjunctive Verbs: Person, Number, Tense, Mood, Voice, plus special reason
Imperative Verbs: Person (usually 2nd person), Number, Tense, Mood, Voice
Infinitive Verbs: Tense, Mood, Voice, plus special reason
Participles: Case, Number, Gender, Tense, Voice (plus mentioning that it's a participle)
Verb Principal Parts:
most = 1st sing. pres. act. ind.; pres. act. inf.; 1st sing. perf. act. ind.; perf. pass. part.
How to Translate:
Imperfect Active Indicatives (2nd p.p.): "was ____ing"
Imperfect Passive Indicatives (2nd p.p.): "was being ___ed"
Perfect Active Indicatives (3rd p.p.): "_____ed," "have _____ed"
Perfect Passive Indicatives (4th p.p.): "have been ____ed"
Pluperfect Active Indicatives (3rd p.p.): "had _____ed"
Pluperfect Passive Indicatives (4th p.p.): "had been ____ed"
Future Active Indicatives (2nd p.p.): "shall ____," "will ____"
Future Passive Indicatives (2nd p.p.): "shall be ___ed," "will be ___ed."
Future Perfect Active Indicatives (3rd p.p.): "will have _____ed"
Future Perfect Passive Indicatives (4th p.p.): "will have been ____ed"
Present Active Participles: "_____ing"
Perfect Passive Participles: "having been _____ed," "_______ed"
(example: vir territus = "a man having been terrified," "a terrified man"
Future Active Participles: "(being) about to ______"
Future Passive Participles: "(being) about to be _____ed"
Present Active Infinitives: "to _____"
Present Passive Infinitives: "to be _____ed"
Perfect Active Infinitives: "to have _____ed"
Perfect Passive Infinitives: "to have been _____ed"
Future Active Infinitives: "to be about to _____"
Future Passive Infinitives: "to be about to be _____ed"
Passive Periphrastic (gerundive/future passive participle + to be): "ought be ____ed"
Ablative Absolute: usually "with [noun] [participle]"
(example: "signo dato"="with the sign having been given")
Subjunctives--translating the subjunctive depends on what kind of clause it's in!
Jussive Subjunctive (subjunctive verb is in main clause): "Let," "May"
Purpose Clause--positive: ut in subordinate clause: "so that," "in order that"
negative: ne in subordinate clause: "so that... not"
Result Clause--positive: special adv./adj. in main clause + ut in subordinate clause:
"so that"
negative: special adv./adj. in the main clause + ut + non, nihil, numquam,
nemo, nullus in subordinate clause: "so that... not"
Indirect Question: verb of speaking/thinking/perceiving in main clause + question word
in subordinate clause
Cum Clauses—
cum temporal clause: cum + indicative: "when"
cum circumstantial clause: cum + subjunctive: "when"
cum causal clause: cum + subjunctive: "since"
cum adversative clause: cum + subjunctive: "although"
Also remember: cum + ablative = "with"
Proviso Clauses--positive: dummodo in subordinate clause: "provided that," "so long as"
negative: dummodo ne in subordinate clause: "provided that... not"
Conditions-Indicative Conditions:
Simple Fact Present: present indicative + present indicative
translate both as present indicatives
Simple Fact Past: past tense indicative + past tense indicative
translate both as past indicatives
Simple Fact Future (Future More Vivid): future indicative + future indicative
translate first as present tense, second as future tense
Subjunctive Conditions:
Contrary to Fact Present: imperfect subjunctive + imperfect subjunctive
translate first as "were ___ing," second as "would ___"
Contrary to Fact Past: pluperfect subjunctive + pluperfect subjunctive
translate first as "had ___ed," second as "would have ___ed"
Future Less Vivid (Should-Would): present subjunctive + present subjunctive
translate first as "should ____," second as "would ____"
Jussive Noun Clauses/Indirect Commands-positive: verb of commanding/urging/asking + ut in subordinate clause: "to ____"
negative: verb of commanding/urging/asking + ne in subordinate clause: "to ____"
Relative Clauses of Characteristic: relative pronoun + subjunctive verb: "the sort of,"
"the kind of"
Fear Clauses--positive: verb of fearing + ne in subordinate clause: "that"
negative: verb of fearing + ut in subordinate clause: "that... not"