Additional File 2
Description of key features of infectious disease surveillance systems identified in New
Zealand
Note that this list of surveillance systems is likely to be incomplete (see limitations section of paper)
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Surveillance of disease (including health status, disease, injury, outcomes)
Multiple types of infection
Mortality Data
Collection
(deaths)
Deaths in NZ
(including
infectious
diseases)
Discharges
from hospital
(including
infectious
diseases)
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Monitoring
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
Notifiable
infectious
diseases
(approximately
50 diseases
and
categories)
Outbreaks of
infectious
diseases
(notifiable and
some others)
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All patients
admitted to
publiclyfunded
hospitals and
larger private
hospitals
Total
population
Strategyfocused
Notifiable
Occupational
Disease
System
(NODS)
Incidence of
uncommon
infections in
children
(including
acute flaccid
paralysis,
poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis,
congenital
rubella,
perinatal HIV
exposure,
neonatal
infections)
Infectious
diseases from
occupational
exposures (eg,
leptospirosis)
Occupational
disease
surveillance
(claims
database)
Infectious
diseases from
occupational
exposures (eg,
leptospirosis)
National
Minimum
Dataset
(hospitalisations)
Notifiable
Disease
Surveillance
System
Outbreak
surveillance
system (for
OB reporting)
NZ Paediatric
Surveillance
Unit (NZPSU)
Births, Deaths
and Marriages
(BDM),
coroners
Hospitals
Nil
Ministry of
Health (MoH)
[1]
Nil
MoH
[2]
Event
surveillance
Medical
practitioners
and clinical
laboratories
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
ESR
[3]
Total
population
(currently
excludes
outbreaks in
hospitals)
Children and
infants
diagnosed by
specialist
paediatricians
Event
surveillance
Mostly
identified by
local public
health
services and
laboratories
Participating
paediatricians
(about 200)
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
ESR
[4]
Nil
NZPSU
(University of
Otago)
[5,
6]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Employed
population
Event
surveillance
Medical
practitioners
and individuals
Regional
Department of
Labour Office
NODS
Registrar,
Department of
Labour
[7]
Strategyfocused
Employed
population
Monitoring
Medical
practitioners
and individuals
Nil
Accident
Compensation
Corporation
(ACC)
[8]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
(except AFP –
see AFP
surveillance)
Vaccine-preventable infections
1
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of measles (to
support OB
detection)
Viruses
obtained from
measles cases
for
confirmation
and
genotyping of
strains
AFP cases
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
measles
Event
surveillance
Laboratories
doing
serological
testing
Nil
MoH
[9]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Event
surveillance
Paediatricians
Nil
NZPSU
(University of
Otago)
[6]
Sentinel
general
practice
surveillance
system
(influenza)
Influenza-like
illness (ILI)
and virus
collection for
strain
identification
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
Participating
general
practices
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
ESR
[10,
11]
HealthStat
(influenza
sentinel
surveillance)
Influenza-like
illness (ILI)
Strategyfocused
Infants and
children
admitted to
hospital with
AFP
Patients who
attend sentinel
practices
(approximately
90) across NZ,
May to
September
annually
Patients who
attend sentinel
practices (84
GP practices
in original
HealthStat
panel,
additional 300
GP practices
recruited in
June 2009)
Monitoring
Participating
computerised
general
practices
Nil
MoH
[12,
13]
Healthline (ILI
calls from the
public)
Influenza-like
illness (ILI)
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
National
Healthline call
centre
Nil
MoH
[12,
14]
Google Flu
Trends (ILI)
Influenza-like
illness (ILI)
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
The US-based
company
Google.org
Nil
Nil formal
mechanism
[15]
Syndromic
surveillance
for influenzalike illness
(ILI)
Influenza-like
illness (ILI)
Strategyfocused
Population
who seek
health
information
over the
telephone
Population
with Internet
access who
use this
Internet
search engine
for ILI terms
Patients seen
at Wellington
Regional
Hospital
Emergency
Department
Monitoring
Wellington
Regional
Hospital
Emergency
Department
Nil
MoH.
Information
passed onto
Wellington
Regional
Public Health
[16]
Flutracker
(ILI)
ILI prevalence
Strategyfocused
Prevalence
surveys
Subjects
interviewed by
telephone
Nil
Survey
company
reporting to
MoH
[12]
Absenteeism
surveillance
systems
(workplaces,
schools)
Absenteeism
for illness
Strategyfocused
Nationally
representative
sample of
households
(pilot survey)
Population
attending
schools in
OtagoSouthland (20)
and Otago
DHB staff
(approximately
3000)
Monitoring
Staff running
sickness
registries of
schools,
ODHB payroll
system
Public health
service
(OtagoSouthland)
Public health
service
(OtagoSouthland)
[12]
Acute flaccid
paralysis
(AFP)
surveillance
2
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Hospital
Intensive
Care Unit
(ICU)
influenza
utilisation
reporting
Serosurvey of
vaccinepreventable
infections
Influenza
admissions to
ICU,
occupancy,
ventilator
capacity
Strategyfocused
All ICUs
Monitoring
Hospital
intensive care
specialists
DHBs
MoH
[12]
Seroprevalence of
antibodies to
vaccine
preventable
infections,
including
influenza
Strategyfocused
Sample of
adults and
children
Prevalence
surveys
Laboratories
doing
serological
testing
Nil
University of
Otago &
Canterbury
Health
Laboratories;
ESR
(influenza)
[17,
18]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All specimens
of M.
tuberculosis
nation-wide
Event
surveillance
Clinical
Microbiology
Laboratory at
LabPlus
Nil
ESR and
Auckland
LabPlus
[19,
20]
AIDS: Medical
practitioners.
HIV positives:
Reference
laboratories
(ESR Blood
borne Virus
Lab &
Auckland
Hospital Virus
Lab)
Clinic
attendees
completing
questionnaire
AIDS: Public
health service
/ Medical
Officer of
Health
AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
(University of
Otago)
[3,
21]
[22]
Nil
AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
(University of
Otago)
[22]
Respiratory infections
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
typing (to
support OB
detection)
Incidence of
closely related
strains of M.
tuberculosis
Infections from close physical contact
See NZPSU – Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Sexually transmitted infections
HIV/AIDS
surveillance
AIDS cases,
HIV positive
laboratory
diagnoses
Strategyfocused
Total
population
based on
those
presenting
with AIDSdefining
diseases or for
HIV testing
Monitoring
Unlinked
anonymous
HIV
prevalence
surveys in
sexual health
clinic
attendees
Clinic-based
STI
surveillance
HIV infection
Strategyfocused
STI clinic
attendees, 5+
year intervals
Prevalence
surveys
Diagnosed
STIs (including
Chlamydia
infection,
gonorrhoea,
genital warts,
genital herpes,
infectious
syphilis, nonspecific
urethritis)
Positive
laboratory test
results for
STIs
(Chlamydia
infection,
gonorrhoea)
Strategyfocused
Patients who
attend
participating
clinics across
NZ
Monitoring
Sexual health
clinics, Family
planning
clinics,
Student &
youth health
clinics
Nil
ESR
(Population
and
Environmental
Health Group)
[23]
Strategyfocused
Patients who
attend a
healthcare
provider who
requests a STI
test from
participating
laboratory
Monitoring
Clinical
laboratories in
most regions
of NZ
Nil
ESR
(Population
and
Environmental
Health Group)
[23]
Laboratorybased STI
surveillance
3
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Congenital and perinatal infections
See NZPSU – congenital rubella, perinatal HIV exposure, neonatal infections
Blood and tissue borne infections
Haemovigilance
Programme
(surveillance
of blood and
transfusionrelated
adverse
events)
National
Hepatitis
Follow-up
Programme
HIV, hepatitis
B and C in
blood
donations and
transfusiontransmitted
infections
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Blood donors,
transfused
patients
Event
surveillance
(reaction
reporting),
Screening,
(blood donors)
Blood banks
and hospital
clinical staff
(DHBs and
private
hospitals)
DHB blood
banks
NZ Blood
service
(NZBS)
[24]
Hepatitis B
and C carriage
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Screening
Nil
Hepatitis
Foundation of
NZ
[25,
26]
Serosurvey
and
behaviour
risk factor
survey of
Injecting Drug
Users (IDUs)
HIV, hepatitis
B and C in
IDUs using
needle
exchange
programme
(NEP) and
knowledge,
attitudes and
practices
HIV, hepatitis
B and C
Strategyfocused
IDUs using
NEP, 3 year
intervals
Prevalence
surveys
Medical
practitioners
and individuals
wanting to be
tested
IDUs
interviewed at
NEP sites
Nil
NZ Needle
Exchange
Programme
(NZNEP)
[27,
28]
Controlfocused
New prison
inmates
Screening
Prison medical
services
Nil
Department of
Corrections
[29]
All forms of
CJD with
focus on
variant CJD
which may be
food borne
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Event
surveillance
Medical
practitioners
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
CJD registry
[3]
MoH collates
reports on
healthcareassociated
Staphylococcus aureus
bloodstream
infection (part
of MoH
Hospital
Benchmark
Indicators
reporting)
ESR
(Nosocomial
Infections
Laboratory)
[30]
Serological
testing of new
prison
inmates
CreutzfeldtJakob
disease (CJD)
surveillance
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and antibiotic resistance
Hospitalacquired
infection
(HAI)
surveillance
HAI, including
blood stream
infections
(BSI), surgical
site infections
(SSI)
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Variable
across DHBs,
may include
hospital
inpatients and
postdischarge,
continuous
and
intermittent,
specific patient
groups
Event
surveillance
and Monitoring
Hospital staff
and
laboratories
Infection
control staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of HAI (for OB
detection)
Bacteria
obtained from
hospitalised
patients (eg,
methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus
[MRSA],
Vancomycinresistant
Enterococci
[VRE])
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
HAI, including
hospitalised
and outpatients
Event
surveillance
Hospital
laboratories
Infection
control staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
[31]
4
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Healthcare
facilities
antibiotic
resistance
surveillance
system
Outbreaks and
elevated rates
of important
antibiotic
resistant
organisms (eg,
MRSA, ESBL)
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All hospitals
(potentially)
Event
surveillance
Hospital
infection
control staff
Nil
ESR
(Antibiotic
Reference
Laboratory)
[32]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
enteric
disease
Event
surveillance
Diagnostic
laboratories
Nil
ESR (Enteric
Ref Lab) ESR
(Norovirus
Lab)
[33,
34]
Food borne infections
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of enteric
disease (to
support OB
detection)
Enteric
bacteria (eg,
Salmonella,
VTEC,
Listeria), and
noroviruses
obtained from
cases & other
sources
Environmental and water borne infections
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of
legionellosis
(to support
OB detection)
Legionellosis
and Pontiac
fever
specimens
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
legionellosis
Event
surveillance
Diagnostic
laboratories
Nil
ESR
(Legionella
Ref Lab)
[35]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
leptospirosis
Event
surveillance
Diagnostic
laboratories
Nil
ESR
(Leptospirosis
Ref Lab) /
Massey
University
(Institute of
[36]
Zoonotic infections
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of
leptospirosis
(to support
OB detection)
Leptospirosis
specimens
Veterinary,
Animal and
Biomedical
Sciences)
Vector borne infections
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of arboviral
diseases (to
support OB
detection)
Serological
specimens
from suspect
cases (eg,
dengue, Ross
River virus
infection)
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
arboviral
disease
Event
surveillance
ESR (for NZ
except for
Auckland and
Northland),
LabPlus
(Auckland and
Northland)
Nil
ESR
(Arbovirus
Lab)
[37]
ESR Virus
Identification
Reference Lab
plus other NZ
laboratories
(5) doing
virological
testing
Arriving
passengers
Nil
ESR (Virus
Identification
Reference
Lab)
[38]
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
MoH (on
occasions eg,
during an
influenza
pandemic)
[39]
New, exotic and imported infections
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of viruses (to
support OB
detection)
Range of
respiratory,
enteric and
contact spread
viruses (eg,
adenoviruses,
enteroviruses)
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
viral disease
Event
surveillance
Arriving
passenger
screening
Arriving
passenger
with
respiratory or
other
infectious
disease
symptoms or
seated near to
a person with
symptoms
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Arriving
passengers
(particularly
during
pandemic
situations)
Screening
5
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Quota refugee
health
screening
Cases of
infectious
disease in
refugees are
reported via
the relevant
system eg,
notifiable
disease
surveillance
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All quota
refugees
Screening
Auckland
Regional
Public Health
Service
(ARPHS)
ARPHS
As for the
relevant
infectious
disease
[40,
41]
Immigrant
screening
Completion of
medical and
chest x-ray
certificates
Controlfocused
Screening
Medical
examiners in
NZ and
offshore
Nil
None
[42]
Geosentinel
(Global
Surveillance
Network of
the
International
Society of
Travel
Medicine and
Centres for
Disease
Control)
Returning
international
travellers and
migrants with
specific
infections
Strategyfocused
People who
wish to visit,
study, or work
in NZ and all
people who
wish to reside
here
permanently
are screened
Returning
travellers
attending
WorldWise
Travellers
Health and
Vaccination
Centre,
Auckland
Monitoring
General
practitioners at
WorldWise
Travellers
Health and
Vaccination
Centre,
Auckland
Nil
No national
collation in NZ
– collated by
Geosentinel
network
headquarters
in US
[43]
Surveillance of Hazards
Vaccine-preventable infections
See also interventions for vaccine preventable infections (National Immunisation Register, school-based registers, coverage surveys)
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of invasive
bacterial
diseases (to
support
vaccine
strategy)
Laboratorybased
surveillance
of influenza
(to support
vaccine
strategy and
outbreak
detection
during
pandemics)
Surveillance
of influenza
knowledge,
attitudes and
practices
Vaccinepreventable
invasive
bacteria
(Pneumococci,
Meningococci,
Haemophilus)
Strategyfocused
Patients with
suspected
invasive
bacterial
disease
Monitoring
Diagnostic
laboratories
Nil
ESR (Invasive
Pathogen Lab)
[44]
Influenza virus
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Monitoring,
Event
surveillance
(start of
pandemics)
Diagnostic
laboratories,
GP Sentinel
Surveillance
System (see
above),
Hospital
laboratories
Nil
ESR (Virus
Identification
Ref Lab)
[11,
12]
Knowledge,
attitudes and
practices
relevant to
reducing
person risk of
acquiring
influenza or
transmitting it
to others
Strategyfocused
A sample of
the population
Prevalence
surveys
Directly from
interview
subjects or by
observation
Nil
Research
providers
[45,
46]
6
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Prevalence
surveys
(Census,
National
Health
Survey),
Monitoring
(imports and
sales)
Adult smokers
and nonsmokers and
various
sources eg,
Customs data
Nil
MoH,
Statistics NZ
[47]
The Gay
Auckland
Periodic Sex
Survey
(GAPSS)
based on
Auckland
sample of
MSM; Gay
men’s Online
Sex Survey
(GOSS) based
on nationwide
Internet
sample of
MSM
Sample of HIV
positive
people
Prevalence
surveys
NZ AIDS
Foundation
and AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
Nil
NZ AIDS
Foundation
and the AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
[48]
Prevalence
surveys
NZ AIDS
Foundation
and AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
Nil
NZ AIDS
Foundation
and AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
[49]
Pregnant
women seen
by a health
professional
(medical
practitioners,
midwives)
Screening
Hospital
specialist
medical
practitioners
DHBs
Antenatal HIV
screening data
collated by
National
Screening Unit
and AIDS
Epidemiology
Group
[50,
51]
Controlfocused
All skin
piercing
practitioners
Service
tracking
Local authority
None
[52]
Controlfocused
All DHBs
Event
surveillance
Skin piercing
practitioners
when
inspected and
interviewed
Healthcare
workers
following
needle-stick
injury
Infection
control and
occupational
health staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
None
NI
Respiratory infections
Tobacco use
surveillance
(including
active
smoking and
exposure to
second-hand
smoke (SHS))
Active
smoking and
exposure to
SHS
Infections from close physical contact
No specific systems
Sexually transmitted infections
HIV
behavioural
surveillance
among men
who have sex
with men
(MSM)
Sexual
partnering,
sexual
behaviours,
condom use,
HIV testing,
HIV status,
STI diagnosis,
and attitudes
towards HIV
and safe sex
Strategyfocused
HIV Futures
New Zealand
Sexual
behaviours,
attitudes
towards HIV
Strategyfocused
Congenital and perinatal infections
Antenatal
infectious
disease
screening
(HIV, rubella,
Hepatitis B
virus (HBV),
tuberculosis
risk)
Positive test
results in
pregnant
women (HBV,
HIV) and
infants at high
risk of
tuberculosis
Controlfocused
Blood and tissue borne infections
See also haemovigilance, Hepatitis B & C
Registration
of skin
piercing
practitioners
Needle-stick
injuries
surveillance
Skin piercing
practices
(beauticians,
tattooists, skin
piercers)
Needle-stick
injuries
7
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
No national
collation,
Individual
patients can
be identified
through an
alert on the
National
Health Index
number
None
[30]
Hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic resistance
Identification
of hospital
patients
colonised
with high-risk
organisms
Patients
colonised with
medically
important
bacteria (eg,
MRSA, ESBL,
VTEC,
Clostridium
difficile)
Controlfocused
Population
admitted to
hospital (some
DHBs)
Screening
Hospital staff
and
laboratories
Infection
control staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
Surveillance
of hospital
operative
equipment
Contaminated
equipment eg,
endoscopes,
'single-use'
items being
reused
Controlfocused
A sample of
hospital
equipment
(some DHBs)
Screening
Hospital staff
and
laboratories
Infection
control staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
Hand Hygiene
New Zealand
(HHNZ)
Hand washing
behaviour
Strategyfocused
Some DHBs
Prevalence
surveys
Hospital
infection
control staff
Antibiotic
resistance
among
medically
important
bacteria in NZ
Strategyfocused
Monitoring,
and
Prevalence
surveys
Hospital and
community
diagnostic
laboratories,
Reference
laboratories
(ESR)
Surveillance
of antibiotic
prescribing to
humans
Antibiotic
prescribing
Strategyfocused
Bacteria of
interest
identified by
labs are
referred to the
Antibiotic
Reference
Laboratory,
which also
collects
selected data
from other
laboratories
Antibiotic
prescriptions
through
Pharmaceutical
Benefits
Scheme
National
Quality
Improvement
Programme
(NQIP)
ESR
(Antibiotic
Reference
Laboratory)
[53]
Antimicrobial
resistance
surveillance
(several
systems to
collect national
antimicrobial
resistance
data)
Infection
control staff in
some
hospitals and
DHBs
Nil
Monitoring
Prescription
data collated
by MoH
Nil
Pharmac, Best
Practice
Advocacy
Centre
(BPAC)
[54]
[30]
[32]
Food borne infections
See also interventions for food borne infections (Processed and retail food surveillance and auditing of food control plans)
Surveillance
Antibiotic
StrategyA sample of
Prevalence
New Zealand
Nil
NZFSA
of antibiotic
resistant
focused
foodsurveys
Food Safety
resistance in
bacteria in
producing
Authority
food animals
foodanimals
(NZFSA)
producing
animals
Surveillance
Sale of
StrategyAll prescription Monitoring
NZFSA
Nil
NZFSA
of veterinary
prescription
focused
antibiotics
medicine
veterinary
(antibiotic)
antibiotics
sales
Imported
IFMP:
ControlA sample of
Screening
NZFSA
Nil
NZFSA and
Foods
determining
focused +
imported food
(IMCP),
Ministry of
Monitoring
trends and
StrategyMonitoring
Agriculture
Programmes
monitoring the
focused
(IFMP)
and Forestry
(IFMP)
effectiveness
Biosecurity NZ
(monitoring
of controls;
(MAFBNZ)
hazards in
IFCP:
imported food); detection of
Imported
selected
Foods
hazards in
Clearance
high risk
Programmes
imported foods
(monitoring
compliance at
the border)
[55]
[56]
[57]
8
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
National
Microbial
Database
(NMD) (food
production/
processing
surveillance)
Surveillance
of marine
biotoxins
(NonCommercial
Marine
Biotoxin
Monitoring
Programme;
Commercial
Shellfish
Monitoring)
Food
handling
knowledge,
attitudes and
practices
surveys
Pathogens in
carcasses of
specified food
animal species
presenting for
food
processing
Levels of
marine
biotoxins of
public health
concern in
shellfish
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
A sample of
carcasses at
food
processing/
production
plants
Screening
Individual food
production
companies
Nil
NZFSA
[58]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
A sample of
shellfish and
marine
settings
Screening
Public health
services and
other agencies
Public health
services and
other agencies
NZFSA
[59]
Reported food
safety
knowledge,
attitudes and
practices
Strategyfocused
Population
sample,
variable
content and
intervals
Prevalence
surveys
Interview
subjects
Nil
NZFSA
[60]
Local
authorities
(may share
findings with
public health
services)
Ministry for the
Environment
and MoH
[61]
Local public
health
services
None
[62]
Local public
health
services (in
response to
outbreaks or
routine
auditing)
None
NI
Environmental and water borne infections
See also interventions for environmental and water borne infections (Drinking water surveillance)
Natural
Indicator
ControlSelected
Screening
Local
recreational
organisms in
focused +
swimming
authorities
water
recreational
Strategybeaches
surveillance
waters
focused
(coastal and
inland) usually
sampled
weekly during
the swimming
season
Cooling tower Management
ControlAll cooling
Screening
Cooling tower
surveillance
of cooling
focused
towers
owner plus
towers and
(potentially)
ESR and
Legionella
commercial
contamination
laboratories
levels
(for Legionella
testing)
Public
Management
ControlAll public
Screening
Pool owner
swimming
of water
focused
swimming
pool
quality and
pools
surveillance
monitoring of
(potentially)
indicator
organisms
guided by the
Pool Water
Quality
Standards
Zoonotic infections
OIE Notifiable
Organisms
surveillance
(OIE is the
world
organisation
for animal
health)
OIE notifiable
organisms in
animals
including
wildlife
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All animals
and
appropriate
settings
Event
surveillance
Department of
Conservation,
Massey
University,
Auckland Zoo,
Veterinary
laboratories,
veterinarians,
general public
Nil
MAFBNZ
[63]
[64]
Veterinary
laboratorybased
surveillance
All animal
diseases
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Livestock or
symptomatic
animals
Event
surveillance
and Monitoring
MAFBNZ
approved
veterinary
diagnostic
laboratories
Nil
MAFBNZ
[65]
9
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Avian
influenza
surveillance
Birds infected
and dying with
highly
pathogenic
notifiable
avian
influenza
(HPNAI) or
notifiable
avian
influenza (NAI)
Livestock
infected with
TSE (including
bovine
spongiform
encephalopathy – BSE)
Incidence of
infected
animals and
operation of
vector control
programmes
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All birds
(including
commercial
poultry) and
samples of
migratory
shorebirds and
resident
waterfowl
Event
surveillance
MAFBNZ
Nil
MAFBNZ
[66]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Susceptible
livestock
showing
symptoms
consistent with
TSE disease
Event
surveillance
MAFBNZ and
NZFSA
Nil
Nationally:
MAFBNZ,
NZFSA
[67]
Strategyfocused
All livestock
and a sample
of vectors
Event
surveillance
and
Prevalence
surveys
Veterinarians
and Animal
Health Board
staff
Nil
Animal Health
Board
[68]
[69]
Transmissible
spongiform
encephalopathy
(TSE) disease
surveillance
Bovine
tuberculosis
surveillance
Vector borne infections
Arbovirus
surveillance
Serological
detection of
specific
arboviruses in
cattle and
other animals
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
A sample of
cattle and
other animals
Prevalence
surveys and
Monitoring
Active
surveillance by
MAFBNZ staff
Nil
MAFBNZ
[70,
71]
Mosquito
surveillance
Identification
of imported
mosquitoes at
ports;
identification
of exotic
mosquitoes in
salt marshes
and suitable
saltmarsh
mosquito
habitats.
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
A sample of
imported
mosquitoes
and saltmarsh
mosquitoes
and habitats
Screening
Public health
services , the
saltmarsh
mosquito
surveillance
system and
NZ BioSecure
Entomology
Laboratory
(NZBEL)
Nil
MAFBNZ,
MoH
[72,
73]
Samples of
livestock,
germplasm,
animal
products and
horticultural
produce
imported into
NZ
Event
surveillance,
Screening
Variety of
different
agencies
(primarily
MAFBNZ and
NZFSA
Verification
Agency)
Nil
MAFBNZ and
NZFSA
[74]
Total
population
Prevalence
surveys
Census
enumerator
Nil
Statistics NZ
[75]
New, exotic and imported infections
Border
surveillance
Detection of
pests,
diseases and
unwanted
organisms
entering NZ
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Surveillance of Determinants
Population size and characteristics
Census
Size and
demographic
characteristics
of NZ
population and
subpopulations
Strategyfocused
10
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
NZ Health
Tracker
Size &
characteristics
of NZ
population
with chronic
disease
Strategyfocused
Total
population
Monitoring
Nil
MoH
NI
The Maternity
and New-born
Collection
Maternal and
new-born
population
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
Nil
MoH
[76]
New birth
registration
Incidence of
births and stillbirths
Strategyfocused
Total
population up
to 9 months
before and 3
months after
birth
Total
population
Derived from
linking multiple
health
datasets
(including
NMDS,
Pharmhouse,
Laboratory,
Primary Health
Organisation
enrolments)
HealthPac
maternity
claims system
Monitoring
Hospitals,
doctors,
midwives
Nil
Births, Deaths
and Marriages
and Statistics
NZ
[77]
Healthcare
worker
registrations
Number,
occupational
group and
work hours of
healthcare
workers
Strategyfocused
Healthcare
workers
Monitoring
Healthcare
workers who
will all require
a Health
Practitioner
Index (HPI)
Nil
MoH,
registration
agencies (eg
NZ Medical
Council,
Nursing
Council)
[78,
79]
Arriving
passenger
survey
Volume of
travelling
population and
travel history
Strategyfocused
Sample of
arriving
passengers
Prevalence
surveys
NZ Customs
Service
Nil
Statistics NZ
[80]
Various
governmental
and other
agencies
which run
nation-wide
surveys/
censuses
ESR
Laboratories,
National
Institute of
Water &
Atmospheric
Research,
MoH, National
Radiation
Laboratory,
Land
Transport
Safety
Authority, and
local
authorities
Various
governmental
and other
agencies
which run
nation-wide
surveys/
censuses
Nil
Ministry of
Social
Development,
Statistics NZ,
MoH
[8183]
Nil
MoH
[84]
Nil
MoH
[85]
Other determinants
Surveillance
of socioeconomic
conditions
A set of
socioeconomic
position
statistical
indicators
Strategyfocused
Representative
population
(national
censuses and
surveys)
Prevalence
surveys
Environmental health
indicator
surveillance
Environmental
hazards and
conditions that
affect health
Strategyfocused
Multiple
environmental
settings which
may have
health effects
Monitoring and
Prevalence
surveys
Surveillance
of health
service
conditions
Statistical
indicators of
health-sector
performance
Strategyfocused
Representation of total
population
(national
censuses and
surveys)
Monitoring and
Prevalence
surveys
11
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
All children
born after
1/12/2005 are
registered on
the NIR. Some
children born
before this
date are
registered if
they have
received a NIR
notifiable
vaccine such
as MeNZB
Representative sample
of NZ children
Service
tracking
General
practitioners
(electronically
via patient
management
systems) and
other
vaccination
providers
Public health
services can
access and
use
MoH - NIR
[86,
87]
Prevalence
surveys
Parents and
general
practitioners
Nil
MoH
[86,
88]
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Children
attending
primary
schools and
early
childhood
centres (ECC)
Service
tracking
All ECCs and
primary
schools
Retained by
schools and
ECCs
None
[89]
Strategyfocused
Those over 65
years old and
with specified
chronic
diseases
Total
population
following
vaccination
Monitoring
Benefits claim
data and
private
pharmaceutical sales
Health
professionals
Nil
MoH
[11]
Nil
[90,
91]
A sample of
vaccines
Service
tracking
Cold-chain
accreditation
reviews and
national coldchain audits
Regional
immunisation
advisors /
Public health
service
Centre for
Adverse
Reactions
Monitoring,
Intensive
Medicines
Monitoring
Programme
(IMMP),
MedSafe, NIR
ESR and the
Immunisation
Advisory
Centre (IMAC)
Service
tracking
Medical
practitioners
(usually
paediatricians)
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
None
[94]
Surveillance of interventions
Interventions for vaccine-preventable infections
National
Immunisation
Register (NIR)
(immunisation
coverage)
Vaccination
status of
children on the
NIR, coverage
of publicly
funded
vaccines
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Immunisation
coverage
surveys
Coverage of
publiclyfunded
vaccines
Coverage of
publiclyfunded
vaccines given
to children
born from
1/1/1995 who
attend early
childhood
services and
primary
schools
Prevalence of
individuals
vaccinated
against
influenza
Adverse
reactions to
vaccines (and
also
medicines,
herbal
products and
dietary
supplements)
Strategyfocused
Efficacy of
vaccine
storage by
providers of
immunisation;
incidence of
breaks in the
cold-chain.
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
School-based
immunisation
registers
(immunisation
coverage)
Influenza
vaccine
surveillance
Adverse
event
surveillance
Cold-chain
surveillance
Strategyfocused
Monitoring
[92,
93]
Interventions for other infections diseases
Rheumatic
fever
registers
People notified
with acute
rheumatic
fever to
support longterm
prophylaxis
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All notified
cases of
rheumatic
fever
12
System name
(or subject
area)
Event under
surveillance
Main purpose
Coverage
(Population
or Setting)
System type
Reporting
source
Local/
Regional
collation
National
collation
Ref
Surveillance
of contact
prophylaxis
and treatment
Contact
investigation
and treatment
(influenza,
being
extended to
other
diseases)
Controlfocused
Service
tracking
Public health
services staff
managing
case
investigation
Public health
service /
Medical
Officer of
Health
None
NI
Processed
and retail
food
surveillance
(being
replaced by
auditing of
food control
plans – see
below)
Surveillance
of risk
management
programmes
and food
control plans
Drinking
water
surveillance
Compliance
with the Food
Hygiene
Regulations
1974
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Selected
diseases
(influenza
nationally,
other diseases
in some
regions). All
contacts
considered at
risk
All registered
premises
selling food
Service
tracking
NZFSA and
Environmental
health officers
(EHOs)
Local
authorities
NZFSA
[95]
Suitable food
control plans
for food
premises and
production
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
All food control
plans
Service
tracking
Individual food
premises and
production
companies
NZFSA and
Local
authorities
NZFSA
[95]
Compliance
with Drinking
Water
Standards,
including
indicator
organisms
Controlfocused +
Strategyfocused
Samples of
drinking water
taken by water
suppliers,
Health
Protection
Officers
Screening
Water supply
owners (eg,
local
authorities),
Health
Protection
Officers
Public health
services
Water
Information
System NZ
(WINZ); ESR
database
(annual survey
of compliance
with Drinking
Water
Standards)
[96]
13
Key to table
System name (or subject area)
Name of surveillance system or subject area if the system doesn’t have a specific name
Event under surveillance

Disease – including injury, changes in health status, health outcomes
Hazards – risk and protective factors (including behaviours, population vulnerability, agent characteristics, and exposures) that
may affect health through specific, direct causal mechanisms

Determinants – causal factors that may affect health through multiple, often indirect pathways

Interventions – actions taken to control or prevent the occurrence of disease or minimise its negative health effects
Main purpose – Based on the stated or implied purpose of the current system


Control-focused – surveillance that aims to identify each occurrence of a particular disease, hazard or other health-related event
that requires a specific response and support delivery of an effective intervention

Strategy-focused – surveillance that provides information to support prevention strategies to reduce population health risk.
Prevention may precede disease (primary prevention) or be focused on reducing the effects of disease (secondary and tertiary
prevention)

Control-focused and strategy-focused – surveillance often meets both purposes as control-focused surveillance usually provides
information that can also be used for strategy-focused surveillance purposes
Coverage – Population or Setting


A description of the population or setting covered by the surveillance system and the completeness of that coverage
System type – Based on the type of current system

Event surveillance - prospective surveillance to identify in a timely manner each occurrence of a particular health-related event,
including disease and injury cases, outbreaks, health hazards and interventions

Screening - surveillance to identify a particular inapparent disease or pre-disposing risk factor in all members of a specified
population, or a particular health hazard in specified settings or environments

Service tracking - surveillance to identify delivery and non-delivery of a particular intervention or programme of agreed quality to
specified individuals, populations and settings

Prevalence surveys – surveillance based on repeated surveys to measure the prevalence over time of a particular disease or
injury, health state, health hazard, health determinant or intervention use in a specified population or setting

Monitoring - surveillance based on collection and periodic analysis and interpretation of information to characterise the
occurrence and distribution of a particular health-related event, including disease and injury cases, health states, health hazards,
determinants and interventions.
Reporting source

The point at which the health-related event or state is first detected and recorded by the surveillance system
Local/ Regional collation

The point at which information generated by the surveillance system is collected, analysed, and used at an institutional or
regional level, often to guide prevention and control measures
National collation

The point at which information generated by the surveillance system is collected, analysed, and used at a national level, often to
guide prevention policies and programmes
Reference(s)

Sources that provide a description of the surveillance system, including published and on-line information sources. In some
cases no appropriate documentation was identified as indicated by “NI” (for “not identified”) and information from key informants
and/or knowledge of the authors was used instead
14
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15
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